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Control Techniques Guidelines for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry 2016

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Control Techniques Guidelines for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry 2016 Control Techniques Guidelines for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry [Page intentionally left blank] ii EPA-453/B-16-001 October 2016 Control Techniques Guidelines for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Sector Policies and Programs Division Research Triangle Park, North Carolina iii DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................v 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1-1 2.0 BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW ................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 History of New Source Performance Standards that Regulate Emission Sources in the Oil and Natural Gas Industry .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 State and Local Regulations ........................................................................................... 2-2 2.3 Development of this CTG .............................................................................................. 2-4 3.0 OVERVIEW OF THE OIL AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY AND SOURCES SELECTED FOR RACT RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................... 3-1 3.1 Overview of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry ............................................................... 3-1 3.2 Sources Selected For RACT Recommendations ............................................................ 3-5 4.0 STORAGE VESSELS ........................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Process Description and Emission Sources .................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Process Description ................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2.2 Emissions Data........................................................................................................ 4-2 4.3 Available Controls and Regulatory Approaches ............................................................ 4-6 4.3.1 Available VOC Emission Control Options ............................................................. 4-6 4.3.2 Existing Federal, State and Local Regulations ..................................................... 4-16 4.4 Recommended RACT Level of Control ....................................................................... 4-20 4.5 Factors to Consider in Developing Storage Vessel Compliance Procedures ............... 4-22 4.5.1 Compliance Recommendations When Using a Control Device ........................... 4-22 4.5.2 Compliance Recommendations When Complying with the 4 tpy VOC Emissions Alternative Limitation ........................................................................................... 4-25 5.0 COMPRESSORS ................................................................................................................ 5-1 5.1 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Process Description and Emission Sources .................................................................... 5-1 5.2.1 Process Description ................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2.2 Emissions Data........................................................................................................ 5-5 5.3 Available Controls and Regulatory Approaches ............................................................ 5-8 5.3.1 Available VOC Emission Control Options ............................................................. 5-8 5.3.2 Existing Federal, State and Local Regulations ..................................................... 5-22 v 5.4 Recommended RACT Level of Control ....................................................................... 5-23 5.5 Factors to Consider in Developing Compressor Compliance Procedures ................... 5-25 5.5.1 Reciprocating Compressor Compliance Recommendations ................................. 5-25 5.5.2 Centrifugal Compressor Equipped with a Wet Seal Recommendations .............. 5-26 5.5.3 Recommendations for Cover Design .................................................................... 5-27 5.5.4 Recommendations for Closed Vent Systems ........................................................ 5-27 5.5.5 Recommendations for Control Device Operation and Monitoring ....................... 5-28 6.0 PNEUMATIC CONTROLLERS ....................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Process Description and Emission Sources .................................................................... 6-2 6.2.1 Process Description ................................................................................................. 6-2 6.2.2 Emissions Data........................................................................................................ 6-4 6.3 Available Controls and Regulatory Approaches ............................................................ 6-8 6.3.1 Available VOC Emission Control Options ............................................................. 6-8 6.3.2 Existing Federal, State and Local Regulations ..................................................... 6-20 6.4 Recommended RACT Level of Control ....................................................................... 6-21 6.4.1 Continuous Bleed Natural Gas-Driven Pneumatic Controllers Located at a Natural Gas Processing Plant ............................................................................................. 6-22 6.4.2 Continuous Bleed Natural Gas-Driven Pneumatic Controllers Located from the Wellhead to the Natural Gas Processing Plant or Point of Custody Transfer to an Oil Pipeline ........................................................................................................... 6-23 6.5 Factors to Consider in Developing Pneumatic Controller Compliance Procedures .... 6-26 6.5.1 Oil and Natural Gas Production (Individual Continuous Bleed Pneumatic Controller with a Natural Gas Bleed Rate Greater than 6 scfh Located from the Wellhead to the Natural Gas Processing Plant or Point of Custody Transfer to an Oil Pipeline) ... ............................................................................................................................... 6-26 6.5.2 Natural Gas Processing Segment (Individual Continuous Bleed Natural Gas-Driven Pneumatic Controller Located at a Natural Gas Processing Plant) ....................... 6-27 7.0 PNEUMATIC PUMPS ....................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Process Description and Emission Sources .................................................................... 7-2 7.2.1 Process Description ................................................................................................. 7-2 7.2.2 Emissions Data........................................................................................................ 7-4 7.3 Available Controls and Regulatory Approaches ............................................................ 7-7 7.3.1 Available VOC Emission Control Options ............................................................. 7-7 vi 7.3.2 Existing Federal, State and Local Regulations ..................................................... 7-16 7.4 Recommended RACT Level of Control ....................................................................... 7-17 7.5 Factors to Consider in Developing Pneumatic Pump Compliance Procedures ............ 7-20 7.5.1 Oil and Natural Gas Production Segment Recommendations .............................. 7-20 7.5.2 Natural Gas Processing Segment Recommendations ........................................... 7-22 8.0 EQUIPMENT LEAKS FROM NATURAL GAS PROCESSING PLANTS..................... 8-1 8.1 Applicability ................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 Process Description and Emission Sources .................................................................... 8-1 8.2.1 Process Description ................................................................................................. 8-1 8.2.2 Equipment Leak Emission Data and Emission Factors .......................................... 8-2 8.3 Available Controls and Regulatory Approaches ............................................................ 8-7 8.3.1 Available VOC Emission Control Options ............................................................. 8-7 8.3.2 Existing Federal, State and Local Regulations ..................................................... 8-12 8.4 Recommended
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