29 Nov 2001 11:44 AR AR146-21.tex AR146-21.SGM LaTeX2e(2001/05/10) P1: GSR Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2002. 53:575–604 Copyright c 2002 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved INTERGROUP BIAS Miles Hewstone1, Mark Rubin2, Hazel Willis3 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom; e-mail:
[email protected] 2School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; e-mail:
[email protected] 3School of Psychology, Cardiff University, PO Box 901, Cardiff CF10 3YG, United Kingdom; e-mail:
[email protected] Key Words conflict, discrimination, prejudice, social categorization, stereotyping ■ Abstract This chapter reviews the extensive literature on bias in favor of in- groups at the expense of out-groups. We focus on five issues and identify areas for future research: (a) measurement and conceptual issues (especially in-group favoritism vs. out-group derogation, and explicit vs. implicit measures of bias); (b) modern theories of bias highlighting motivational explanations (social identity, optimal distinctiveness, un- certainty reduction, social dominance, terror management); (c) key moderators of bias, especially those that exacerbate bias (identification, group size, status and power, threat, positive-negative asymmetry, personality and individual differences); (d ) reduction of bias (individual vs. intergroup approaches, especially models of social categoriza- tion); and (e) the link between intergroup bias and more corrosive forms of social hostility. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................576 MEASUREMENT AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ...........................576 by PURDUE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 02/08/05. For personal use only. Measures of Intergroup Bias ...........................................576 In-Group Favoritism vs.