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Architektura ARCHITEKTURA 132 TEKA KOMISJI URBANISTYKI I ARCHITEKTURY O/PAN W KRAKOWIE TOM XLII (2014) PL eISSN 2450-0038 Marta A. Urbańska Dr inż. arch., Politechnika Krakowska Instytut Historii Architektury i Konserwacji Zabytków MACIEJ NOWICKI: ARCHITEKT, URBANISTA, WIZJONER I JEGO CHANDIGARH MACIEJ NOWICKI: AN ARCHITECT, URBANIST, VISIONARY AND HIS CHANDIGARH milczenia po jego wyjedzie z kraju w 1945 STRESZCZENIE r., trudne do niedawna kontakty z USA i 26 VI 2010 roku upłynęło 100 lat od Indiami, gdzie działał przez ostatnie lata urodzin Macieja Nowickiego, wybitnego życia - Maciej (znany także jako Matthew) polskiego architekta i humanisty. Nowicki Nowicki, fenomenalnie utalentowany przyszedł na świat w klasycznej rodzinie “architekt dla architektów”, jak trafnie go “wysadzonych z siodła” – w Czycie w kiedyś nazwano z racji wyrafinowania i Kraju Zabajkalskim. 31 VIII tego samego nowatorstwa jego projektów – pozostaje roku minęło 60 lat od tragicznej, nadal nieznany. przedwczesnej śmierci Nowickiego w Autorka niniejszego eseju poświęciła katastrofie lotniczej - także z dala od kraju, Nowickiemu dysertację doktorską nad deltą Nilu, w drodze z Indii do (Politechnika Krakowska, 2000) i szereg Ameryki. publikacji po polsku i angielsku. Tu – Te dwie rocznice przyczyniły się do porusza kwestię rozwoju twórczości zainteresowania zjawiskiem twórczości Nowickiego, tak teoretycznej jak i Nowickiego; ukazało się kilka publikacji, a projektowej. Omawia pokrótce powstałą w w listopadzie 2010 zorganizowano Polsce wizję odbudowy śródmieścia konferencję naukową w Warszawie (ZG Warszawy (1945), jak i projekt SARP, W Arch. PW, Wydawnictwo pierwszego dachu wiszącego (hiperboloidy RAM). Jednak, z uwagi na rozproszenie parabolicznej) dla Areny w Raleigh w spuścizny, dekady programowego Karolinie Północnej (1949). Następnie, 133 dyskutuje szerzej „marzenie architekta”: departure from the country in 1945 and the plan i koncepcję architektoniczno- previously difficult communication with urbanistyczną Chandigarh, nowej stolicy the US and India, which were the sites of Pendżabu (Indie, 1950) autorstwa the last of his activity - Maciej (also known Nowickiego ( przy współpracy Alberta to some as Matthew) Nowicki, a Mayera). Po przedwczesnej śmierci phenomenally talented "architect for Polaka projekt przejęty został przez zespół architects", as he was once aptly called by Le Corbusiera, z którego osobą jest Frei Otto himself due to the refinement and powszechnie i wyłącznie kojarzone ingenuity of his designs - still remains Chandigarh … largely a mystery. The authoress of this Słowa kluczowe: arena w Raleigh, essay has devoted her doctoral dissertation Chandigarh, Maciej Nowicki, polski and several publications, published in both architekt, Polish and English, to Nowicki (doctorate, Kraków University of Technology, 2000). ABSTRACT Here - she illustrates the course of the development of Nowicki's body of work - The 26th of June 2010 saw the passing of in the fields of both theory and design. the 100th anniversary of the birth of Maciej Another topic, which is briefly discussed, Nowicki, an outstanding Polish architect is the concept of the reconstruction of the and humanist. Nowicki was born in the city center of Warsaw, developed in 1945, classic example of a family "cast out of the as well as the design of the first suspended saddle" - members of the intelligentsia and roof (in the shape of a parabolic the gentry left landless - in Chita, Siberia, hyperboloid) for the Arena in Raleigh, in the Zabaykalsky Krai. On the 31st of South Carolina (1949). Finally, a wider August of that same year, sixty years have discussion regarding the "architect's passed since the tragic, untimely death of dream" is presented: that of the master plan Nowicki in an airplane crash - which also and the architectural and urban concept of happened far away from his homeland, Chandigarh, the new capital of Punjab above the Nile river delta, on his way from (India, 1950), developed by Nowicki (with India to America. the cooperation of Albert Mayer). After the These two anniversaries have raised tragic death of the Polish architect, the interest in the phenomenon that is commission was taken over by a design Nowicki's oeuvre; a number of team headed by Le Corbusier, who is, alas! publications have been published and considered by the general population as the November 2010 saw the organizing of an only author of Chandigarh... academic conference in Warsaw (Warsaw Keywords: Maciej Nowicki, Polish branch of the SARP, Faculty of architect, Raleigh Arena, Chandigarh Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology, RAM). However, due to the dispersal of his legacy, a decade of forced silence regarding his work after his 134 1. WSTĘP 2. DROGA TWÓRCZA: 26 czerwca 2010 roku upłynęło 100 lat od NAJKRÓTSZA urodzin Macieja Nowickiego, wybitnego REKAPITULACJA polskiego architekta i humanisty. Nowicki W opinii wielu, w tym Lewisa Mumforda, przyszedł na świat w klasycznej rodzinie niekwestionowanego guru amerykańskiej “wysadzonych z siodła” – lecz bardzo urbanistyki i krytyki architektonicznej lat daleko od Polski, w Czycie w Kraju powojennych, Maciej Nowicki łączył Zabajkalskim1 31 sierpnia tego samego niebywały talent twórczy i zaangażowanie roku minęło zaś 60 lat od tragicznej, - rangi Le Corbusiera - z organiczną przedwczesnej śmierci Nowickiego w wrażliwością Franka Lloyda Wrighta. katastrofie lotniczej - zrządzeniem losu, Architekt przebył konsekwentną – choć także z dala od kraju, nad deltą Nilu, w krótką - drogę twórczą. W niepodległej drodze z Indii. Polsce – jego talent ewoluował od studiów Te dwie rocznice przyczyniły się do na Wydziale Architektury Politechniki zainteresowania fenomenem Nowickiego; Warszawskiej, przez twórczość graficzną ukazało się kilka publikacji (autorstwa T. (duet Nowicki-Sandecka to uznani autorzy Baruckiego i niżej podpisanej); staraniem stylowych plakatów art déco) (il. 1), Wydawnictwa RAM, Zarządu Głównego współpracę jako asystent z profesorem Stowarzyszenia Architektów Polskich i Rudolfem Świerczyńskim, liczne projekty Wydziału Architektury Politechniki konkursowe i dwie realizacje – hotelu w Warszawskiej w listopadzie 2010 Augustowie i klubu sportowego zorganizowano konferencję naukową w „Warszawianka”. W trakcie wojny Warszawie. Jednak, z uwagi na Nowicki, porucznik AK, także projektował rozproszenie spuścizny, dekady i realizował – m.in. dla słynnego zakładu w programowego milczenia po jego Laskach. W 1945 powstała zaś, znana do wyjeżdzie z kraju w 1945 r, trudne do dziś w kręgach architektów i urbanistów, niedawna kontakty z USA i Indiami, gdzie wizja odbudowy śródmieścia Warszawy, działał przez ostatnie lata życia - Maciej zaprojektowana przez Nowickiego z Nowicki, fenomenalnie utalentowany zespołem Pracowni Dyskusji “architekt dla architektów” , jak trafnie go Architektonicznej w ramach Biura kiedyś nazwano z racji wyrafinowania i Odbudowy Stolicy.4 (il. 2,3,4) nowatorstwa2 jego projektów – pozostaje Los zawiódł potem Nowickiego do wolnej nadal nieznany. 3 Ameryki – początkowo jako oficjalnego 1 Ojciec Macieja, Zygmunt, późniejszy polityk w 3 Zwłaszcza w Polsce, mimo publikacji T. odrodzonej II Rzeczpospolitej, pierwszy konsul w Baruckiego, Maciej Nowicki, Arkady, Chicago, był, jak wielu z jego kręgu, na służbie Warszawa 1980; wyd.angielskie RAM, Kraków carskiej – prowadząc jednocześnie działalność 2010. Jednak największe wydawnictwa patriotyczną wśród zesłańców. Po tragicznej architektoniczne i uniwersyteckie w Polsce nie śmierci starszego rodzeństwa Macieja na były zainteresowane kolejną książką na ten Sachalinie, rodzina przeniosła się do Czyty, a temat. wkrótce potem – do Słomniczek pod Krakowem 4 Vide: M. Nowicki, Praca architektoniczna - (podówczas na skraju Imperium Rosyjskiego). Vide śródmieście Warszawy, “Skarpa warszawska”, Marta A. Urbańska, Maciej Nowicki – humanista i 2/1945, str. 3; Niels Gutschow, Barbara Klain, wizjoner architektury. Osobowość twórcza na tle Zagłada i Utopia. Urbanistyka Warszawy, epoki. Rozprawa doktorska, Politechnika Warszawa 1995, str. 70 Krakowska, 2000. 2 Frei Otto, Dachy wiszące. Forma i konstrukcja. Arkady, Warszawa 1959 135 attaché kulturalnego, a następnie jako zupełnie nowe miasto. Stolice emigranta: do Nowego Jorku, a potem planowane od nowa są rzadkością. Piotr Raleigh w Karolinie Północnej, gdzie Wielki wzniósł Sankt Petersburg na palach otrzymał funkcję prodziekana School of w niezamieszkałych mokradłach; Major Design. To tam objawił się niesamowity l'Enfant zaprojektował Waszyngton na talent architekta: w sensacyjnym projekcie bagnach Potomacu […] Indyjskie władze Areny w Raleigh z 1949 r (il. 5,6). Hala dla wybrały Alberta Mayera, lat 52, architekta targów stanowych, czyli Dorton Arena, z Manhattanu, by zaprojektował tę stolicę. znana jest także jako Paraboleum, od W trakcie II wojny światowej, genialnej w swej prostocie konstrukcji stacjonowany w Indiach [… jako inżynier], dachu wiszącego, rozpiętego na dwóch Mayer poznał niektóre problemy Indii i przecinających się łukach parabolicznych. ludzi, w tym obecnego premiera, To pierwsza (zrealizowana już po śmierci Jawaharlala Nehru. Gdy Pendżab zlecił autora; il. 7) w świecie hiperboloida projekt Mayerowi, Nehru rzekł: <<Niech paraboliczna – prototyp hal autorstwa miasto stanie się symbolem wolności Indii, Kenzo Tange i Eero Saarinena.5 nie spętanym kajdanami przeszłości>>. Rezonans projektu Areny, idealnej Mayer, absolutnie zachwycony tą architektury przyszłości, ”wyzwolonej z perspektywą, wyznał: <<To niesamowite grawitacji”, jak chciał sam Nowicki,6
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