DOCSLIB.ORG

Read the Annex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Read the Annex Below we discuss in more detail the main types of infrastructure needed for the UK to meet its environmental goals, where we are now and what can be done to accelerate delivery as part of the economic recovery plan. Overall, it has been estimated that there needs to be a 16% reduction in car miles driven by 2030, assuming that the government brings forward the ban on the sale of new internal combustion engine (ICE) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to 2030.1 In the absence of an earlier phase-out date than 2030, miles driven will have to be cut even further, by up to 60 per cent by 2030.2 This reduction in demand should be through behaviour change, and increasing investment in public and active transport. As well as reducing demand for private vehicle use, public transport needs to become lower carbon by 2030. The Committee on Climate Change recommends that 25 per cent of new bus and coach sales should be electrified and 25 per cent should be switched to hydrogen by 2030.3 Alongside this, electrification of all transport should be facilitated by a comprehensive rapid charging network for ultra-low emission vehicles. This is important to support uptake of electric cars over the next decade and should complement a ban on the sale of new polluting vehicles, including hybrids, in 2030. Estimates suggest that, for a scenario where EVs account for 60% of new car and van sales by 2030, at least 1,200 rapid chargers near major roads and 27,000 chargers around local towns and regions are likely to be required to meet service levels by 2030.4 If the phase out date for ICE is brought forward to 2030, the number of chargers will be significantly higher: new analysis shows that by 2030 the UK would require 240,000 slow public (3-22kW) and 62,000 rapid public (>50kW) charge points, as well as millions of home charge points.5 Overall, spending on sustainable transport infrastructure is not sufficient to get to where we need to be in 2030. For example, investment in walking and cycling made up only 1.2 per cent of total transport spending in 2018-19, or about £400 million, compared to nearly £18 billion spending on railways and £10 billion on local and national roads. This means that spending on walking and cycling by English local authorities outside of London was as small as £6 per person, or £4 per person for rural areas.6 Walking levels have remained relatively constant since 2002 in England, with around 60 per cent of adults walking at least once a week, while miles cycled have remained steady for the past five years (with a small increase since the coronavirus crisis). 7,8 Similarly, spending on public transport infrastructure, aside from railways, is very low. In 2018- 19, only eight per cent of public sector expenditure on transport was spent on local public transport, and there has been a £234 million fall in funding between 2010 to 2018 for local bus services. 9,10 Because of this, more than 3,000 bus routes have been cut back or withdrawn in England and Wales over the past eight years.11 The number of miles driven by buses is 22 per cent fewer than ten years ago. On the other hand, the number of miles driven in cars and vans increased by around two per cent between 2018 to 2019. Car miles driven have increased by 15 per cent since 2009, and van miles have increased by 36 per cent.12 Spending on electrification, including EV charging infrastructure, rail and buses, has been better. The government recently allocated £500 million to support the roll-out of EV fast-charging infrastructure, and announced £3 billion new spending on buses, including £50 million for electric buses. However, the number of charge point installations still falls short of what is needed for a 2030 ICE phase out date. Analysis by T&E shows that about 4,000 charge points should be installed per month over the next five years, but the average installation rate before the pandemic was of around 800 per month.13 Most importantly, the government needs to set the long term direction for low carbon transport policy, including the infrastructure required, by publishing its Transport Decarbonisation Plan this year. This should set out an ambitious pathway to reducing emissions in the transport sector. There also needs to be long term strategic vision for low carbon public transport and active travel, in a new National Bus Strategy, an updated Cycling and Walking Strategy and a new Traction Decarbonisation Network Strategy (for the unelectrified UK rail network). There also needs to be better guidance and resources for local authorities to be able to plan and implement low carbon travel strategies in their areas, including reforming various planning instruments like Webtag so they prioritise cuts in carbon and demand, rather than journey times. Annual spending on low carbon transport infrastructure should increase: we calculate there is an annual spending gap of £7.9 billion on transport infrastructure over the next four years from 2020-21, to meet the net zero carbon target. With regards to EV charging infrastructure, the government needs to provide more detail on how it plans to invest the £500 million pledged. While much of the wider EV charging network could be delivered through private financing, public investment will also be key for roll out where cost of grid upgrades would limit coverage or where the business case is weak to ensure national coverage. There are also specific ‘shovel-ready’ projects which the government could use in a stimulus package as the economy recovers from the coronavirus pandemic, to create jobs and economic growth. For example, research by the TUC suggests that £1.2 billion of investment would cover the purchase of 4,000 electric buses. This would create 10,000 jobs over the stimulus period of two years.14 Other work has found that a shovel-ready project to ensure that half of all UK towns and cities have best practice cycle lanes and pedestrianisation, which requires public investment of £7.9 billion, would create 103,000 jobs over the stimulus period of two years. Various combined authorities also have projects that would qualify as shovel-ready and would increase walking, cycling and public transport use.15,16 Similarly, although much of the investment for accelerating EV roll-out is now in place, the government needs to provide more detail on how it plans to invest the £500 million pledged to drive roll-out and create jobs. There are a number of shovel-ready projects that could use this money in the stimulus period, including some of the 54 strategic sites for ultra-rapid chargers that National Grid has identified as needing invigoration, so every person in the UK is within a 30-mile radius of a rapid charger.17 There is also potential to expand the rural EV charging network. Research suggests that accelerating roll-out of rural EV charging infrastructure to cover 56 per cent of rural businesses, requiring investment of £2 million, could provide 23,700 jobs in manufacture, installation and maintenance over the two year stimulus period.18 The Committee on Climate Change estimates that all practicable lofts should be insulated by 2022, six million cavity walls should be insulated and two million solid walls should be insulated by 2030 to meet the fifth carbon budget (under their central scenario), which means 21,000 installations per week. 19,20 Deep retrofit of buildings should also be scaled up as it would deliver significant carbon savings with fewer numbers of installations. Green Alliance estimates that deep retrofit of four million homes by 2030 would achieve similar emission savings as the measures outlined above.21 The Committee on Climate Change also estimates that the UK will need between 2.3 and 3.3 million heat pumps to be installed in existing homes by 2030, with low carbon heat representing a quarter of the share of heat in buildings by 2030. 22 It also recommends the installation of ten million hybrid heat pumps by 2035 and one million homes connected to low carbon heat networks by 2030.23 E3G suggests the UK should set a target to reduce heat related emissions by 50 per cent in 2030 compared to today.24 The energy efficiency of existing buildings is a long way from where it needs to be to reach our targets for 2030. Only about 30 per cent of existing homes are the bare minimum of efficiency needed to meet our net zero target, EPC Band C.25 There are currently only 2,100 insulation measures being installed per week under the Energy Company Obligation scheme compared to the one million measures required to reach the government’s goal of all homes being EPC Band C in England in 2035. 26,27 The installation of low carbon heat in existing buildings is also very low. Overall 84 per cent of UK homes in GB use mains gas as their main heating fuel, while low carbon heating technologies like heat pumps currently only account for 1 per cent of annual heating system sales.28,29 To meet our net zero goals, we need to be retrofitting 20,000 homes a week from 2025 to 2050. The Government’s Clean Heat Grant, due to come into effect from 2022, is only attempting to support 12,500 homes a year. At that rate, it would take 1,500 years to install the 19 million heat pumps required to meet our climate goals.30 Some heat pumps may be installed as part of the government’s Green Homes Grant, though it is not possible to estimate yet the scale of uptake.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Four Health Systems of the United Kingdom: How Do They Compare?
    The four health systems of the United Kingdom: how do they compare? Gwyn Bevan, Marina Karanikolos, Jo Exley, Ellen Nolte, Sheelah Connolly and Nicholas Mays Source report April 2014 About this research This report is the fourth in a series dating back to 1999 which looks at how the publicly financed health care systems in the four countries of the UK have fared before and after devolution. The report was commissioned jointly by The Health Foundation and the Nuffield Trust. The research team was led by Nicholas Mays at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The research looks at how the four national health systems compare and how they have performed in terms of quality and productivity before and after devolution. The research also examines performance in North East England, which is acknowledged to be the region that is most comparable to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in terms of socioeconomic and other indicators. This report, along with an accompanying summary report, data appendices, digital outputs and a short report on the history of devolution (to be published later in 2014), are available to download free of charge at www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/compare-uk-health www.health.org.uk/compareUKhealth. Acknowledgements We are grateful: to government statisticians in the four countries for guidance on sources of data, highlighting problems of comparability and for checking the data we have used; for comments on the draft report from anonymous referees and from Vernon Bogdanor, Alec Morton and Laura Schang; and for guidance on national clinical audits from Nick Black and on nursing data from Jim Buchan.
    [Show full text]
  • Infant Mortality and Social Progress in Britain, 1905-2005 Danny Dorling
    Chapter 11 Infant Mortality and Social Progress in Britain, 1905-2005 Danny Dorling1 Introduction In Britain by the end of the nineteenth century it became evident that birth rates were falling and infant mortality was rising. This lead to a rapid decline in ‘natality’ and consequently to a fall in the supply of ‘infants for Empire’. By 1905, and in a remarkably apposite observation, the medical officer for health in Battersea wrote that within Britain: England is now regarded as the nucleus of a great Empire, with colonies which, though vast in extent are poor in population, and the fact must be faced that in view of our declining natality, the stream of emigrants that formally left our shores cannot be expected to continue (McCleary, 1905, quoted in Dwork, 1987: 6) At century later, in 2005, there was great concern among some without imagination over a stream of immigrants coming to our shores. McCleary did not see that far ahead but in the century since he wrote it has become clear that fertility, mortality, natality and migration are all intimately linked over the course of lifetimes. However, society in Britain is still arranged very much in a hierarchy from those who ‘think they know best’ to those who are ‘not to be trusted’. For instance, medical officers still treat much of the population with suspicion as became evident when the Department of Health, in 2005, said that, rather than increase benefit levels, mothers should be paid to eat, and give their infants to eat, ‘healthy start food’; however, mothers could not be trusted to do this without vouchers requiring a statutory instrument laid before parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of SEN Special Educational Needs a Guide for Donors and Grant-Makers
    Making sense of SEN Special educational needs a guide for donors and grant-makers February 2004 Written by David Boyle and Eleanor Burton Making Sense of SEN February 2004 Sector: Education Sub-sector: Special Educational Needs Executive Summary This report provides a guide to grant-makers and donors seeking to understand and support children with special educational needs. Its findings show how well- placed philanthropy can have a significant effect on the lives of a large number of children. One child in six in England has special educational needs, which range from requiring additional support from their teacher in the classroom to requiring permanent full-time care. The number of children is growing in certain categories. Children who are not receiving adequate educational provision risk impairing their academic, personal and social development, which shape their life-chances and the contribution that they are capable of making to society. Central Government expresses commitment to special educational needs, alongside their education policy commitment, and much has been done in recent years. However, there remain significant numbers of children not receiving all the support they require in the most appropriate fashion due to inconsistent local delivery. Inadequate support is in part due to inevitable funding constraints. The involvement of government in special educational needs should not deter donors. We have identified a number of roles for the voluntary sector which are essential if children are to achieve their potential more fully. These are additional to the responsibilities of schools. Including all children in mainstream schools has created additional tension in the system. The teaching expertise and confidence required to address the needs of all children has not always been well provided for in the mainstream schools.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Registration in England and Slovakia
    LAND REGISTRATION IN ENGLAND AND SLOVAKIA − COMPARATIVE STUDY. by MONIKA VOZARIKOVA A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF LAWS School of Law The University of Birmingham June 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Thesis Title: Land registration in England and Slovakia – Comparative Study. Student Name: Monika Vozarikova Keywords: Land registration, Land Register, Cadastre, registered conveyancing, unregistered conveyancing, overriding interests. Abstract This thesis examines on a comparative basis the purpose, principles, functioning and effectiveness of the land registration systems in two EU member states - England and Slovakia. The comparative study aims to provide reflections “de lege ferenda” offering suggestions for statutory amendments. The thesis also examines the effect of land registration on the security and speed of conveyancing process in each state. In order to accomplish a comprehensive and up-to-date comparative study I have utilized the research conducted in the field of property law in the selected countries in order to complete an in-depth review of the national legislations on a comparative basis. The objective was to produce a comprehensive and scientifically accurate comparative study, not a mere „manual“.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Population Census: a Time Series for Sub-National Areas with Age, Sex, and Ethnic Group Dimensions In
    Enhancing the population census: a time series for sub-national areas with age, sex, and ethnic group dimensions in England and Wales, 1991-2001 CCSR Working Paper 2007-11 Albert Sabater and Ludi Simpson [email protected] Ethnicity data from successive censuses are used to compare population change. This paper shows that such comparisons are often impossible, wrong or misleading. Distortions become more severe as the scale of areal units become smaller. The paper outlines the four main sources of confusion and applies solutions for England and Wales for 1991-2001. The paper presents methods that can be used to resolve these difficulties and produce more accurate results, and produces a consistent time series for single years of age, ethnic group and sex that can be aggregated from the smallest census output areas. www.ccsr.ac.uk 0 UK Data Archive Study Number 6043 - Population Estimates by Single Year of Age, Sex and Ethnic Group for Sub-national Areas in England and Wales, 1991-2001 Enhancing the population census: a time series for sub-national areas with age, sex, and ethnic group dimensions in England and Wales, 1991- 2001 Albert Sabater and Ludi Simpson [email protected] Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (CCSR), University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Albert Sabater: Post-Doctoral Research Fellow Ludi Simpson: Professor of Population Studies 1 Enhancing the population census: a time series for sub-national areas with age, sex, and ethnic group dimensions in England and Wales, 1991- 2001 Abstract Ethnicity data from successive censuses are used to compare population change.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy 2021 Renewable Energy 2021
    Renewable Energy 2021 Energy Renewable Renewable Energy 2021 Contributing editor John Dewar © Law Business Research 2020 Publisher Tom Barnes [email protected] Subscriptions Claire Bagnall Renewable Energy [email protected] Senior business development manager Adam Sargent 2021 [email protected] Published by Law Business Research Ltd Contributing editor Meridian House, 34-35 Farringdon Street London, EC4A 4HL, UK John Dewar The information provided in this publication Milbank LLP is general and may not apply in a specific situation. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided. This information is not intended to create, nor does receipt of it constitute, a lawyer– Lexology Getting The Deal Through is delighted to publish the fourth edition of Renewable Energy, client relationship. The publishers and which is available in print and online at www.lexology.com/gtdt. authors accept no responsibility for any Lexology Getting The Deal Through provides international expert analysis in key areas of acts or omissions contained herein. The law, practice and regulation for corporate counsel, cross-border legal practitioners, and company information provided was verified between directors and officers. June and July 2020. Be advised that this is Throughout this edition, and following the unique Lexology Getting The Deal Through format, a developing area. the same key questions are answered by leading practitioners in each of the jurisdictions featured. Our coverage this year includes new chapters on Italy and Poland. © Law Business Research Ltd 2020 Lexology Getting The Deal Through titles are published annually in print. Please ensure you No photocopying without a CLA licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Steering Integrated Care in England and the Netherlands: the Case of Dementia Care
    Steering integrated care in England and The Netherlands: The case of dementia care A neo-institutionalist comparative study Susanne Nicola Sophie Kümpers The study described in this thesis was performed at the Department of Health Organi- sation, Policy and Economics of the Maastricht University in cooperation with the University of Leeds, Institute for Health Sciences and Public Health Research, Health and Social Care Policy Group (former Nuffield Institute for Health). The latter pro- vided extensive scientific, administrative and personal support in all stages of the research, especially by Dr. Brian Hardy. Without his contribution the study would not have been possible. For the fieldwork in England a travel grant was received from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). The Care and Public Health Research Institute (caphri) at the Maastricht University also financially sup- ported this research. Printing: PrintPartners Ipskamp, Enschede, The Netherlands Cover design: BiFab, Bianca Fraats Lay-out: BiFab, Bianca Fraats Copyright © 2005, Susanne Kümpers ISBN 90-9019417-7 Steering integrated care in England and The Netherlands: The case of dementia care A neo-institutionalist comparative study PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Maastricht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. mr. G.P.M.F. Mols volgens het besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 19 mei 2005 om 16.00 uur door Susanne Nicola Sophie Kümpers geboren te Rheine, Duitsland, op 15 mei 1956 Promotor: Prof. dr. Hans Maarse Co-promotoren: Dr. Ingrid Mur Dr. Arno van Raak Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. Cor Spreeuwenberg (Voorzitter) Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • United Kingdom – 2018 Update Country Reports Bioenergy Policies and Status of Implementation
    United Kingdom – 2018 update Country Reports Bioenergy policies and status of implementation IEA Bioenergy: 09 2018 This report was prepared from the 2018 OECD/IEA World Energy Balances, combined with data and information provided by the IEA Bioenergy Executive Committee and Task members. Reference is also made to Eurostat. All individual country reports were reviewed by the national delegates to the IEA Bioenergy Executive Committee, who have approved the content. General background on the approach and definitions can be found in the central introductory report1 for all country reports. Edited by: Luc Pelkmans, Technical Coordinator IEA Bioenergy NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK IN THE UNITED KINGDOM The 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive sets a target for the United Kingdom to achieve 15% of its total gross final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. This compares to only 1.5% in 2005. The delivery of 15% renewable energy by 2020 is considered highly stretching, which it is aspiring to deliver with the following proportion of energy consumption in each sector coming from renewables: • Around 30% of electricity generation, including 2% from small-scale power generation; • 12% of heat demand, from domestic and non-domestic use, and • 10% of transport demand. Table 1: UK´s 2020 renewable energy targets. Sector Share in gross final consumption per sector Overall target 15% Heating and cooling 12% Electricity 30% Transport 10% Source: National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the United Kingdom (2010)2 The UK renewables policy framework has three key components: • Financial support for the development and implementation of renewable energies; • Unblocking barriers to renewable energy delivery; and • Developing emerging renewable energy technologies 1 Available at https://www.ieabioenergy.com/iea-publications/country-reports/2018-country-reports/ 2 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans 1 The Renewables Obligation (RO) was the main support mechanism for renewable electricity projects in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • A Refutation of Racial Differentials in the Juvenile Recidivism Rate
    The Importance of Qualitative Research in Understanding the Disproportionate Black Presence in Crime Figures in the United Kingdom (UK) Anita Kalunta-Crumpton The Importance of Qualitative Research in Understanding the Disproportionate Black Presence in Crime Figures in the United Kingdom (UK) Anita Kalunta-Crumpton, Ph.D. Roehampton University, UK ABSTRACT: This paper is a critique of the usefulness of quantitative research in illuminating our understanding of the over-representation of black people in crime figures including prison statistics. With reference to the United Kingdom, the paper offers a critical review of some of the narratives of quantitative research and its search for ‘direct discrimination’ in accounting for the disproportionate presence of black people in UK crime data. In doing so, the paper fundamentally argues for a deeper understanding of encounters between black people and the criminal justice system from a perspective which prioritises qualitative research into the role of ‘indirect discrimination’ in the formation of crime data. Introduction Britain’s black population has continued to be overrepresented in crime figures. Since their post-2nd World War immigration into the UK, arrest, conviction and prison figures have shown consistent patterns of black disproportionate presence – in comparison to other racial groups. The first systematic study to shed light on the disproportionate representation of black people in crime data was 1 ISSN 1554-3897 AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY & JUSTICE STUDIES: AJCJS; Volume 2, No. 2, November 2006 conducted by McClintock (1963). The study which focused on violent crimes in London showed that the number of black people convicted for violent crimes increased from 6.2 percent in 1950 to 13 percent in 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • State of UK Birds 2002
    THE STATE OF THE UK’S BIRDS 2002 Mike Lane (rspb-images.com) Dipper THE STATE OF THE UK’S 2 BIRDS 2002 ⅷ The UK Government uses breeding bird populations as an indicator of sustainability. The indicator for wild birds, which is one of 15 headline indicators of the Quality of Life in the UK, shows stability in common THE STATE birds, although woodland birds have declined moderately, and farmland birds steeply. OF THE UK’S ⅷ There have been encouraging signs of meeting the targets for some species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Positive progress has been made with the stone-curlew, bittern, corncrake and cirl bunting. The successes are balanced by the continuing critical status of the BIRDS capercaillie, and the virtual regional extinction of the red-backed shrike and wryneck. It has not been possible to assess the status of some of the more common species because of the impact of foot and mouth disease. 2002 ⅷ Population recovery of common birds, such as farmland birds, requires solutions at a sufficiently large scale. The last year has seen bold steps by the UK Government towards reversing the downward trend in farmland birds. Acceptance of the recommendations on agricultural reform, for example in the Curry Report, will further help farmland birds. ⅷ Birds of prey in the UK have benefited from conservation action, through a combination of land-use policies, species protection and Government-backed campaigns against illegal killing. We have seen the recovery of species such as the white-tailed eagle and red kite, although persecution and secondary poisoning still occur, limiting populations and species in some areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Redistribution and Financing Schools in England Under Labour: Are Resources Going Where Needs Are Greatest?
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by LSE Research Online Anne West Redistribution and financing schools in England under Labour: are resources going where needs are greatest? Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: West, Anne (2009) Redistribution and financing schools in England under Labour: are resources going where needs are greatest? Education Management, Administration and Leadership, 37 (2). pp. 158-179. ISSN 1741-1432 DOI: 10.1177/1741143208100296 © 2009 SAGE Publications This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23893/ Available in LSE Research Online: June 2014 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Forthcoming 2009 Educational Management Administration and Leadership Redistribution and financing schools
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Country Note Early Childhood Education and Care Policy in The
    OECD Country Note Early Childhood Education and Care Policy in the United Kingdom December 2000 The United Kingdom has granted the OECD permission to include this document on the OECD Internet Home Page. The views expressed in the document are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the United Kingdom, the OECD or its Member countries. The copyright conditions governing access to information on the OECD Home Page are provided at http://www.oecd.org/copyr.htm/ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................4 Purposes of the OECD Thematic Review....................................................................................................4 The United Kingdom’s participation in the review .....................................................................................4 Structure of the report..................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................6 Terminology.................................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2: CONTEXT OF ECEC IN THE UNITED KINGDOM............................................................8 Evolution of ECEC in the UK .....................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]