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Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars Mike Wells Series Editor: Allan Todd

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Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars Mike Wells Series Editor: Allan Todd History for the IB Diploma Causes, Practices and Effects of Wars Mike Wells Series editor: Allan Todd Cambridge University Press’s mission is to advance learning, knowledge and research worldwide. Our IB Diploma resources aim to: • encourage learners to explore concepts, ideas and topics that have local and global significance • help students develop a positive attitude to learning in preparation for higher education • assist students in approaching complex questions, applying critical-thinking skills and forming reasoned answers. cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521189316 © Cambridge University Press 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in Dubai at Oriental Press A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-18931-6 Dedication To Kate, Julia and Oliver Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. This material has been developed independently by the publisher and the content is in no way connected with nor endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization. Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 The First World War 14 Unit 1 Origins and causes of the First World War 15 What were the main long-term causes of the war? 15 What were the main short-term causes of the war? 20 Unit 2 Nature and practice of the First World War 38 What was the nature of the war of 1914–18? 39 What were the main events? 40 How important was technology in determining tactics and outcome? 56 How important was the home front? 57 What impact did the war have in provoking resistance and revolution? 58 Unit 3 Eff ects and results of the First World War 61 What political and territorial changes resulted from the First World War? 62 What economic and social changes arose? 66 What were the immediate wider implications of the war for international relations? 70 3 The Second World War 78 Unit 1 Origins and causes of the Second World War 79 What were the main long-term causes of the war? 80 What were the main short-term causes of the war? 83 Unit 2 Nature and practice of the Second World War 100 What was the nature of the Second World War? 101 What were the main events and how were they infl uenced by new technology and tactics? 101 What was the signifi cance of the home front? 116 What was the importance of resistance? 118 Unit 3 Eff ects and results of the Second World War 120 What political and territorial changes resulted from the Second World War? 121 What was the economic impact of the war? 122 What social changes arose from the Second World War? 123 What were the immediate wider implications of the war for international relations? 126 4 The Spanish Civil War 138 Unit 1 Origins and causes of the Spanish Civil War 139 What were the main long-term causes of the war? 140 What were the main short-term causes of the war? 146 Unit 2 Nature and practice of the Spanish Civil War 151 What was the nature of the Spanish Civil War? 152 What were the main events and why did the nationalists win? 152 How did technology affect the outcome of the war? 159 What was the importance of foreign intervention? 160 How did both sides maintain support on the home front? 160 To what extent was there a revolution in Spain after 1936? 162 Unit 3 Effects and results of the Spanish Civil War 166 What were the political results of the war? 167 How did the war affect Spain’s economy? 168 How did the war affect Spain’s position in the world? 169 5 The Chinese Civil War 175 Unit 1 Origins and causes of the Chinese Civil War 176 What were the main long-term causes of the war? 177 What were the main short-term causes of the war? 183 Unit 2 Nature and practice of the Chinese Civil War 188 What was the nature of the Chinese Civil War? 188 What were the main events of the war and why did the communists win? 190 How important were technology and tactics? 198 What was the involvement of civilians in the war? 201 What was the role of resistance and revolution? 203 Unit 3 Effects and results of the Chinese Civil War 205 What were the political consequences of the war for China? 206 What were the social and economic consequences? 206 How did the war affect China’s position in the world? 207 6 Exam practice 215 Paper 1 exam practice 216 Paper 2 exam practice 225 Further information 235 Index 236 Acknowledgements 240 1 Introduction This book will cover the themes relating to the causes, practices and effects of wars in the 20th century as set out in the IB (International Baccalaureate) History Guide. The book is focused on four key confl icts: two of them major international wars and the other two civil wars that had some input from other countries. Each war is considered in terms of: • the causes, both long- and short-term, of the war • the nature and practice of the war – the main events and how the war was fought • the effects and results of the war – military, political, social and economic. Each of the detailed case-study chapters will have units dealing with these three The four IB regions are shown themes, to help you focus on the main issues. This approach will allow you on this map, along with some to compare and contrast the wars and to identify similarities and differences. of the states covered by Each of the case studies is divided into a number of key questions, which focus this book. on the issues that you need to study in order to answer the Paper 2 questions. 5 USSR Austria Germany UK France USA Spain Japan China The Americas Asia and Oceania Africa Europe and the Middle East USSR until 1991 1 Introduction The case studies The wars covered are: • Chapter 2 – The First World War 1914–18 (all regions) • Chapter 3 – The Second World War 1939–45 (all regions) • Chapter 4 – The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (European region) • Chapter 5 – The Chinese Civil War 1927–49 (Asian region). Fact Remember, when answering a question that asks you to select examples from two different regions, you must be careful – failure to comply will result in limited The Nigerian Civil War (1967–70) was opportunities to score high marks. caused by the breakaway of southern provinces to form the new republic You may well, of course, study some other examples of civil or limited wars of Biafra. identified in the IB History Guide, such as the Nigerian Civil War or the limited wars between India and Pakistan. Fact India and Pakistan fought wars in Exam skills needed for IB History 1947–48, 1965 and 1971. The two Throughout the main chapters of this book, there are various activities and countries dispute ownership of Jammu questions to help you develop the understanding and the exam skills necessary and Kashmir, which are ruled by India for success. Before attempting the specific exam practice questions at the end of but have a largely Muslim population. each chapter, you might find it useful to refer to Chapter 6 first. This suggestion is based on the idea that if you know where you are supposed to be going (in this instance, gaining a good grade) and how to get there, you stand a better chance of reaching your destination! 6 Questions and markschemes To ensure that you develop the necessary understanding and skills, each chapter contains a number of comprehension questions in the margins. In addition, three of the main Paper 1-type questions (comprehension, reliability/ utility, and cross-referencing) are dealt with at the end of Chapters 2–5. Help for the longer Paper 1 judgement/synthesis questions, and the Paper 2 essay questions, can be found in Chapter 6 – the final Exam Practice chapter. For additional help, simplified markschemes have been put together in ways markschemes These are drawn up that should make it easier to understand what examiners are looking for in by IB for examiners to ensure that the examination answers. The actual IB History markschemes can be found on the same standards are applied to each IB website. question. It is important to know what qualities your answers are expected to Finally, you will find examiners’ tips and comments, along with activities, to have to gain the best possible marks. help you focus on the important aspects of the questions and answers. These should help you avoid simple mistakes and oversights which, every year, result in even some otherwise good students failing to gain the highest marks. Terminology and definitions When studying the background to and consequences of wars, you will need to understand the meaning of terms used by military historians and also more general historical terminology. Words like ‘strategy’ and ‘mobilisation’ are important, as are general terms like ‘left’ and ‘right’, ‘communism’, ‘anarchism’ and ‘fascism’. You will then be able to focus on the similarities and differences between the causes, course and consequences of different wars.
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