DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Mothers Die 2000–2002

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Mothers Die 2000–2002 P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health Improving care for mothers, babies and children Why Mothers Die 2000–2002 The Sixth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom i P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 CEMACH Mission Statement Our aim is to improve the health of mothers, babies and children by carrying out confidential enquiries on a nationwide basis and by widely disseminating our findings and recommendations ii P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health Improving care for mothers, babies and children Why Mothers Die 2000–2002 The Sixth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom Director and Editor Gwyneth Lewis MSc MRCGP FFPH FRCOG Clinical Director James Drife MD FRCOG FRCPEd FRCSEd Central Assessors and Authors Thomas Clutton-Brock MRCP FRCA Griselda Cooper FRCA FRCOG Marion Hall MD FRCOG Ann Harper MD FRCPI FRCOG Mary Hepburn MRCGP FRCOG James Neilson MD FRCOG Catherine Nelson-Piercy FRCP John McClure FRCA Margaret Oates DPM FRCPsych Gillian Penney MD FRCOG MFFP Kate Sallah RN RM ADM MPH Michael de Swiet MD FRCP Harry Millward-Sadler FRCPath MHSH Robin Vlies FRCSEd FRCOG Other authors and contributors Victoria Brace MRCOG Nirupa Dattani BSc MPhil Alison Macfarlane BA Dip Stat Cstat FFPH Nigel Physick Carine Ronsmans MD DrPH Lisa Hunt MD PhD Jessica Chamberlain BA (Hons) MSc Tania Corbin BSc (Hons) MSc iii P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 Published by the RCOG Press at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 27 Sussex Place, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RG, UK www.rcog.org.uk Registered Charity No. 213280 First published November 2004 C CEMACH 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of CEMACH and the Publisher (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK [www.cla.co.uk]. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publisher at the UK address printed on this page. Making duplicate copies of this report for legitimate clinical or other non-commercial purposes within the UK National Health Service is permitted, provided that CEMACH is identified as the originator of the information. Making alterations to any of the information contained within, or using the information in any other work or publication without prior permission, will be a direct breach of copyright and may result in civil action. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulation and therefore free for general use. Product liability: neither CEMACH nor the RCOG can give any guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this guideline. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. ISBN 1-904752-08-X All correspondence with regard to this Report should be addressed to: CEMACH, Chiltern Court, 188 Baker Street, London NW1 5SD; email: [email protected]; website: www.cemach.org.uk Cover image: Acestock.com RCOG Press Editor: Jane Moody Design: Tony Crowley Production by TechBooks, New Delhi Printed by Latimer Trend & Co. Ltd, Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PL, UK This work was undertaken by CEMACH and by its predecessor organisation, the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths (CEMD). The work was funded by the National Centre for Clinical Excellence, the Scottish Programme for Clinical Effectiveness in Reproductive Heath and by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety of Northern Ireland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the Enquiry and not necessarily those of its funding bodies. iv P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 v CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations x Section One: Introduction 1 Background, aims and objectives of the Enquiry 3 Definitions of maternal mortality 9 The international context 14 Summary of overarching recommendations 18 1. Introduction and key findings 2000–2002 25 Section Two: Direct deaths 59 2. Thrombosis and thromboembolism 61 Annex 2A Summary of the key recommendations of the 2004 RCOG Guideline: Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy, labour and after normal vaginal delivery 74 Annex 2B Prophylaxis against thromboembolism in caesarean section 77 3. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia 79 4. Haemorrhage 86 Annex 4A Guidelines for the management and treatment of obstetric haemorrhage in women who decline blood transfusion 94 5. Amniotic fluid embolism 96 6. Early pregnancy deaths 102 7. Genital tract sepsis 109 8. Other Direct deaths 118 9. Anaesthesia 122 Section Three: Indirect deaths 135 10. Cardiac disease 137 P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 vi Why Mothers Die 2000–2002 11. Deaths from psychiatric causes 151 Chapter 11A Deaths from suicide and other psychiatric causes 152 Chapter 11B Drug and/or alcohol related deaths 174 12. Other Indirect deaths 183 13. Deaths from malignancy 197 Section Four: Coincidental and Late deaths 205 14. Coincidental deaths and domestic violence 207 15. Late deaths 215 Section Five: Other key issues 219 16. Pathology 221 17. Trends in intensive care 234 18. Issues for midwives 243 Section Six: Epidemiology 265 19. ‘Near misses’ and severe maternal morbidity; the Scottish experience 267 20. Mortality in pregnant and nonpregnant women in England and Wales 1997–2002: are pregnant women healthier? 272 21. Trends in reproductive epidemiology and women’s health 279 22. Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths: developments and trends from 1952 onwards 296 Section Seven: Appendices 313 Appendix 1 Method of enquiry 315 Appendix 2 Assessors for the Maternal Deaths Enquiry and CEMACH Personnel 320 Appendix 3 Reports of Confidential Enquiries since 1952 326 Index 329 P1: FCG/FFX P2: FCG/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: FCG RGBK001-FM RCOG Press RGBK001-Clutton.cls October 25, 2004 22:19 vii PREFACE Fifty years ago, the Preface to the first Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in England and Wales put the findings into their historical context. Between 1952 and 1954, there were 1,403 “direct” maternal deaths and 2,052,000 “confine- ments”, i.e. a woman faced a 1 in 1500 risk of dying directly as a result of pregnancy or childbirth. This represented an almost five-fold improvement when compared with 1928, when the Minister of Health was Neville Chamberlain and there had been 2,290 maternal deaths in relation to 660,267 live births, i.e. a pregnant woman faced a 1 in 290 risk of dying. The present figures are not entirely comparable. For example, the Enquiry now includes the whole United Kingdom. However, the closest compar- ison with the data for 50 years ago is provided by the figure of 106 direct maternal deaths in the UK during the 3-year period considered by the present report when there were 2,016,136 live births. This means a pregnant woman in the UK today faces less thana1in19,020 risk of dying from obstetric complications directly related to her pregnant state. In other words, there has been a 12-fold improvement when compared with 50 years ago and an almost 60-fold improvement since the 1920s, which is truly remarkable. A further 136 women died between 2000 and 2002 as a result of conditions indirectly related to the pregnancy. These include, for example, heart disease and psychiatric illness. This gives a risk of less than 1 in 7,750 of dying of a cause related either directly or indirectly to her pregnancy today. It is sobering to realise that, in some countries in the developing world today, in 2004, this risk is 1 in 16. While maternal mortality rates remain alarmingly high in many parts of the world, and in some places are actually increasing, the improvement in the rates in the United Kingdom is a major achievement. Nevertheless, outstanding concerns of the 1952 report were the frequency of toxaemia and haemorrhage, the complications of caesarean sections and of anaesthesia, and these also feature in the present report. This report raises many important health issues that are amenable to intervention. For example, one-third of the women who died were obese. The increases in mortality rates due to haemorrhage and in association with anaesthesia are worrying, but the overall most common cause of maternal death is an indirect one, psychiatric illness. The report highlights inequalities, which continue to cause concern in spite of having been identified by previous reports. The most disadvantaged women are 20 times more likely to die than those from higher socio-economic backgrounds, and women from ethnic groups other than white are three times more likely to die. Mortality rates among refugees and asylum seekers are particularly high. These problems are related to accessing health care and need to be addressed. This report is the result of hard work and commitment by a great number of people, but special thanks are due to Dr Gwyneth Lewis, Principal Medical Officer at the Department of Health.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Four Health Systems of the United Kingdom: How Do They Compare?
    The four health systems of the United Kingdom: how do they compare? Gwyn Bevan, Marina Karanikolos, Jo Exley, Ellen Nolte, Sheelah Connolly and Nicholas Mays Source report April 2014 About this research This report is the fourth in a series dating back to 1999 which looks at how the publicly financed health care systems in the four countries of the UK have fared before and after devolution. The report was commissioned jointly by The Health Foundation and the Nuffield Trust. The research team was led by Nicholas Mays at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The research looks at how the four national health systems compare and how they have performed in terms of quality and productivity before and after devolution. The research also examines performance in North East England, which is acknowledged to be the region that is most comparable to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in terms of socioeconomic and other indicators. This report, along with an accompanying summary report, data appendices, digital outputs and a short report on the history of devolution (to be published later in 2014), are available to download free of charge at www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/compare-uk-health www.health.org.uk/compareUKhealth. Acknowledgements We are grateful: to government statisticians in the four countries for guidance on sources of data, highlighting problems of comparability and for checking the data we have used; for comments on the draft report from anonymous referees and from Vernon Bogdanor, Alec Morton and Laura Schang; and for guidance on national clinical audits from Nick Black and on nursing data from Jim Buchan.
    [Show full text]
  • Infant Mortality and Social Progress in Britain, 1905-2005 Danny Dorling
    Chapter 11 Infant Mortality and Social Progress in Britain, 1905-2005 Danny Dorling1 Introduction In Britain by the end of the nineteenth century it became evident that birth rates were falling and infant mortality was rising. This lead to a rapid decline in ‘natality’ and consequently to a fall in the supply of ‘infants for Empire’. By 1905, and in a remarkably apposite observation, the medical officer for health in Battersea wrote that within Britain: England is now regarded as the nucleus of a great Empire, with colonies which, though vast in extent are poor in population, and the fact must be faced that in view of our declining natality, the stream of emigrants that formally left our shores cannot be expected to continue (McCleary, 1905, quoted in Dwork, 1987: 6) At century later, in 2005, there was great concern among some without imagination over a stream of immigrants coming to our shores. McCleary did not see that far ahead but in the century since he wrote it has become clear that fertility, mortality, natality and migration are all intimately linked over the course of lifetimes. However, society in Britain is still arranged very much in a hierarchy from those who ‘think they know best’ to those who are ‘not to be trusted’. For instance, medical officers still treat much of the population with suspicion as became evident when the Department of Health, in 2005, said that, rather than increase benefit levels, mothers should be paid to eat, and give their infants to eat, ‘healthy start food’; however, mothers could not be trusted to do this without vouchers requiring a statutory instrument laid before parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of SEN Special Educational Needs a Guide for Donors and Grant-Makers
    Making sense of SEN Special educational needs a guide for donors and grant-makers February 2004 Written by David Boyle and Eleanor Burton Making Sense of SEN February 2004 Sector: Education Sub-sector: Special Educational Needs Executive Summary This report provides a guide to grant-makers and donors seeking to understand and support children with special educational needs. Its findings show how well- placed philanthropy can have a significant effect on the lives of a large number of children. One child in six in England has special educational needs, which range from requiring additional support from their teacher in the classroom to requiring permanent full-time care. The number of children is growing in certain categories. Children who are not receiving adequate educational provision risk impairing their academic, personal and social development, which shape their life-chances and the contribution that they are capable of making to society. Central Government expresses commitment to special educational needs, alongside their education policy commitment, and much has been done in recent years. However, there remain significant numbers of children not receiving all the support they require in the most appropriate fashion due to inconsistent local delivery. Inadequate support is in part due to inevitable funding constraints. The involvement of government in special educational needs should not deter donors. We have identified a number of roles for the voluntary sector which are essential if children are to achieve their potential more fully. These are additional to the responsibilities of schools. Including all children in mainstream schools has created additional tension in the system. The teaching expertise and confidence required to address the needs of all children has not always been well provided for in the mainstream schools.
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Annex
    Below we discuss in more detail the main types of infrastructure needed for the UK to meet its environmental goals, where we are now and what can be done to accelerate delivery as part of the economic recovery plan. Overall, it has been estimated that there needs to be a 16% reduction in car miles driven by 2030, assuming that the government brings forward the ban on the sale of new internal combustion engine (ICE) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to 2030.1 In the absence of an earlier phase-out date than 2030, miles driven will have to be cut even further, by up to 60 per cent by 2030.2 This reduction in demand should be through behaviour change, and increasing investment in public and active transport. As well as reducing demand for private vehicle use, public transport needs to become lower carbon by 2030. The Committee on Climate Change recommends that 25 per cent of new bus and coach sales should be electrified and 25 per cent should be switched to hydrogen by 2030.3 Alongside this, electrification of all transport should be facilitated by a comprehensive rapid charging network for ultra-low emission vehicles. This is important to support uptake of electric cars over the next decade and should complement a ban on the sale of new polluting vehicles, including hybrids, in 2030. Estimates suggest that, for a scenario where EVs account for 60% of new car and van sales by 2030, at least 1,200 rapid chargers near major roads and 27,000 chargers around local towns and regions are likely to be required to meet service levels by 2030.4 If the phase out date for ICE is brought forward to 2030, the number of chargers will be significantly higher: new analysis shows that by 2030 the UK would require 240,000 slow public (3-22kW) and 62,000 rapid public (>50kW) charge points, as well as millions of home charge points.5 Overall, spending on sustainable transport infrastructure is not sufficient to get to where we need to be in 2030.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Registration in England and Slovakia
    LAND REGISTRATION IN ENGLAND AND SLOVAKIA − COMPARATIVE STUDY. by MONIKA VOZARIKOVA A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF LAWS School of Law The University of Birmingham June 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Thesis Title: Land registration in England and Slovakia – Comparative Study. Student Name: Monika Vozarikova Keywords: Land registration, Land Register, Cadastre, registered conveyancing, unregistered conveyancing, overriding interests. Abstract This thesis examines on a comparative basis the purpose, principles, functioning and effectiveness of the land registration systems in two EU member states - England and Slovakia. The comparative study aims to provide reflections “de lege ferenda” offering suggestions for statutory amendments. The thesis also examines the effect of land registration on the security and speed of conveyancing process in each state. In order to accomplish a comprehensive and up-to-date comparative study I have utilized the research conducted in the field of property law in the selected countries in order to complete an in-depth review of the national legislations on a comparative basis. The objective was to produce a comprehensive and scientifically accurate comparative study, not a mere „manual“.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Population Census: a Time Series for Sub-National Areas with Age, Sex, and Ethnic Group Dimensions In
    Enhancing the population census: a time series for sub-national areas with age, sex, and ethnic group dimensions in England and Wales, 1991-2001 CCSR Working Paper 2007-11 Albert Sabater and Ludi Simpson [email protected] Ethnicity data from successive censuses are used to compare population change. This paper shows that such comparisons are often impossible, wrong or misleading. Distortions become more severe as the scale of areal units become smaller. The paper outlines the four main sources of confusion and applies solutions for England and Wales for 1991-2001. The paper presents methods that can be used to resolve these difficulties and produce more accurate results, and produces a consistent time series for single years of age, ethnic group and sex that can be aggregated from the smallest census output areas. www.ccsr.ac.uk 0 UK Data Archive Study Number 6043 - Population Estimates by Single Year of Age, Sex and Ethnic Group for Sub-national Areas in England and Wales, 1991-2001 Enhancing the population census: a time series for sub-national areas with age, sex, and ethnic group dimensions in England and Wales, 1991- 2001 Albert Sabater and Ludi Simpson [email protected] Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (CCSR), University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Albert Sabater: Post-Doctoral Research Fellow Ludi Simpson: Professor of Population Studies 1 Enhancing the population census: a time series for sub-national areas with age, sex, and ethnic group dimensions in England and Wales, 1991- 2001 Abstract Ethnicity data from successive censuses are used to compare population change.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy 2021 Renewable Energy 2021
    Renewable Energy 2021 Energy Renewable Renewable Energy 2021 Contributing editor John Dewar © Law Business Research 2020 Publisher Tom Barnes [email protected] Subscriptions Claire Bagnall Renewable Energy [email protected] Senior business development manager Adam Sargent 2021 [email protected] Published by Law Business Research Ltd Contributing editor Meridian House, 34-35 Farringdon Street London, EC4A 4HL, UK John Dewar The information provided in this publication Milbank LLP is general and may not apply in a specific situation. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided. This information is not intended to create, nor does receipt of it constitute, a lawyer– Lexology Getting The Deal Through is delighted to publish the fourth edition of Renewable Energy, client relationship. The publishers and which is available in print and online at www.lexology.com/gtdt. authors accept no responsibility for any Lexology Getting The Deal Through provides international expert analysis in key areas of acts or omissions contained herein. The law, practice and regulation for corporate counsel, cross-border legal practitioners, and company information provided was verified between directors and officers. June and July 2020. Be advised that this is Throughout this edition, and following the unique Lexology Getting The Deal Through format, a developing area. the same key questions are answered by leading practitioners in each of the jurisdictions featured. Our coverage this year includes new chapters on Italy and Poland. © Law Business Research Ltd 2020 Lexology Getting The Deal Through titles are published annually in print. Please ensure you No photocopying without a CLA licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Steering Integrated Care in England and the Netherlands: the Case of Dementia Care
    Steering integrated care in England and The Netherlands: The case of dementia care A neo-institutionalist comparative study Susanne Nicola Sophie Kümpers The study described in this thesis was performed at the Department of Health Organi- sation, Policy and Economics of the Maastricht University in cooperation with the University of Leeds, Institute for Health Sciences and Public Health Research, Health and Social Care Policy Group (former Nuffield Institute for Health). The latter pro- vided extensive scientific, administrative and personal support in all stages of the research, especially by Dr. Brian Hardy. Without his contribution the study would not have been possible. For the fieldwork in England a travel grant was received from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). The Care and Public Health Research Institute (caphri) at the Maastricht University also financially sup- ported this research. Printing: PrintPartners Ipskamp, Enschede, The Netherlands Cover design: BiFab, Bianca Fraats Lay-out: BiFab, Bianca Fraats Copyright © 2005, Susanne Kümpers ISBN 90-9019417-7 Steering integrated care in England and The Netherlands: The case of dementia care A neo-institutionalist comparative study PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Maastricht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. mr. G.P.M.F. Mols volgens het besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 19 mei 2005 om 16.00 uur door Susanne Nicola Sophie Kümpers geboren te Rheine, Duitsland, op 15 mei 1956 Promotor: Prof. dr. Hans Maarse Co-promotoren: Dr. Ingrid Mur Dr. Arno van Raak Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. Cor Spreeuwenberg (Voorzitter) Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • United Kingdom – 2018 Update Country Reports Bioenergy Policies and Status of Implementation
    United Kingdom – 2018 update Country Reports Bioenergy policies and status of implementation IEA Bioenergy: 09 2018 This report was prepared from the 2018 OECD/IEA World Energy Balances, combined with data and information provided by the IEA Bioenergy Executive Committee and Task members. Reference is also made to Eurostat. All individual country reports were reviewed by the national delegates to the IEA Bioenergy Executive Committee, who have approved the content. General background on the approach and definitions can be found in the central introductory report1 for all country reports. Edited by: Luc Pelkmans, Technical Coordinator IEA Bioenergy NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK IN THE UNITED KINGDOM The 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive sets a target for the United Kingdom to achieve 15% of its total gross final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. This compares to only 1.5% in 2005. The delivery of 15% renewable energy by 2020 is considered highly stretching, which it is aspiring to deliver with the following proportion of energy consumption in each sector coming from renewables: • Around 30% of electricity generation, including 2% from small-scale power generation; • 12% of heat demand, from domestic and non-domestic use, and • 10% of transport demand. Table 1: UK´s 2020 renewable energy targets. Sector Share in gross final consumption per sector Overall target 15% Heating and cooling 12% Electricity 30% Transport 10% Source: National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the United Kingdom (2010)2 The UK renewables policy framework has three key components: • Financial support for the development and implementation of renewable energies; • Unblocking barriers to renewable energy delivery; and • Developing emerging renewable energy technologies 1 Available at https://www.ieabioenergy.com/iea-publications/country-reports/2018-country-reports/ 2 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans 1 The Renewables Obligation (RO) was the main support mechanism for renewable electricity projects in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • A Refutation of Racial Differentials in the Juvenile Recidivism Rate
    The Importance of Qualitative Research in Understanding the Disproportionate Black Presence in Crime Figures in the United Kingdom (UK) Anita Kalunta-Crumpton The Importance of Qualitative Research in Understanding the Disproportionate Black Presence in Crime Figures in the United Kingdom (UK) Anita Kalunta-Crumpton, Ph.D. Roehampton University, UK ABSTRACT: This paper is a critique of the usefulness of quantitative research in illuminating our understanding of the over-representation of black people in crime figures including prison statistics. With reference to the United Kingdom, the paper offers a critical review of some of the narratives of quantitative research and its search for ‘direct discrimination’ in accounting for the disproportionate presence of black people in UK crime data. In doing so, the paper fundamentally argues for a deeper understanding of encounters between black people and the criminal justice system from a perspective which prioritises qualitative research into the role of ‘indirect discrimination’ in the formation of crime data. Introduction Britain’s black population has continued to be overrepresented in crime figures. Since their post-2nd World War immigration into the UK, arrest, conviction and prison figures have shown consistent patterns of black disproportionate presence – in comparison to other racial groups. The first systematic study to shed light on the disproportionate representation of black people in crime data was 1 ISSN 1554-3897 AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY & JUSTICE STUDIES: AJCJS; Volume 2, No. 2, November 2006 conducted by McClintock (1963). The study which focused on violent crimes in London showed that the number of black people convicted for violent crimes increased from 6.2 percent in 1950 to 13 percent in 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • State of UK Birds 2002
    THE STATE OF THE UK’S BIRDS 2002 Mike Lane (rspb-images.com) Dipper THE STATE OF THE UK’S 2 BIRDS 2002 ⅷ The UK Government uses breeding bird populations as an indicator of sustainability. The indicator for wild birds, which is one of 15 headline indicators of the Quality of Life in the UK, shows stability in common THE STATE birds, although woodland birds have declined moderately, and farmland birds steeply. OF THE UK’S ⅷ There have been encouraging signs of meeting the targets for some species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Positive progress has been made with the stone-curlew, bittern, corncrake and cirl bunting. The successes are balanced by the continuing critical status of the BIRDS capercaillie, and the virtual regional extinction of the red-backed shrike and wryneck. It has not been possible to assess the status of some of the more common species because of the impact of foot and mouth disease. 2002 ⅷ Population recovery of common birds, such as farmland birds, requires solutions at a sufficiently large scale. The last year has seen bold steps by the UK Government towards reversing the downward trend in farmland birds. Acceptance of the recommendations on agricultural reform, for example in the Curry Report, will further help farmland birds. ⅷ Birds of prey in the UK have benefited from conservation action, through a combination of land-use policies, species protection and Government-backed campaigns against illegal killing. We have seen the recovery of species such as the white-tailed eagle and red kite, although persecution and secondary poisoning still occur, limiting populations and species in some areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Redistribution and Financing Schools in England Under Labour: Are Resources Going Where Needs Are Greatest?
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by LSE Research Online Anne West Redistribution and financing schools in England under Labour: are resources going where needs are greatest? Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: West, Anne (2009) Redistribution and financing schools in England under Labour: are resources going where needs are greatest? Education Management, Administration and Leadership, 37 (2). pp. 158-179. ISSN 1741-1432 DOI: 10.1177/1741143208100296 © 2009 SAGE Publications This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/23893/ Available in LSE Research Online: June 2014 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Forthcoming 2009 Educational Management Administration and Leadership Redistribution and financing schools
    [Show full text]