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Ishik University Department of Interior Design 2019-2020 Fall Semester Ishik University Department of Interior design 2019-2020 Fall Semester Lecturer: Dlman Aziz Mohammmed Locality andVernacular Introduction to locality and Vernacular Influences on the vernacular Climate Culture Environment and Material FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM References Introduction to locality and Vernacular The fact or condition of having a location in space or time. A particular place, situation, or location. The position or site of something. In linguistics, vernacular refers to language use particular to a time, place or group. In architecture, it refers to that type of architecture which is original to a specific time or place (not imported or copied from elsewhere). It is most often applied to residential buildings. Introduction to locality and Vernacular The reference book of Vernacular Architecture of the World defines vernacular architecture as: people. Related to their environmental contexts and available resources they are normally owner- or community-built, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values,- Staircaseseconomies throughand historyways by Evaof Jiricnalife of the cultures that produce them. Introduction to locality and Vernacular Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on the local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions. At least originally, vernacular architecture did not use formally-schooled architects, but relied on the design skills and tradition of local builders. However, since the late 19th century many professional architects have worked in versions of this style like Bernard Rudofsky (1905-1988) and Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) 6 Introduction to locality and Vernacular Introduction to locality and Vernacular Iraqi vernacular Korean vernacular This kind of architecture still plays a role in architecture and design, especially in local branches. Climate 1. Climate One of the most significant influences on vernacular architecture is the macro climate of the area in which the building is constructed. Buildings in cold climates invariably have high thermal mass or significant amounts of insulation. They are usually closed in order to prevent heat loss, and openings such as windows tend to be small or non-existent. Buildings in warm climates, by contrast, tend to be constructed of lighter materials and to allow significant cross ventilation through openings in the fabric of the building. Climate Climatic influences on vernacular architecture are substantial and can be Mediterranean vernacular, and that of much of the Middle East, often includes a courtyard with a fountain or pond; air cooled by water mist and evaporation is drawn through the building by the natural ventilation set up by the building form. Erbil citadel Climate African vernacular often has very high thermal mass and small windows to keep the occupants cool, and in many cases also includes pipe, not for fires but to draw air through the internal spaces. Such specializations are not designed, but learn by trial and error over generations of building construction. - A sample of dwelling in Libia Culture The way of life of building occupants, and the way they use their shelters, is of great influence on building forms. The size of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared and eaten, how people interact and many other cultural considerations will affect the layout and size of dwellings. Culture also has a great influence on the appearance of vernacular buildings, as occupants often decorate buildings in accordance with local customs and beliefs. Environment and Material The local environment and the construction materials it can provide, govern many aspects of vernacular architecture. Areas rich in trees will develop a wooden vernacular, while areas without much wood may use mud or stone. In early California redwood water towers supporting Redwood tanks and enclosed by redwood siding (tank houses)were part of a self-contained wind powered domestic water system MUD - RAJASTHAN WOOD - KERALA THATCH - TAMILNADU STONE - HIMACHAL BAMBOO - CHANG GHOR In the Far East it is common to use bamboo, as it is both plentiful and versatile. Vernacular, almost by definition, is sustainable, and will not exhaust the local resources. If it is not sustainable, it is not suitable for its local context, and cannot be vernacular. FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Athabascan -summer hut Cappadocia, Turkey –cave dwellings + Marsh Arab dwellings, Iran Eskimo –winter igloo FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Cultural - Socio-cultural forces may include religious beliefs, family and clan structure, social organization, way of gaining livelihood, and social relations between individuals. Social organization may Reflect the varying relationships between or varying needs of genders or different age-groups. AGRAHARAM – BRAHMINS, TAMIL NADU FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Site - Influence of site on house form –hilly terrain, ecological determinism, lack of land, etc. Santorini, Greece -barrel vault roofs Agra fort, Agra (stone...concrete) FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Religion - Anti-physical determinism (neglecting material factors) - attributes form of houses to religious or spiritual views and beliefs; orientation, plan and spatial arrangements may be affected by religious beliefs; raised on stilts or underground can also be attributed to religion CHURCHES , RUSSIA FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Economics - Exerts constraints on house development, but does not account for house form HOUSES IN NEPAL – BASED ON ECONOMY FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Materials, Construction, and Technology -Evolution of form Uru dwelling, Peru -reeds Arab tents -sticks + felt Yaguadwelling, Amazon -wood + thatch Masai dwelling, Africa -wood + thatch (+ mud) FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM A lot of countries around the world have there tribes and natives who still live own "aboriginal people". For example, Canada, permanently under very simple conditions Alaska and North Russia have Eskimos who live Kåta", which is like at tent. - In sweden in igloos. The mongolians live in a "Yurt" wich is like a A tribe in India live in this hut called the Toda Hut. circular wooden frame carrying a felt cover. FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Batak house, Indonesia Mud house, Nepal FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Traditional Yemeni house in Sana'a FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Village with typically thatched rondavels in the Mandara Mountains, Cameroon, Central Africa, Africa FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE FORM Main street of traditional Tana Toraja village, tongkonan houses and buildings. Kete Kesu, Rantepao, Sulawesi, Indonesia References Noble, Allen George. Traditional buildings: a global survey of structural forms and cultural functions. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. 1-17. Print.ISBN 9781845113056. Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World, volume 1, page not cited. .
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