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A Ascensão De Donald J. Trump E O Embate Ideológico Nos EUA

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A Ascensão De Donald J. Trump E O Embate Ideológico Nos EUA MUNDO E DESENVOLVIMENTO Revista do Instituto de Estudos Econo micos e Internacionais A Ascensão de Donald J. Trump e o embate ideológico nos EUA The Ascension of Donald J. Trump and the ideological clash in the USA La ascensión de Donald J. Trump y el embate ideológico en EEUU Ariel Finguerut Doutor em Ciência Política pela Resumo: A proposta deste capitulo é Unicamp, mestre em sociologia pela fazer um retrato político e ideológico a UNESP (campus de Araraquara), partir das ideias e das discussões pesquisador do Grupo de Trabalho suscitadas por Donald John Trump Oriente Médio e Mundo Muçulmano em sua candidatura à presidência da Universidade de São Paulo (GT dos EUA na eleição de 2016. OMMM), e do Projeto Sem Diplomacia Propomos a partir de Trump estudar – Uma parceria entre o Instituto de a emergência de um movimento Estudos Econômicos e Internacionais nativista nos EUA que dialoga com (IEEI) e a Assessoria de Comunicação tradições políticas americanas como o e Imprensa da UNESP. populismo progressista dos anos de E-mail: [email protected] 1920 e 30 até a re-emergência de movimentos nacionalistas e nativistas nos anos de 1990. Nosso objetivo é não só ter ferramentas para discutir Trump em termos ideológicos, como entender suas estratégias eleitorais explicitando suas influencias e características ideológicas buscando uma discussão mais ampla sobre os rumos do poder americano e suas sustentações ideológicas no limiar do século XXI. Palavras-Chave: Donald J. Trump. Movimentos Nativistas. Progressismo. Paleoconservadores. Abstract: The proposal of this project is to make a political and ideological portrait of Donald Jay Trump working since his ideas and discussions raised during his candidacy until the end of his 84 MUNDO E DESENVOLVIMENTO Revista do Instituto de Estudos Econo micos e Internacionais presidency. We argue that Trump presidente como Trump para o poder represents the emergence of a nativist americano no século XXI. movement that dialogues with different political traditions from the Nossa tese de partida aponta U.S. From the progressive populism para uma inflexão no of the 1920s and 1930s to the emergence of nationalist and nativist conservadorismo americano e para movements that reemergence in the um momento de crise no espectro 1990s. Throughout the development of the project we will discuss Trump's ideológico que tradicionalmente ideology and his electoral strategies aplicamos para estudar os fenômenos by explaining his influences and ideological characteristics in a broad políticos estadunidenses. Vivemos debate, considering the paths and the um momento de descrédito das ideias ideological support of the American power in this 21th century. e anti-intelectualismo aumenta um clima de polarização política e certa Keywords: Donald J. Trump. Nativism. Progressive Movement. paranoia nos termos Richard Paleoconservatives. Hofstadter, que por vez se alimenta 1. Introdução da ansiedade diante de um declínio do poder americano e de todas as Nossa proposta é discutir as mudanças porvir. E ao debatermos os estratégias, ideias e conjuntura rumos do poder americano, ideológica que nos ajudam a entender discutiremos a tese do declínio do os rumos do poder americano a partir poder americano pelo menos 4 da ascensão das ideias representadas frentes: Declínio da presença militar; e trazidas pela eleição de Donald J. isolamento e descrédito das Trump. Para tanto um ponto de Organizações Políticas Internacionais; partida é encontrarmos chaves Perda de prestígio e atraso explicativas para a emergência e a tecnológico na liderança da transição vitória do fenômeno Trump. Em econômica; Instabilidade doméstica, seguida discutiremos o conceito de segregação e conflitos raciais, nativismo mostrando e discutindo conflitos religiosos e polarização autores e personalidades da história política, descrédito na democracia e política dos EUA que nos ajudam a nas instituições políticas. entender tal classificação. Frente ao debate doméstico Passaremos para algumas sobre polarização e a geografia do consequências e nuanças de um voto faremos uma revisão 85 MUNDO E DESENVOLVIMENTO Revista do Instituto de Estudos Econo micos e Internacionais bibliográfica somada a pesquisas de resposta a campanha de Obama campo realizadas entre 2014 e 2016. lançou souvenires com a certidão de No terceiro momento deste artigo nascimento de Obama. A própria faremos o debate sobre o poder relação de Trump com o Partido americano a partir da retórica Republicano é bastante frágil, há nativista de Donald Trump. entrevistas de 200478 no qual ele se Para entender a ascensão de diz mais próximo dos democratas do Donald Trump como um fenômeno que dos republicanos. E Trump político que podemos classificar como também mostra-se relutante em nativista precisamos discutir sua aceitar, caso não ganhasse as retórica e suas estratégias políticas primárias, apoiar o escolhido e não para entender o agravamento e sair candidato de qualquer modo. desprestígio político, recuo militar e Contudo, Trump chegou ao final de crise econômica - que os EUA 2015 como o pré-candidato mais periodicamente têm passado. Assim, forte, atingindo 23.3% na média das entender seu impacto e sua pesquisas de setembro de 2015. Em construção como líder populista nos poucos meses de campanha Trump permite avançar no debate sobre fez declarações que suscitaram tradições, embates e construções e polêmica em diferentes setores, das contradições ideológicas nos Estados mulheres, negros e latinos passando Unidos. por acusações de islamofobia, fascismo e apologia à violência. 2. A Ascensão de Donald J. Trump Seria Trump, um candidato Donald Trump demorou a ser próprio de uma linhagem populista? levado a sério como pré-candidato. Ou como argumenta Gallagher Em 2012 ensaiou lançar-se e na (2016), Trump seria um típico ocasião ganhou notoriedade centrista, na qual o foco não é nem a (negativa) ao insistir em reproduzir as direita ou a esquerda, mas o teorias dos birthers que argumentam radicalismo do meio que foca na haver uma fraude na trajetória classe média e busca defende-la pessoal de Barack H. Obama que o diante dos interesses mais impediria de ser presidente dos EUA 78 Cf. Entrevista em < http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/21/politics/donald- por ter nascido em outro país. Em trump-election-democrat/ > Acessada em 13/10/2015. 86 MUNDO E DESENVOLVIMENTO Revista do Instituto de Estudos Econo micos e Internacionais poderosos? Walter Russell Mead Sem desconsiderar estas (2002) faz uma tipologia já abordagens discutiremos aqui a ideia intensamente debatida da tradição de Donald Trump como um candidato política própria dos EUA e e presidente, nativista e inserido argumentara por exemplo que Trump numa tradição de populismo da se parece com os Jacksonianos, uma história política dos EUA. O recorte tradição com raízes profundas que geográfico é importante pois o remetem a Andrew Jackson, cujo conceito de populismo tem outros movimento que liderou de forte viés significados em outras regiões do populista foi decisivo para a criação mundo. A América Latina em do Partido Democrata, ou mesmo particular tem uma cara e longa movimentos como o Kun Klux Klan discussão sobre a tradição (KKK) que em seu auge nos anos de populista81. 1920 teve milhões de filiados79, Segundo Lyons e Berlet (2000) inclusive Harry Truman que depois a linhagem populista/nativista dos em 1945, já não mais filiado, torna-se EUA sustenta-se num tripé formado presidente dos EUA. por um movimento de mobilizado de Para alguns biógrafos de base, uma retórica antielitista Trump, a questão pode ser mais (alimentada por uma lógica de simples, apresentando o presidente identificar e projetar todos os dos EUA como uma pessoa que problemas um “bode expiatório”) e nunca deixou de pensar e agir como ataques em grupos sociais uma criança de 6 anos80. Para outros historicamente oprimidos. Em como o professor de psicologia Dan P. termos históricos há marcos do McAdams (2016), Trump deve ser movimento populista como o discutido como um caso patológico de movimento Know Nothing, que em narcisismo. 1850 ganhou como nos mostra Desmond (2012) eleições em cidades importantes como Salem, Boston e 79 Cf. discussão mais detalhada em: Bellant, Russ. Old Nazis, the New Right, and the Republican Party: cidades também da Nova Inglaterra. Domestic fascist networks and their effect on U.S. cold war politics. Ed. South End; 3a edition. 1991. Na retórica dos candidatos Know 80 Cf. em < http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/04/opinions/president- 81 Cf. por exemplo: FERREIRA, Jorge (org). 2001. O trump-six-year-old-with-nuclear-weapons-dantonio/ > populismo e sua história – debate e crítica. Rio de Acessado em 15/12/2016. Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 87 MUNDO E DESENVOLVIMENTO Revista do Instituto de Estudos Econo micos e Internacionais Nothing, segundo Desmond (2002), de pessoas, tinha forte retórica enfatiza a retórica de purificação, populista com influência de ideias pregando uma América livre da antissemitas82. Nos anos de 1950, a influência dos católicos em geral e em John Birch Society (JBS) que particular contra os imigrantes denunciava a infiltração comunista irlandeses. Na mesma linha com foco no governo americano e entendia que nos estados sulistas, as diferentes o crescimento do Estado levaria uma ondas do KKK – cujo marco inicial é tirania nos EUA, foi extremamente 1860 – é uma referência populista popular, em seu auge, em 1960, central. como nos mostra Mulloy (2014), A ênfase retórica de Trump em passou de cem mil membros. Trump “construir o Muro” e, indiretamente surge em meio a outra crise, a de expulsar pessoas (imigrantes, financeira de 2008 e a crise militar ilegais, refugiados, mexicanos ou (Iraque, Afeganistão, Síria, Iêmen, criminosos) lembra casos históricos Líbia), não é radialista mas de movimentos nativistas como apresentador de Reality Show, o alvo classificava Richard J. Hofstadter não são os chineses mas talvez a (1960) nos quais movimentos China, a retórica não é exatamente populares, geralmente organizados antissemita é uma mescla de em pequenas cidades rurais, misoginia, racismo, islamofobia, mobilizavam - se politicamente, mas teóricas conspiratórias e associação expressando - se sobretudo pela dos latinos a crimes violentos, violência.
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