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The Prevalence and Intensity of External and Internal Parasites in Working Donkeys (Equus Asinus) in Egypt

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The Prevalence and Intensity of External and Internal Parasites in Working Donkeys (Equus Asinus) in Egypt Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 RESEARCH ARTICLE Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.11/September-2018/16.pdf Open Access The prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt Marwa M. Attia1, Marwa M. Khalifa1 and Marwa Th. Atwa2 1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Fayoum University, Egypt. Corresponding author: Marwa M. Attia, e-mail: [email protected] Co-authors: MMK: [email protected], MTA: [email protected] Received: 14-05-2018, Accepted: 26-07-2018, Published online: 19-09-2018 doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1298-1306 How to cite this article: Attia MM, Khalifa MM, Atwa MT (2018) The prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt, Veterinary World, 11(9):1298-1306. Abstract Aim: This study aims to record and update the prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt during the period from January to December 2017. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 donkeys (10 donkeys each month) were examined at Giza zoo abattoir through bimonthly visits. The examined donkeys were obtained from five governorates (Giza [20], Fayoum [40], Beni Suef [30], Monofia [20], and Assiut [10]). The animals were grouped according to age and sex. Results: All examined donkeys were positive with at least one internal or even external parasitic species. The overall prevalence rate was 100%. A total of 11 helminths species (10 nematodes and 1 metacestode); 7 protozoal and 7 arthropod species were collected. The number of each parasite and intensity of infection with regard to age and sex was recorded. Conclusion: All examined donkeys were infected with parasites with an overall prevalence of 100%. So, we recommended following up and continuous treatment of such diseased animal. Keywords: arthropods, donkeys, Egypt, external parasites, helminths, internal parasites, protozoa. Introduction which causes abortions, loss of performance, and More than 40 million donkeys are distributed death [5]. Trypanosomes are blood parasites found throughout the world [1]. The donkey population in in mammals including donkeys; Trypanosoma evansi Africa is estimated to be 13 million [2]. According to which is one of the trypanosomes infecting donkeys [6]. the latest Food and Agriculture Organization statistics, This study aims to record and update the preva- there are approximately 3 million working donkeys in lence and intensity of external and internal parasites in Egypt. The working donkeys, horses, and mules carry working donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt during the out a wide range of work types. These animals are period from January to December 2017. used for transportation of passengers and goods by Materials and Methods carts in urban areas in the busy cities and towns. Ethical approval The most important problems for equines and This study was approved by the Ethical donkeys in developing countries are gastrointestinal Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo parasitism [3]. Donkeys harbor a large number of par- University with number CU/II/F/18/103. asites including roundworms (families: Stronglidae, Oxyuridae, Trichostronglidae, and Ascaridae), Animals flatworms (Fasciolidae), and tapeworm (family: During the period from January to December Anoplocephalidae) which damage the intestine 2017, 120 donkeys (10 donkeys each month) were depending on the species and number of parasites [3]. examined at postmortem in Giza Zoo abattoir (Giza, Infections with endoparasites cause loss of condition, Egypt) through bimonthly visits, for the detection of poor reproduction of animals, colic, and diarrhea [4]. internal and external parasitic infection. The donkeys Furthermore, blood protozoal diseases are one of were obtained from five governorates (Giza [20], the important parasitic infections which affect family Fayoum [40], Beni Suef [30], Monofia [20], and Assiut Equidae in Egypt. Equine piroplasmosis is the tick- [10]). The animals were grouped according to age as borne disease caused by Theileria equi (Babesia equi) from 1 to 2 years (25), 3-5 years (35), and 6-8 years (60), of which 90 donkeys were male and 30 were Copyright: Attia, et al. Open Access. This article is distributed under female. The animals were field working donkeys, fed the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which on green ration, and never received any antiparasitic permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medications. These animals send for slaughtering in medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons this abattoir are usually emaciated and unsuitable for license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons working. Each donkey was physically examined before Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this slaughtering, for determination of the age and sex as article, unless otherwise stated. well as examination of external parasites on skin. Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 1298 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.11/September-2018/16.pdf Fecal sample collection and examination with modified Ziehl–Neelsen stain technique [8]. Fecal samples were collected directly from the Other smears were made and also fixed in absolute rectum of donkeys before slaughtering. The feces methanol which stained with Giemsa stain for exam- were collected in separate polyethylene bags and ination of other enteric protozoa. labeled for identification. Microscopic examination of Examination of tissue for detection of Sarcocystis spp. the samples was performed in the Laboratory of the Samples from esophagus, heart, tongue, and dia- Parasitology Department in the Faculty of Veterinary phragm were fixed in 10% formalin and processed Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. The gross as recorded by Bancroft and Stevens [9]. Sections fecal examination was done for the collection of adult were deparaffinized and stained with hematoxylin nematodes and/or the gravid segment of cestodes. and eosin stain for histological examination by light Microscopic fecal examination microscopy. Direct smear method Blood samples Blood samples were collected directly from the A small amount of feces was placed on the clean jugular vein into heparinized test tubes at the time of glass slide and mixed with a drop of water; a coverslip slaughtering. Thin blood smears were made and left to was applied on the fecal smear and examined under air dry. The smears were fixed with absolute methanol the microscope to detect and identify the parasitic and stained with Giemsa stain. Slides were examined ova [7]. under a microscope using the oil immersion lens for Floatation and sedimentation technique the identification of blood parasites [7]. Floatation technique External parasites One g of feces was diluted with 10 ml of sat- The skin was carefully examined for the presence urated salt solution in the test tube which was filled of any external parasites such as ticks and any insect’s to the top with the salt. A clean cover glass slip was flies which were identified using a stereoscopic micro- sideways over the top of the tube. After 10 min, the scope. Skin scraping was done if keratinization was cover was taken onto the slide and examined under present in the skin according to Soulsby [7]. the light microscope using the magnification power Cellophane tape technique 40 and 100×. To detect the eggs of pinworms (Oxyuris equi), female nematodes were protruded from the anus and Sedimentation method deposited their eggs on the skin around the anus. The Two g of feces was dissolved in tap water in a cellophane tape was used around the anus and then beaker and allowed the mixture to sediment with- placed it on the slide with the small drop of water and out disturbing for 20-30 min. The supernatant was examined under a light microscope with magnifica- poured off to collect the sediment for examination [7]. tion X40, X100, and X400. A small amount of the sediment was transferred to a Identification of the parasites small Petri dish and examined under the light micro- The nematodes were washed several times with scope using the magnification power 40 and 100×. phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2), then preserved in Examination of gastrointestinal samples 70% glycerin alcohol. The nematodes were cleared The samples were collected from stomach and using lactophenol, then mounting by gelatin. All small and large intestine after slaughtering the don- identifications of the helminths and their eggs were keys for detection of parasites as following: carried out following the morphological descrip- Stomach and intestinal contents from every don- tion [7,10-12]. All arthropod larvae, fleas, ticks, and key were examined separately by naked eyes, the lar- mites, as well as all protozoan parasites, were identi- vae and adult worms were collected. The collected fied according to Soulsby [7]. samples were placed in a separate vial containing a Statistical analysis saline solution (0.9% NaCl). The wall of the stomach The prevalence of infection and intensity was and intestine were washed separately, and these wash- calculated using Chi-square test, with determina- ings were collected for subsequent examination. All of tion of mean intensity related to governorates [13]. the collected helminths were preserved in 70% glyc- Significance was analyzed using the SPSS v.11.0. In erol alcohol for subsequent identification. The stom- all cases, p<0.05 were considered for the statistically ach larvae (Gasterophilus spp.) were collected in 70% significant difference. ethanol until identification study. Smears were made from each intestinal sample Results of different parts of the intestine for examination of All the donkeys examined were positive with Cryptosporidium species. Each sample was mixed at least with one internal or external parasitic spe- thoroughly with the drop of saline and spread on glass cies.
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