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Technology and Construction of Toraja Traditional House (Tongkonan)

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Technology and Construction of Toraja Traditional House (Tongkonan) TEKNOLOGI DAN KONSTRUKSI RUMAH TRADISIONAL TORAJA (TONGKONAN) Technology And Construction Of Toraja Traditional House (Tongkonan) 1 St. Hadidjah Sultan, 2Karina Mayasari 1,2 Balai Pengembangan Teknologi Perumahan Tradisional Makassar Pusat Litbang Permukiman, Badan Litbang Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Jl. Penjernihan Raya No. 22 Komp. PDAM Makassar 1 E-mail : [email protected] 2 E-mail : [email protected] Abstrak Sebuah tongkonan tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai tempat hunian semata, tetapi juga mengandung arti kosmologis dan filosofis melalui unsur bentukan tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem teknologi dan konstruksi sebuah Tongkonan serta fungsi dan peranan Tongkonan dalam masyarakat Tana Toraja. Dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian ini, secara umum menerapkan metode yang secara garis besarnya menggunakan metoda kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian maka diketahui bahwa rumah tradisional Toraja (Tongkonan) memiliki fungsi sebagai simbol persatuan keluarga dan juga sebagai tempat tinggal. Secara filosofis tongkonan selalu bertolak pada falsafah kehidupan yang diambil dari ajaran Aluk Todolo. Tektonika yang sangat menonjol pada rumah Toraja adalah kemampuan nenek moyang dalam memikirkan potensi lokal (local wisdom) terhadap sistem struktur bangunan-bangunan tempat tinggal mereka. Peran dan pesan simbol-simbol filosofi hidup yang diterjemahkan melalui bentukan pada bangunan tradisional. Perpaduan teknologi dan konstruksi atap berbentuk perahu dengan susunan atap bambu menjadi ciri khas rumah tradisional Toraja (Tongkonan). Kenyataan ini memperlihatkan bahwa kadang-kadang naluri dari suatu tradisi menghasilkan sesuatu yang logis menurut perhitungan modern dan dapat menampilkan keindahan tersendiri. Kata Kunci : Teknologi, konstruksi. tongkonan, rumah, tradisional, Toraja Abstract A Tongkonan not only serves as a shelter, but also connotes cosmological and philosophical elements through certain formations. This study aims to determine the technology and construction system, the function, and the role of Tongkonan in Tana Toraja society. In conducting this study, researchers use qualitative methods. From the research, it is known that the Toraja traditional house (Tongkonan) functions as a symbol of family unity and as a place to live. Philosophically, Tongkonanis always contrary to the life philosophy taken from Aluk Todolo teaching. The most prominent tectonic in Toraja house is the ancestors ability to think about the local wisdom of the building structural system. Role and message of symbols of life philosophy are translated through the form of the building. The combination of technology and the boat-shaped bamboo roof construction is the characteristic of Tongkonan. This fact shows that sometimes instinct of a tradition produces something logic based on modern calculations and displays its own beauty. Keywords : Technology, construction. tongkonan, traditional, house, Toraja PENDAHULUAN merupakan tatanan simbol keberadaan keluarga penghuni dan sebagai tempat (pusat) berkumpulnya Sebuah Tongkonan tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai rumpun keluarga. Selain berfungsi sebagai rumah tempat hunian semata, tetapi juga mengandung arti adat dan simbol status sosial, Tongkonan juga kosmologis dan filosofis melalui unsur bentukan berfungsi sebagai tempat penyelenggaraan upacara tertentu. Lebih jauh lagi, Tongkonan dianggap sebagai adat yang religius (Sarungallo dalam Said, A. A, simbol dari jagad raya yang ditampilkan dalam zona 2004: XV). vertikal maupun horisontal. Rumah Tongkonan 40 Masalah Bangunan, Vol. 49 No. 1 Juli 2014 Tongkonan memiliki bentuk yang secara kasat mata b. Pengambilan data primer dilakukan melalui serupa, namun masing-masing wilayah memiliki wawancara ciri khas dari rumah tradisional Tongkonan. Nuansa c. Pengamatan dan sketsa, bentuk dan tata ruang perbedaan tersebut memberi kekayaan rupa dan tongkonan bentuk Tongkonan; di Toraja bagian Selatan atap Tongkonan lebih landai dibanding dengan Tongkonan yang hiperbolik yang berada di bagian Utara, dan lain- HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN lain perbedaan yang perlu identifikasi arsitektural. Fungsi Tongkonan Dari segi konstruksi bentuk melengkung hiperbolik Tongkonan memiliki makna yang sangat beragam, lebih menguntungkan karena konstruksi atap pada sehingga persepsi tentang definisi Tongkonan perlu bagian punggung semuanya menerima gaya tarik dikaji lebih dalam berdasarkan fungsi, simbol, yang sesuai dengan kekuatan bahan bangunan yaitu filosofi, sejarah, (asal muasal), dan lain-lain. Menurut dari kayu dan bambu. Kenyataan ini memperlihatkan kajian analisis lapangan, maka Tongkonan berfungsi : bahwa kadang-kadang naluri dari suatu tradisi a. Tongkonan sebagai simbol persatuan keluarga menghasilkan sesuatu yang logis menurut Telah tertanam dalam sanubari masyarakat Toraja perhitungan modern dan dapat menampilkan bahwa sanak saudara memiliki kekerabatan keindahan tersendiri (Yulianto Sumalyo, 2001). yang sangat kental dengan Tongkonan sebagai simbol persatuan keluarga. Kata Tongkonan yang berarti “duduk” menjadikan makna Tongkonan METODE memiliki nilai filosofi yang tinggi. Terkandung makna sebagai pusat pemerintahan juga sebagai Mengingat peran tongkonan yang sangat penting sistem kemasyarakatan. Dalam Tongkonan dianut dalam kehidupan masyarakat Tana Toraja, maka kepercayaan bahwa untuk menjalankan peraturan penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepemerintahan maupun sistem hukum yang sistem teknologi dan konstruksi sebuah tongkonan berlangsung bagi masyarakatnya diatur dalam serta fungsi dan peranan tongkonan dalam Tongkonan, sehingga seluruh keluarga akan taat masyarakat Tana Toraja. Dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan dan patuh kepada aturan-aturan yang telah dibuat penelitian ini, secara umum menerapkan metode dalam Tongkonan. yang secara garis besarnya menggunakan metoda b. Tongkonan sebagai Arsitektur/tempat tinggal kualitatif. Metoda kualitatif bersifat memaparkan Tongkonan merupakan rumah panggung berlantai atau deskriptif analisis yaitu menguraikan dan 2 (dua) dengan konstruksi rangka kayu yang unik. mengkaji kearifan lokal teknologi dan konstruksi Lantai atas Tongkonan untuk tempat tinggal tongkonan. sedang di bawah tempat ternak peliharaan, terutama kerbau dan babi. Bangunan terbagi atas Penelitian secara garis besar dapat dibagi dalam tiga bagian, yaitu : Rattiang Banua (atap rumah), dua bagian, yakni : penelitian kepustakaan (field Kale Banua (badan rumah), dan Sulluk Banua desk) dan penelitian lapangan (field study). Penelitian (kaki/kolong rumah). kepustakaan merupakan tahap awal dari kegiatan penelitian, berupa pengumpulan data pustaka sebagai Filosofis Tongkonan latar belakang (theoritical background), terutama Latar belakang arsitektur rumah tradisional Toraja tentang metodologi penelitian yang berkaitan menyangkut falsafah kehidupan yang merupakan dengan sistem teknologi dan konstruksi sebuah landasan dari perkembangan kebudayaan Toraja. tongkonan serta fungsi dan peranan tongkonan Dalam pembangunannya ada hal-hal yang mengikat, dalam masyarakat Tana Toraja. yaitu : 1. Aspek arsitektur dan konstruksi Dalam melakukan penelitian lapangan, kegiatan 2. Aspek peranan dan fungsi rumah adat yang dilakukan antara lain : a. Observasi pendahuluan terhadap obyek Rumah tradisional atau rumah adat yang disebut penelitian terpilih Tongkonan harus menghadap ke utara, letak pintu Teknologi dan Konstruksi Rumah... (St. Hadidjah Sultan, Karina Mayasari) 41 di bagian depan rumah, dengan keyakinan bumi dan dengan atap bangunan rumah tradisional lainnya. langit merupakan satu kesatuan dan bumi dibagi Kedua anjungan atapnya yang menjulang (pamiringan dalam 4 penjuru, yaitu : longa), bentangannya mencapai hingga 8 meter. 1. Bagian utara disebut ulunna langi, yang paling Sebagian besar punggung atau semacam nok mulia; dari Tongkonan, berbentuk hiperbolik. Dari segi 2. Bagian timur disebut mataallo, tempat metahari konstruksi bentuk melengkung hiperbolik lebih terbit, tempat asalnya kebahagiaan atau menguntungkan karena konstruksi atap pada bagian kehidupan; punggung semuanya menerima gaya tarik yang sesuai 3. Bagian barat disebut matampu, tempat matahari dengan kekuatan bahan bangunan yaitu dari kayu terbenam, lawan dari kebahagiaan atau dan bambu. Kenyataan ini memperlihatkan bahwa kehidupan, yaitu kesusahan atau kematian; dan kadang-kadang naluri dari suatu tradisi menghasilkan 4. Bagian selatan disebut pollo’na langi, sebagai lawan sesuatu yang logis menurut perhitungan modern dan bagian yang mulia, tempat melepas segala sesuatu dapat menampilkan keindahan tersendiri. Longa yaitu yang tidak baik. ujung-ujung atap dari Tongkonan dan alang menjorok ke muka dan ke belakang sedikit mengecil di ujung- Matallo Banua ujung membuatnya menjadi unik dan indah (Yulianto (Timur bangunan) Soemaljo, 2001). Dari segi konstruksi, jumlah dan besaran kolom Tingayo Pollok Banua pada Tongkonan dapat disebut ‘berkelebihan’, artinya Banua (Selatan, (Utara, belakang kolom kayunya terlalu banyak dan terlalu kuat untuk depan) bangunan) menyangga bagian di atasnya. Bagian-bagian dari konstruksi hingga detail mempunyai sebutan baku, juga sebagai ungkapan adanya personifikasi di mana Matampu Banua rumah seperti manusia juga mempunyai bagian- (Barat bangunan) bagian dengan sebutan dan fungsi masing-masing. Sumber : Duli, Akin : 2003 Keunikan lain dari sistem struktur dan konstruksi Gambar 1. Pembagian Kosmos Tongkonan rumah tradisional Toraja adalah membagi sistem Berdasarkan Arah Mata Angin struktur vertikal (atap, badan dan kaki bangunan) secara terpisah yang diikat oleh mekanisme
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