Letter from Newton MUN's Secretary-General

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors,

Welcome to NewMUN 2019! Before anything, I would like to wish you the best of luck in this two-day conference which is going to bring together the best MUN delegates from Lima. I am sure that I will witness the highest level of debate at this conference.

More than as a MUNer, but as a responsible citizen, I understand that the global issues in our world must be solved by the international community. I also understand that MUN delegates don't have the capabilities to take the decisions to change the world, but at least we have the capacity to outrage ourselves when seeing that something is not working for our well being. That capacity to go out and speak for your beliefs, to stand up and raise the flag of your country demanding for consensus, demanding for peace, demanding for the well being of everyone. That capacity is the only way in which countries can move forward, and it is the only way in which we will contribute to building a better world. Maybe a little visionary, but is the truth.

This year, the Newton team has decided to increase the number of committees in order to have a MUN conference of the best quality. The topics that we have chosen tackle issues from the past, present, and future, therefore presenting a challenge for delegates to combine their knowledge and application to reach solutions. In many of the committees, Directors have been prepared to take the flow of the committee to a maximum moment of crisis in order to assess the networking and negotiating skill from delegates.

I will just like to leave you the message, that the only way to be successful is to give your best. As Eric Thomas once said: "You will be successful when you want something as hard as you want to breath".

I wish you the best of luck in your committees and hope you have an amazing time in NewMUN 2019!

Sincerely,

Santiago Bustamante Secretary-General

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Letter from the Committee Director

Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to introduce myself to you all. My name is Ainhoa Ceballos, and I’m currently in form V at Newton College, starting my first year of the IB Diploma programme. Nonetheless, even though school is enormously time-consuming (as you may all be aware of), I find the time to do some things I enjoy as playing tennis every day, participating in some clubs as MUN and watching some good shows on Netflix.

In regards to my experience in MUN, I joined my school’s MUN club about 3 years ago, and I’ve attended around 10 conferences. To be honest, my favourite type of committee is SOCHUM since I feel passionate to discuss about the rights and well-being of people. This is why I’m really glad I have the opportunity to be the director of such a remarkable committee, as it revolves around a global concerning issue as is Modern Day Slavery.

All I have to say to you is to give your best and get out of your comfort zone because it is the only way we get to do extraordinary things, and I reassure you this will not only help you in MUN but through many future life-situations. Participate as much as you can, if you are not really sure of something, take a risk anyway since we all come here to learn.

Lastly, if you have any doubts or concerns during the committee let me know as I’ll be more than glad to help you, and if you’ve got any questions before the conference please feel free to write me an e-mail.

Looking forward to meet you all,

Best,

Ainhoa Ceballos Committee Director, NEWMUN conference 2019 [email protected] ​

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Table Of Contents

I. Overview of The Committee …………………………………………………………….. 4 II. Statement of the Topic …………………………………………………………………… 4 III. History of the Topic ……………………………………………………………………… 6 IV. Worldwide Issue Today ………………………………………………………………….. 7 A. Different Forms of Modern-Day Slavery B. Case Studies V. Past Un Actions ………………………………………………………………………… 12 VI. Bloc Positions ………………………………………………………………………...… 14 VII. Possible Solutions ………………………………………………………………………. 16 VIII. Questions All Resolutions Must Answer (QARMA´S) ……………………………….... 18 IX. Guidelines for Position Papers ………………………………………………………….. 19 X. Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………. 20

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I. Overview of the Committee As such, in this committee, we will be discussing The Social, Humanitarian and Cultural the topic of Modern-Day Slavery, a politically, Committee, The United Nations General ethically and economical complicated issue Assembly Third Committee, usually referred to which is currently affecting negatively more than as SOCHUM includes all 193 member states and 40 million individuals, threatening their lives , was established in 1947 by the United Nations in and forming controversy in various countries order to discuss issues that involved social around the different corners of the world. development. Now, as you may be aware of, as resolutions Currently, SOCHUM is at the lead of human aren’t effective except a vast majority of the rights matters; committee concede with the ideas and tackling critical stipulations firmly enough, in order to proceed to concerns as: uphold it; it is crucial that delegates collaborate - Human with each other to ensure that as many countries’ trafficking burdens are covered and the issues are taken care - Protection of. Therefore delegates, your challenge for this of children and April 13th and 14th is to actively debate in this minorities simulation in order to draft a viable resolution - Empowerment of women and indigenous that will suggest reasonable solutions to address communities the root causes and the primary and secondary - Refugees crisis and treatments effects of Modern-Day Slavery;respecting your - The building up of fundamental freedoms nations’ policies and acting with total diplomacy. through the eradication of racism and discrimination

II. Statement of the topic as it changed its forms, given that current victims of contemporary slavery are not only illegally It's been centuries since the cruel acts of slavery owned, but exposed to dehumanized and were abolished and prohibited by law. possessive treats, as forced labor, sexual Nonetheless, slavery continues to harm people, exploitation, debt bondage and many other forms

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of unbearable threats towards humans. Currently, around 40.3 million people are under modern So, in different words, Modern-Day Slavery is slavery conditions across the world, crying for in very few cases people literally owning other desperate help and initiatives to put a harsh end people but actually more about being completely to these disruptions of rights. controlled or exploited at any extent by someone else; and it is concerning that it exists in every Even though The 1948 Universal Declaration of single continent in the world, and almost in every Human Rights prohibited slavery under all of its country; from the most developed ones, to forms through the following declaration "No one underdeveloped ones. ​ shall be held in slavery or servitude: slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their Contemporary slavery divides into different forms." ; Modern-Day Slavery was directly forms, which will later be explained, thus, the ​ referred to by the UN supplementary convention people who fall under these, are indeed the most in 1956 which states "debt bondage, serfdom, vulnerable, marginalised and socially excluded ​ forced marriage and the delivery of a child for groups in our societies, as the ones that are under the exploitation of that child are all slavery-like extreme poverty, children, women and girls and practices and require criminalisation and indigenous communities. For instance,the ​ abolishment" . This portrays a definition of ‘International Labour Organisation’ estimated ​ Modern-Day slavery since it exposes different that over 8.4 million children are in some from ​ forms of it; as debt bondage, serfdom, forced of slavery, such as prostitution, forced labour, marriage and child exploitation.Yet, another forced marriage and drug trafficking. As well, form, and the most common one of modern day The Global Slavery Index study of 2016 exposed slavery, being it forced labour was defined in the that out of 40.3 million people in modern Forced Labour Convention of 1930 as “ "all slavery, 71% of it are females, portraying once ​ work or service which is exacted from any again that due to lack of empowerment the person under the menace of any penalty and for vulnerable groups are the most affected. which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily".

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III. History of the topic example, Spain (1811), Sweden (18130, Netherlands (18140). Portugal decides to ban A. History of Slavery slave trade, but only north of the equator in 1819. Slavery started in the 6800s b.c, when the Nevertheless, it's important to highlight that this Mesopotamian enemies were forced to work for new legislations were just abolishing slave trade them when captured. Later, in 550 b.c, more than and not slavery. 30,000 slaves were forced to work in the silver In 1833, Britain decides to pass the Abolition of mines of Athens, in Greece. In 120 a.d, more Slavery Act, that gradually abolished slavery in than half of the population of Rome were slaves. all british colonies. France does this too in 1849 Years later, in the 1000s, slavery was a regular and Brazil in 1851. These actions eventually led practice in Britain. Followed by that, in 1380, to the total abolition of slavery at the end of the during the aftermath of the Black Plague, the 19th century. slave trade blossoms because of the lack of workers. It is clear that society believed that all C. Modern-Day Slavery humans didn't have the right to be treated In 1999, the first global analysis of modern-day slavery is published. Disposable People: New correctly for a very long time. ​ Slavery in the Global Economy, decides that ​ there are 27 million modern-day slaves B. Abolition of Slave Trade and Slavery worldwide. A year later, the United States’ In 1781, Holy congress passes an act to fight trafficking and Roman Emperor modern day slavery. This act also includes Joseph II is the first to penalties for traffickers and help for the victims. prohibit serfdom in In 2002, the International Cocoa Initiative is the Austrian Habsburg established to avoid slavery in chocolate area. During the factories mostly in Africa. Later on, the Court of French Revolution, In Sierra Leone ordains 1807, Great Britain that forced marriage is a passed the Abolition crime and a form of of the Slave Trade slavery. Little by little, Act, freeing all slaves that were held on their the world is making an colonies and a year later, the United States pass a effort to stop slavery, legislation banning the slave trade. After that, but it's our job to abolish lots of countries start to abolish it too. For it totally.

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IV. Worldwide Issue Today loaner adds more and more expenses so A. Different Forms of Modern Slavery the individual will never pay off the debt, Most of us still associate slavery with the past, therefore staying enslaved forever. The however we can still find it in the modern world. second one is that the loaner enforces There is an estimate of almost 40.3 million of drastic conditions, ignoring any work people enslaved some type of way in the modern regulations because of the debt. day. Slavery isn’t just owning people (though that’s it’s most known form), it’s also being 3. Human trafficking controlled, exploited, harassed or forced to do This modern day slavery is one of the work you don’t want to. Here are six examples of most feared, because of the known modern day slavery: inhumane conditions. Whether it’s for sex or for ownership it involves the 1. Forced Labour transportation and commercialization of This type of enslavement is working people without consent, therefore against your will because of existing depriving them of their free will. In most physical or mental threats. Sadly, in some of these cases the victims work for cultures forced labour is so ingrained that approximately 12 hours a day and receive there is no physical threat. It’s mostly none or very little pay. found in industries which need a lot of workers but have poor regulations, thus 4. Forced marriage ignoring the exploitation of the workers In a world that’s still fighting for rights, forcing them to work double the freedom, the right to take your own hours for less pay. In a document of the decisions wherever your life’s concerned U.S. department of labour in 2018 it its we still have an estimate of 15.4 million said that in our country forced labour is people in forced marriage. This type of present in the nuts and gold industry. slavery can be described as marriage of a child (normally) without his or her 2. Debt bondage or bonded labour consent and against their will. It’s almost In this case, the individual makes a loan impossible to leave the marriage and he or she can’t pay, so they’ll have to unfortunately some say that’s it’s part of work the debt off. There are two ways it their culture so it can’t be considered can go from here, the first one is that the slavery. The biggest number of child

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brides is found in South Asia, due to it’s child marriage to child soldiers to child domestic slavery. We believe (Anti-Slavery UK Charity) that there’s about 10 million children throughout the world that are enslaved to this day.

6. Domestic servitude This might be the hardest type of modern slavery to eradicate since it’s the easiest

very large population. The statistics say to hide. It’s definition is live-in workers that one third of the girls of the who are not allowed to leave. Domestic developing world have been married slavery can be camouflaged as a sleep in before they turn 18. nanny and without a home inspection it can be done very difficult to find out whether that position holds true or it’s a 5. Child slavery cover for a domestic slave. Usually when we think child slavery we think of child labour, whilst it’s so much Slavery isn’t limited to these six types of modern more than that. It’s the exploitation of a slavery, there are many more. Throughout the child for someone else's gain depriving world charities, organizations and governments them of education, freedom and human are trying to do their best to stop these human development, threatening or actually rights violations. One way is to raise social harming them physically or mentally. awareness of those companies who allow these This branch of modern day slavery conditions, however with industries that have encases everything from child labour to poor regulations it might not be that easy.

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B. C. Case Studies 1. Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Citizens that belong to the lowest DPRK has presented itself to be the country with the socio-economic classes under this largest case of modern-day slavery in the last dictatorship lack of basic life years. It is estimated that more than 2.6 million opportunities and needs such as food, citizens live under the state of modern-day slaves. education, medical attendance, and good Most of these individuals are required to work by jobs; failing to succeed in life, entering the authorities due to the fact that there is a level into a vicious circle of poverty; where D response in the North Korean government to they tend to fall into forms of slavery in modern-day slavery. A level D response is the order to survive. Every 1 in 10 citizens lowest level of responding according to the lives in the state of a modern day slave. In Global Slavery, which means that the authorities total there are 104.6 victims of have shown minimum levels of activity to combat modern-day slavery per 1,000. modern-day slavery. North Korea presents different forms of includes human trafficking, child exploitation, and forced marriage. Graph extracted from ‘Global Slavery Index, Walk Free Foundation’

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Women are many times propense to get caught in quote):, “I constantly did farm work until the ​ the position of a modern-day slave because of the sixth year in elementary school. We did large demand of brides in China due to the sex imbalance. Many women are lured with false promises of a new beginning and better life opportunities outside of their country. The woman who accept is trafficked out of their country with false expectations of a better life to later on be sold as brides. In different cases, if women don't accept they are abducted to then be sold. Girls about 15 years old are also propense everything by hand, or with hand hoes and to the same situation and about 37% of women buckets, In the spring, we had to work for about living as modern-day slaves were married when one month in the summer, when we did wedding. they were underage. We finished with our classes in the morning and

then we spent the afternoon working, In the Children may find themselves in this situation autumn we worked longer, for about two months, due to the need to generate incomes and fulfill as there was a lot of work associated with the their duties. Children from age 5 up to age 13 do harvest.”

2. Eritrea:

jobs such as farming, constructing buildings, statues, railroads, and highways as well as collecting scrap material to then sell. The Telegraph questioned a male defector who Eritrea is the country with the second largest case confirmed the allegations, he said (quote on of modern day slavery according to the

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Prevalence Index Rank. Around 451,000 citizens quality of modern day slaves. The government of Eritrea live in the state of modern day slave. has shown a level C response which means that The government response level is a level D the government has taken a small amount of which means that the authorities of Eritrea have action against this issue. shown a minimum or none reaction towards this issue. 93.3 citizen suffer from modern-day Because of the lack of opportunities and basic slavery per 1000. resources, young girls of a lower social class are propense to become modern day slaves for the One of the main issues of Eritrea is forced labor need of basic resources such as food, water, a in the modern mine (based in Canada) were stable home, and money. Woman many times workers claim to have been put in a situation of approach young girls and lure them into their forced labor. Workers worked very long and home offering them money, food, and a stable harsh shifts that made them have to stay in the home, because of need most girls accept and end mine and sleep on the floor. Because of the fact up being slaved and pushed into prostitution. On that they were working on these conditions they other cases, young girls are trafficked to other suffered mentally and physically. When staying countries such as Uganda and Kenya to be in the mines they were exposed to deadly commercially sexually exploited. mosquitos and extreme suffering both mental and physical (as mentioned before). Apart from the Many girls with a low payment received have to fact that the work conditions were vile, workers maintain their family. The International Bureau revive very little payment, minimum food of children's rights had an interview with a child supplies and they were at constant risk of victim that confessed that she needs to keep imprisonment. This mine has caused many doing it because neither herself, her grandmother citizens to flee the country as refugees for a time or her child could survive without the money she causing Eritrea to turn into one of the top-ten earns. refugee apporting nations (according to the UN). (Illustration by Morgan Freeman)

3. Burundi: Burundi has presented itself to be the country with the third largest case of modern day slavery according to the Prevalence Index Around 408,000 citizens of Burundi live under the (Image extracted from the International Bureau for children’s right

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V. Past UN Actions 2388 in 2017, which had as main concept to Previously, the United Nations has taken several clarify the importance of preserving the collected actions on the matter. For starters, a plan has evidence related to trafficking cases. This is so been launched to combat trafficking. The that those responsible for the crimes could be “United Nations Global Plan of Action to held and investigated to ensure safety and Combat Trafficking in Persons” urges compromise. Adding to this, the UN Security Governments worldwide to take consistent Council made emphasis on the fact that measures, as well as coordinated ones, to defeat trafficking as well contributes to other types of the problem. It was adopted on July 30, 2010 by organized, transnational crime. This was clarified the United Nations General Assembly. This plan so that the population could become aware about calls upon integration of the constant fight the worldwide damage that trafficking creates against human trafficking and the United when intertwined with other criminals. Nation’s broader programs, with the purpose of strengthening security around borders and Similarly, a EU, UN and African Union commit boosting the development and improvement of was held and recently concluded on November border security. This plan also highly suggests 30, 2017. This summit, which has held in Ivory the creation of a new voluntary trust fund in the Coast concluded in leaders vowing to start an United Nations for the victims of trafficking, evacuation operation in emergency state. focusing intensely on women and children. Immigrants are to be evacuated if threatened by people traffickers. In 2010, the United Nations’ Secretary General urged several entities, such as philanthropies and countries’ governors to contribute with generous amounts to the futurely implemented trust fund for trafficking victims. He then continued by officially stating that the only way to end human trafficking is finding the perfect balance between countries and regions to work together, since this is a job that can’t be done on someone's own.

On the other hand, the United Nations unanimously decided to act by the resolution

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“Gabon's President Ali Bongo Ondimba, Cameroon's President Paul Biya, France's President Emmanuel Macron and ​ King of Morocco Mohammed VI talk while they prepare to pose for photographers during the 5th African Union - European Union (AU-EU) summit in Abidjan, Ivory Coast November 29, 2017. REUTERS/Luc Gnago”

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VI. Bloc Positions: 2. Countries that are offering positive The committee will be divided into three main support to help defeat modern slavery, different bodies, analogous to what they can afford nonetheless given that the issue is politically, regarding their economical aptitudes. economically and culturally complex, there Among this group are nations like might be exceptions, so each delegate must be Montenegro, Mexico, Brazil,South aware of the policies of their countries and take Africa, Jamaica, India, Moldova, Serbia into consideration any current political situation and Albania. their nation is facing with another one in the committee. This bloc might have more diversity of countries, meaning that there might be 1. Countries that are taking the greatest big geographical differences, cultural actions and acting most actively to contrasts and especially political or diminish Modern-Day Slavery: economical discrepancies; yet all of this The main governments that belong to this countries are concerned about the issue group are from the United Kingdom, the and respond to it through certain limited United States, Belgium, Norway, means. Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, Canada, Sweden, Germany Croatia and 3. Among states that are taking none or Portugal. the least measures to defeat modern-day slavery: Normally, the countries that are found in North Korea, Iran,Libya, South Sudan, this group are those who have the Burundi, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, following characteristics: Chad, Central African Republic, Guinea, a. Have low levels of conflict inside the Democratic Republic of the Congo. their country and with the international community Some of these nations may be b. Have a higher rate on government characterised by: response a. Government collusion, complex c. Politically stable dictatorship as in the case in d. Economically wealthy and stable North Korea, where the authorities refuse to take action.

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b. Low political determination The following graph portrays the government towards the issue in the country, response of each country to Modern Slavery; the like Iran highest rates of response expose the countries c. Low economical resources, as that are taking more action to diminish Modern with Libya Slavery; whilst the lowest portrays the countries d. High levels of internal conflict, that are not making any efforts at all to improve like South Sudan the situation.

The majority of these nations find themselves in the continents of Asia and Africa, as these are the two most vulnerable continents to modern-day slavery, given that a great number of these nations are underdeveloped or conflictive ones; letting their citizens live under circumstances of extreme poverty.

(For more specific information of countries and to take a more analytic look at the map go to “The Global Slavery Index” https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#response ) ​ ​ Graph by The Global Slavery Index, 2018.

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VII. Possible Solutions referring victims protection and sustenance. ● Suggest viable reintegration programmes The solutions for Modern-Day Slavery must in specialised shelters. focus on different areas in order to minimise and end slavery in all possible forms. It might as well Address risk factors need to include both short term and long term 1. Security; one idea would be to reinforce solutions to prevent, stop and punish the illegal strict labour inspections in order to detect treats. modern slavery in private industries

where workers are known to work under These are some important examples: forced labour. I. Ratify and Sign the "Council of Europe

Convention on Actions against Another one would be to research and Trafficking in Human Beings". analyze reports of official complicity in II. Endorse the ILO Convention 189 order to reassure order, avoiding any regarding Decent Work for Domestic illegal acts. Workers.

III. Uphold the ILO Protocol of 2014 to the 2. Strengthen coordination and transparency Forced Labour Convention No.29 between nations and actions taken to IV. Encourage more countries to establish tackle the issue; this might facilitate legislation that criminalises and punishes economic transactions and other forced marriage and provide protection to requirements to help ending Modern those who may fall victim to it. Slavery.

For this, some suggestions of possible solutions Eradicate modern slavery from the economy are: ● Introduce legislation that requires large Improve victim support private businesses to report on their ● Reassure that as much as nations develop processes to eliminate risk of modern the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) slavery in their supply chains. which is multi-disciplinary framework ● Encourage government organizations to between active participants from state reduce the risk of using businesses society who focus on identifying and suspected of using forced labour or

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purchasing products that were made using them invest on their own projects, forced labour. through for example microcredits.

Education and Empowerment Take in consideration that every solution you Tackle the issue from its roots. formally propose must be elaborated enough, so ● Propose Programmes that educate it can answer the following questions: vulnerable groups in undeveloped places - Why propose it? that are most likely to fall into modern - How will it be implemented? slavery, in order to: - Is it viable? ○ A: raise awareness and create consciousness All of these achieved through international ○ B: prepare them so that they have collaboration, making sure to strengthen and better opportunities to succeed reinforce certain policies, and encourage and have an independent countries to participate in contracts or any economic stability. important document that implies accepting ● Indirectly break the poverty cycle by certain legislations. offering, empowering citizens and letting

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VIII. Questions All Resolutions Must IV. What is the importance of technology in Answer (QARMA´S) helping security systems analyze and identify modern-day slavery? For I. Is there any specific form of modern-day instance, how can technology help detect slavery that should be addressed first in illegal transactions that may lead to order to tackle the issue at a wider scale? trafficking or forced labour? If so, which and why? V. What is the role of non-governmental II. What measures can be applied by organizations on defeating Modern-Day member nations in order to protect slavery? victims under forced marriage, human VI. In which ways can corruption in trafficking and sexual exploitation? governmental and non-governmental III. What can be done by the international organizations be diminished in order to community to help victims of help reduce poverty and inequality, modern-day slavery re-integrate to therefore helping to empower the most society? In which ways can their vulnerable groups that tend to fall into psychological and physical traumas be Modern-Day Slavery? treated and calmed?

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IX. Guidelines for Position Papers Position papers must be handed in by Sunday April the 7th at 11:59 pm. ​ ​ Please send them to the following e-mail: Chair (Ainhoa Ceballos) : [email protected] ​ ​ Make sure to include the committee, topic, country and your name and school in the upper left corner ​ ​ ​ of the document.

Content Requirements: Your position paper is meant to illustrate your country’s position on the subject to be discussed (Modern-Day Slavery) , which should be divided into three main sections: 1. Your country’s involvement, situation and policies towards the issue. 2. Significant past or current UN actions to solve the issue 3. Solutions and plans you delegates propose and will present and discuss during the committee. Format Requirements: ● Font: Times New Roman, size 12 ● Single Spaced ● Normal margins ● Maximum number of pages: one side and a half ● Bibliography must be included at the end. (Wikipedia references will not be considered)

Please, acknowledge that the quality of the document will be considered in the final evaluation of the delegates. Certainly, if a delegate does not deliver the position paper on time, or doesn’t deliver it at all, they won’t be considered for an award.

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X. Bibliography

I. “Anti-Slavery Day: Factsheet.” United Nations Association, ​ ​ www.una.org.uk/anti-slavery-day-factsheet. II. “Libya - Prevalence of Undernourishment (% of Population).” Kenya Government Debt to GDP | ​ 1998-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar, TRADING ECONOMICS, ​ tradingeconomics.com/libya/prevalence-of-undernourishment-percent-of-population-wb-data.html. III. “Highlights.” Global Slavery Index, www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/highlights/. ​ ​ ​ ​ IV. “Maps.” Global Slavery Index, www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#response. ​ ​ ​ ​ V. “ILO.” World Day for Safety and Health at Work 2013: Case Study: Karoshi: Death from ​ Overwork, www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm. ​ ​ ​ VI. “With 40 Million Forced into Modern Slavery, Third Committee Expert Urges States to Protect Rights of Women, Girls, Companies Must Remedy Violations | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/press/en/2018/gashc4244.doc.htm. ​ ​ VII. Kelly, Annie. “Modern-Day Slavery: an Explainer.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 3 ​ ​ Apr. 2013, www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/apr/03/modern-day-slavery-explainer. ​ ​ VIII. “Prevention, Protection, Prosecution Stressed as Security Council Holds Open Debate on Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery, Forced Labour in Conflict Situations | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12751.doc.htm. ​ ​ ​ ​ IX. Taylor, Adam. “North Korea Has 2.6 Million 'Modern Slaves,' New Report Estimates.” The ​ Washington Post, WP Company, 19 July 2018, ​ www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern- slaves-new-report-estimates/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.3d8be7cdfe22. ​ X. “Maps.” Global Slavery Index, www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#prevalence. ​ ​ ​ ​ XI. Smith, Nicola. “North Korea Has Most Modern-Day Slaves in the World, Report Reveals, as Rights Abuses Laid Bare.” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 19 July 2018, ​ ​ www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-modern-day-slaves-world-report-reveals-r ights/. ​ XII. “Footage Shows Children Being Forced to Do Hard Labour in North Korea.” NewsComAu, 16 ​ ​ Dec. 2016, www.news.com.au/world/asia/footage-of-child-slaves-as-young-as-five-doing-hard-labour-in-nort h-korea/news-story/cb01c742d2eedfb5d2c2905b30377556. ​ XIII. “Forced Marriage: A Form of Modern-Day Slavery • Human Trafficking Search.” Human ​ Trafficking Search, 12 Dec. 2018, humantraffickingsearch.org/forced_marriage/. ​ XIV. Dahir, Abdi Latif, and Abdi Latif Dahir. “Eritrean Workers Are Suing a Canadian Mining Company for Using Them as Forced Labor.” Quartz, Quartz, 29 Sept. 2016, ​ ​ qz.com/africa/794955/eritrean-workers-are-suing-nevsun-resources-a-canadian-mining-company-f or-using-them-as-forced-labor/. XV. “Maps.” Global Slavery Index, www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#response. ​ ​ ​ ​ XVI. Dahir, Abdi Latif, and Abdi Latif Dahir. “Africa Is Now the World's Epicenter of Modern-Day Slavery.” Quartz, Quartz, 23 July 2018, ​ ​ qz.com/africa/1333946/global-slavery-index-africa-has-the-highest-rate-of-modern-day-slavery-in- the-world/.

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XVII. McClearn, Matthew. “A Canadian Mining Company May Have Used Slaves. How Could This Happen?” Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News, Canadian Business - Your Source ​ ​ For Business News, 9 May 2014, www.canadianbusiness.com/global-report/the-slaves-of-eritrea/. ​ ​ XVIII. Dahir, Abdi Latif, and Abdi Latif Dahir. “Eritrean Workers Are Suing a Canadian Mining Company for Using Them as Forced Labor.” Quartz, Quartz, 29 Sept. 2016, ​ ​ qz.com/africa/794955/eritrean-workers-are-suing-nevsun-resources-a-canadian-mining-company-f or-using-them-as-forced-labor/. XIX. “Child Marriage Facts and Figures.” ICRW | PASSION. PROOF. POWER., ​ ​ www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures/. ​ XX. Survivor Stories « Free the Slaves, www.freetheslaves.net/about-slavery/slavery-in-history/. ​ ​ XXI. “CHRONOLOGY-Who Banned Slavery When?” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 22 Mar. 2007, www.reuters.com/article/uk-slavery/chronology-who-banned-slavery-when-idUSL1561464920070 322. ​ XXII. “What Is Modern Slavery?” Anti-Slavery International, www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/. ​ XXIII. "United Nations Launches Global Plan Of Action Against Human Trafficking". Unodc.Org, 2019, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2010/September/un-launches-global-plan-of-action-aga inst-human-trafficking.html XXIV. "Security Council Reiterates Its Condemnation Of Trafficking In Persons, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2388 (2017) | Meetings Coverage And Press Releases". Un.Org, 2019, https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc13081.doc.htm XXV. "EU, UN And African Leaders Draw Up Emergency Plan For Migrants In...". AF, 2019, https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1DU1DK-OZATP

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