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The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou. -
April 12, 1967 Discussion Between Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified April 12, 1967 Discussion between Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap Citation: “Discussion between Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap,” April 12, 1967, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, CWIHP Working Paper 22, "77 Conversations." http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112156 Summary: Zhou Enlai discusses the class struggle present in China. Original Language: Chinese Contents: English Translation ZHOU ENLAI, CHEN YI AND PHAM VAN DONG, VO NGUYEN GIAP Beijing, 12 April 1967 Zhou Enlai: …In the past ten years, we were conducting another war, a bloodless one: a class struggle. But, it is a matter of fact that among our generals, there are some, [although] not all, who knew very well how to conduct a bloody war, [but] now don’t know how to conduct a bloodless one. They even look down on the masses. The other day while we were on board the plane, I told you that our cultural revolution this time was aimed at overthrowing a group of ruling people in the party who wanted to follow the capitalist path. It was also aimed at destroying the old forces, the old culture, the old ideology, the old customs that were not suitable to the socialist revolution. In one of his speeches last year, Comrade Lin Biao said: In the process of socialist revolution, we have to destroy the “private ownership” of the bourgeoisie, and to construct the “public ownership” of the proletariat. So, for the introduction of the “public ownership” system, who do you rely on? Based on the experience in the 17 years after liberation, Comrade Mao Zedong holds that after seizing power, the proletariat should eliminate the “private ownership” of the bourgeoisie. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript Pas been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from anytype of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material bad to beremoved, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with smalloverlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back ofthe book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell &Howell Information Company 300North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521·0600 THE LIN BIAO INCIDENT: A STUDY OF EXTRA-INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY AUGUST 1995 By Qiu Jin Dissertation Committee: Stephen Uhalley, Jr., Chairperson Harry Lamley Sharon Minichiello John Stephan Roger Ames UMI Number: 9604163 OMI Microform 9604163 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company. -
The Secretary for Home Affairs, Mr Tsang Tak-Sing, Encouraged The
Guangdong-HK-Macao youth cultural programme promotes exchanges ********************************************************* The Secretary for Home Affairs, Mr Tsang Tak-sing, encouraged young people from Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao to consolidate the invaluable experiences gained from the 2010 Guangdong-HK-Macao Youth Cultural Exchange Tour to further strengthen co-operation and explore wider scope for exchanges. Mr Tsang witnessed around 130 young people completing this meaningful programme at the closing ceremony held in Guangzhou today (July 20). He said he was glad to know that the young participants had not only made acquaintances during the eight-day tour, but had also learned about the background and preservation of the cultures in the three places. With the theme "Culture Links Friendship", this year's tour enriched participants' understanding of the cultures of the three places through excursions and cultural seminars. "The 11th Greater Pearl River Delta Cultural Co-operation Meeting was held on June 25 in Macao. There were fruitful developments on exchanges of artists and information, cultural programme and library collaboration, intangible cultural heritages as well as development of the cultural and creative industry," Mr Tsang said. "And yet, the future growth of the arts and culture in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macao hinges much on young people's passion and innovation. Thus, apart from forming new friendships among the participants, I hope this tour will also help broaden their horizons and lay a solid foundation for further co-operation and exchange in the arts and culture among the three places in future," he added. The nine-day Guangdong-HK-Macao Youth Cultural Tour was co-organised by the Home Affairs Bureau of the HKSAR, the Department of Culture of Guangdong Province and the Tertiary Education Services Office of Macao SAR. -
Hunan Flood Management Sector Project: Xiangtan City Resettlement
Resettlement Plan December 2014 PRC: Hunan Flood Management Sector Project Resettlement Plan and Due Diligence Report for Xiangtan City (Non-Core Subproject) Prepared by Hunan Hydro and Power Design Institute for the Hunan Provincial Project Management Office (PMO) of Urban Flood Control Project in Hilly Region Utilizing ADB Loans, Xiangtan City PMO of Urban Flood Control Project Utilizing ADB Loans, and the Asian Development Bank. GSDS Certificate Grade A No.180105-sj GSDK Certificate Grade A No.180105-kj GZ Certificate Grade A No. 1032523001 SBZ Certificate Grade A No. 027 Hunan Province Xiangtan City Urban Flood Control Project Utilizing ADB Loans Resettlement Plan and Due Diligence Report (Final version) Hunan Provincial PMO of Urban Flood Control Project in Hilly Region Utilizing ADB Loans Xiangtan City PMO of Urban Flood Control Project Utilizing ADB Loans Hunan Hydro and Power Design Institute December, 2014 i Approved by : Xiao Wenhui Ratified by: Zhang Kejian Examined by: Xie Dahu Checked by: Tan Lu Compiled by: Liu Hongyan Main Designers: Ouyang Xiongbiao Guan Yaohui Zhao Gengqiang Tan Lu Liu Hongyan Teng Yan Zhou Kai Jin Hongli Huang Bichen ii Contents Updated Info……………………………………………………………………………………………………………i Objectives of Resettlement Plan & Definition of Resettlement Vocabulary……………………………….1 Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................................3 A. STATUS OF RESETTLEMENT PLAN .................................................................................................................................... -
Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA
Title 1940年代中国史年表 Author(s) 田中, 仁 Citation Issue Date 1995-03-31 Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/11094/75544 DOI rights Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University CHINA Before 1940 Oct.1938 21 Japanese troops occupied Guangzhou. (15) 27 Japanese troops occupied Wuhan. (15) 28 The 2nd meeting of the 1st People"s Political Council was held in Chongqing. (15) Nov.1938 3 (Japan) Prime Minister Konoye Fumimaro announced the establishment of an East Asian New Order. (6) 6 The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) adjourned the 6th Plenum of the 6th Congress. (21) 7 (Japan) North China Development Co. Ltd. and Central China Promotion Co. Ltd. were established. (16) 12 The Changsha Conflagration (90% of the entire city was burned down) . (15) 17 The National Government announced that the number of areas engaged in war by October was 796 counties in 9 provinces; and of those counties, 59 were unable to exercise the administrative power. (8) 25 The National Government Military Commanding Department held a military conference in Nanyue. [19] 30 (Japan) The Imperial Conference adopted the "Policy to Coordinate the New Relations between Japan and China ... [16) Dec.1938 6 (Japan) The Ministry of Army decided to discontinue the invasion operation, and to alter the policy into the one of the protrac- tion of the war. (6] 15 A $25-million loan agreement was reached between China and the Unaited States (US) (the Palm Oil Loan) . (20] 16 Japan founded the Koa-in (the Asian Development Authority) in order to coordinate the policy toward China. -
Copyright by James Joshua Hudson 2015
Copyright by James Joshua Hudson 2015 The Dissertation Committee for James Joshua Hudson Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: River Sands/Urban Spaces: Changsha in Modern Chinese History Committee: Huaiyin Li, Supervisor Mark Metzler Mary Neuburger David Sena William Hurst River Sands/Urban Spaces: Changsha in Modern Chinese History by James Joshua Hudson, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2015 Dedication For my good friend Hou Xiaohua River Sands/Urban Spaces: Changsha in Modern Chinese History James Joshua Hudson, PhD. The University of Texas at Austin, 2015 Supervisor: Huaiyin Li This work is a modern history of Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province, from the late nineteenth to mid twentieth centuries. The story begins by discussing a battle that occurred in the city during the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), a civil war that erupted in China during the mid nineteenth century. The events of this battle, but especially its memorialization in local temples in the years following the rebellion, established a local identity of resistance to Christianity and western imperialism. By the 1890’s this culture of resistance contributed to a series of riots that erupted in south China, related to the distribution of anti-Christian tracts and placards from publishing houses in Changsha. During these years a local gentry named Ye Dehui (1864-1927) emerged as a prominent businessman, grain merchant, and community leader. -
Global Map of Irrigation Areas CHINA
Global Map of Irrigation Areas CHINA Area equipped for irrigation (ha) Area actually irrigated Province total with groundwater with surface water (ha) Anhui 3 369 860 337 346 3 032 514 2 309 259 Beijing 367 870 204 428 163 442 352 387 Chongqing 618 090 30 618 060 432 520 Fujian 1 005 000 16 021 988 979 938 174 Gansu 1 355 480 180 090 1 175 390 1 153 139 Guangdong 2 230 740 28 106 2 202 634 2 042 344 Guangxi 1 532 220 13 156 1 519 064 1 208 323 Guizhou 711 920 2 009 709 911 515 049 Hainan 250 600 2 349 248 251 189 232 Hebei 4 885 720 4 143 367 742 353 4 475 046 Heilongjiang 2 400 060 1 599 131 800 929 2 003 129 Henan 4 941 210 3 422 622 1 518 588 3 862 567 Hong Kong 2 000 0 2 000 800 Hubei 2 457 630 51 049 2 406 581 2 082 525 Hunan 2 761 660 0 2 761 660 2 598 439 Inner Mongolia 3 332 520 2 150 064 1 182 456 2 842 223 Jiangsu 4 020 100 119 982 3 900 118 3 487 628 Jiangxi 1 883 720 14 688 1 869 032 1 818 684 Jilin 1 636 370 751 990 884 380 1 066 337 Liaoning 1 715 390 783 750 931 640 1 385 872 Ningxia 497 220 33 538 463 682 497 220 Qinghai 371 170 5 212 365 958 301 560 Shaanxi 1 443 620 488 895 954 725 1 211 648 Shandong 5 360 090 2 581 448 2 778 642 4 485 538 Shanghai 308 340 0 308 340 308 340 Shanxi 1 283 460 611 084 672 376 1 017 422 Sichuan 2 607 420 13 291 2 594 129 2 140 680 Tianjin 393 010 134 743 258 267 321 932 Tibet 306 980 7 055 299 925 289 908 Xinjiang 4 776 980 924 366 3 852 614 4 629 141 Yunnan 1 561 190 11 635 1 549 555 1 328 186 Zhejiang 1 512 300 27 297 1 485 003 1 463 653 China total 61 899 940 18 658 742 43 241 198 52 -
Industry and Regulatory Overview
INDUSTRY AND REGULATORY OVERVIEW Unless otherwise indicated, the information in the section below has been derived, in part, from various official government publications. We believe that the sources of this information are appropriate sources for such information and have taken reasonable care in extracting and reproducing such information. We have no reason to believe that such information is false or misleading or that any fact has been omitted that would render such information false or misleading. The information has not been independently verified by us, the Sponsor, the Bookrunner, the Lead Manager, the Underwriters, any of their respective directors, officers or representatives, or any other party involved in the Share Offer and no representation is given as to its accuracy. Industry Overview 1. THE ECONOMY OF CHINA AND HUNAN PROVINCE Hunan, strategically located in central China with connectivity to all directions, is a major resources and product interchange centre and transport hub in China. According to “Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on the Promotion of the Rise of the Central Region” (Zhong Fa No.10 (2006)) (《中共中央國務院關於促進中部地區崛起的 若干意見》(中發 [2006]10號)), by carrying out strategies to promote the rise of the central region, the State clearly requested to develop the central region of China into major “three bases and one hub” of the country, namely stable food production base, energy and raw materials base, high-tech industry and modern equipment manufacturing base, and integrated transport hub. At -
Kampen MAO ZEDONG, ZHOU ENLAI and the CHINESE COMMUNIST
Kampen MAO ZEDONG, ZHOU ENLAI AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP MAO ZEDONG, ZHOU ENLAI Thomas Kampen MAO ZEDONG, ZHOU ENLAI AND THE CHINESE COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP NIAS AND THE EVOLUTION OF This book analyses the power struggles within the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party between 1931, when several Party leaders left Shanghai and entered the Jiangxi Soviet, and 1945, by which time Mao Zedong, Liu THE CHINESE COMMUNIST Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai had emerged as senior CCP leaders. In 1949 they established the People's Republic of China and ruled it for several decades. LEADERSHIP Based on new Chinese sources, the study challenges long-established views that Mao Zedong became CCP leader during the Long March (1934–35) and that by 1935 the CCP was independent of the Comintern in Moscow. The result is a critique not only of official Chinese historiography but also of Western (especially US) scholarship that all future histories of the CCP and power struggles in the PRC will need to take into account. “Meticulously researched history and a powerful critique of a myth that has remained central to Western and Chinese scholarship for decades. Kampen’s study of the so-called 28 Bolsheviks makes compulsory reading for anyone Thomas Kampen trying to understand Mao’s (and Zhou Enlai’s!) rise to power. A superb example of the kind of revisionist writing that today's new sources make possible, and reminder never to take anything for granted as far as our ‘common knowledge’ about the history of the Chinese Communist Party is concerned.” – Michael Schoenhals, Director, Centre for East and Southeast Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden “Thomas Kampen has produced a work of exceptional research which, through the skillful use of recently available Chinese sources, questions the accepted wisdom about the history of the leadership of the CCP. -
On Mao's Contradictions
REVIEWS Rebecca E. Karl, Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World Duke University Press: Durham, nc 2010, $21.95, paperback 216 pp, 978 0 8223 4795 8 Tariq Ali ON MAO’S CONTRADICTIONS The emergence of China as the world’s economic powerhouse has shifted the centre of the global market eastwards. The prc’s growth rates are the envy of elites everywhere, its commodities circulating even in the tiniest Andean street markets, its leaders courted by governments strong and weak. These developments have ignited endless discussion on the country and its future. The mainstream media are essentially concerned with the extent to which Beijing is catering to the economic needs of Washington, while think- tankers worry that China will sooner or later mount a systematic challenge to the political wisdom of the West. Academic debate, meanwhile, usually con- centrates on the exact nature and the mechanics of contemporary capitalism in China. The optimists of the intellect argue that its essence is determined by the ccp’s continued grip on power, seeing China’s pro-market turn as a version of the Bolsheviks’ New Economic Policy; in more delirious moments, they argue that China’s leaders will use their new economic strength to build a socialism purer than anything previously attempted, based on proper development of the productive forces and not the tin-pot communes of the past. Others, by contrast, hold that a more accurate name for the ruling party would not even require a change of initials—Communist is easily replaced with Capitalist. A third view insists that the Chinese future is simply not foreseeable; it is too soon to predict it with any certainty. -
Professor Li Changzhu's Research Foundation on Energy Plants And
Dr. LI CHANGZHU 658# South Shaoshan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410004 P.R. China +86-13808485893 [email protected] President of Hunan Branch of Chinese Academy of Forestry (also HAF) PhD in Forestry, Research Fellow, Doctoral Supervisor Standing Deputy Director of Camellia Oil R &D Center of State Forestry Administration (also SFA) Director of Hunan Biodiesel Research and Engineering Center Council Member of China Biomass Development Center, Ministry of Science and Technology EDUCATION PhD, Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, PRC, 2004 M.Sc., Economy and Forest Faculty, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, PRC, 2000 B.S., Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, PRC, 1990 Master’s Program of Pomology Genetic Breeding, Crop Institute and Pomology Institute, CZE, Jan-Jul.1999 Academy Courses of Forestry, Hunan Forestry College, PRC, Sep.1981-Jul.1984 EMPLOYMENT 2009-pres. President, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan Province, PRC 2002-2008 Vice President, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan Province, PRC pres. Director, Committee of National Camellia Oil-Tea Engineering Technology Research Center, PRC 2009-pres. Standing Deputy Director, Camellia Oil R& D Center of SFA pres. Director and Professor, Hunan Provincial Biodiesel Engineering Technology Research Center, Founded by S&T Department of Hunan Province, PRC pres. Council Member, China Biomass Development Center, Ministry of Science and Technology (also MOST), PRC 2002-pres. Director and Professor, Hunan Provincial Key Lab. of Tree Clone Breeding, Founded by S&T Department of Hunan Province, PRC pres. Standing Member, Horticulture Committee of Hunan province PROFESSIONAL STRENGTHS Pioneers Chinese R&D of Energy Plants and Biodiesel and Devoted Himself on the Following for Over 24 Years: A: Selecting of cost effective feedstock for biodiesel production; 1 / 3 Dr.