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Current Status of Occupational Stress and Health in Japan

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Current Status of Occupational Stress and Health in Japan 一 331 一 J． Tokyo Med． Univ．， 58 （3） ： 331’v337， 2000 Session 1： Conditions of work， stress and occupational health： Present conditions and likely future trends Current Status of Occupational Stress and Health in Japan Teruichi SHIMOMITSU， M．D．， Ph．D．i Takashi HARATANI， Ph．D．2 iDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University 2National lnstitute of lndustrial Health， Japan ABSTRACT AIthough the health status of the Japanese population is generally high， those with long work－ ing hours， such as workers in the service sectors are at a greater health risk． Despite the changes in the law to limit the number of working hours to 40 hours per week， there are no limits set on overtime work hours including unpaid service overtime． With Japan being a hard working society， heavy burdens are placed on the employees such as long working hours leading to stress， fatigue， and possibly “karoshi，” or sudden death as a result of overwork． Therefore， greater preventive efforts are necessary to protect the workers from these ill health consequences． With increased awareness and advocacy for those issues， several measures have been implemented to protect the workers including revisions in labor laws and the establishment of health promotion centers and programs which also supports mental health． However， these measures may not be sufficient to protect the workers from ill health． A new strategy is necessary to improve working conditions in Japan． Introduction its effects on working life and the health sta－ With the 21S‘ century in the near future， the tus of the works． world is facing an unprecedented revolution． In all phases of people’s lives， rapid changes Long working hours and worker’s health are occurring． Especially in the industrial In 1960， the average number of annual net－ scene， change in industrial structure， the inter－ working hours， according to a survey done by net rapidly extending from post－industrial the Ministry of Labor， was at its highest societies such as Japan， EU， and the U．S． to all recorded level since World War II： 2，432 over the world． hours， including 262 hours of overtime work． Consequently， workers have been directly Also， in 1987， due to the criticism to the issues influenced by such rapid changes that have ill of long working hours， ie． the occurrence of effects on the worker’s health including the karoshi， sudden death as a result of overwork， the increase in job－related stress． Therefore， this government revised the Labor Standards Law article examines the current status of occupa－ to gradually decrease the legal amount of tional stress and health in Japan， one of the working hours from 48 to 40 hours per week． post－industrial societies． This paper focuses on The recent economic depression has allowed the issue of long working hours in Japan and work hours to gradually decrease as well． As Key words ： occupational stress， long working hours， karoshi， legislation Correspondence ： Teruichi Shimomitsu， M．D．， Ph．D．， Director and Professor， Department of Preventive Med－ icine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University， 6－1－1， Shin．juku， Shinjuku－ku Tokyo 160－8402 JAPAN Email ： tshimo＠tokyo－med．ac．jp （1） 一 332 一 THE JOURNAL O F TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Vol．58 No．3 a result． work hours fell to 1．900 hours in 1997． 7 TTVA」LS AAV－A． L」 一N．／JLJL LV ．L） three or more hours commuting each day Overtime hours also gradually decreased， account for 12．790． lf a worker spends three 制ling to 150 hours per year by 1997． How－ hours commuting to work every day， 250 days ever， compared with the number of annual a year， it adds up to 750 hours of commuting working hours of manufacturing industry in time each year． This is time that could have Western， industrialized countries， the number been spent relaxing． Further， because the train of hours in Japan were still higher． The Japa－ commute is often crowded and very unpleas－ nese worked 300 to nearly 500 hours longer ant－a so－called“磁ん2雨乞goん易”or commuting than the Germans and the Frenchi）． hell－workers must expend extra energy to Japan seems to have problems with setting merely endure it． standards for an adequate number of working hours． Overtime work exists that is not Receut changesin working environment and reported in the statistics done by the Ministry worker’s health of Labor． For example， there is work known as Compared with the distribution of time in service overtime， which is done without pay． the work day of male workers in other devel－ Many workers in middle management posi－ oping countries， working hours， including tions， such as supervisors， do not use time－ commuting time， were higher in Japan than in cards． Consequently， even though they may other developed countries by 80 to 150 min－ work longer than normal hours， they are not utes． The result is a decrease in leisure time paid． There is a large discrepancy in the num－ for Japanese workers． They also do not have ber of reported work hours reported by differ－ enough time to spend with their families， to ent sources （Figure 1）． ln a survey of annual exercise， or to enjoy social activities． work hours conducted by the Ministry of Recently， a drastic reorganization of the Labor2）， data was summed up from the company workplace has occurred in Japan． The unique reports． On the other hand， the Management Japanese employment system， including the and Coordination Agency for the Office of the life－time employment system， and seniority－ Prime Minister collected data reported by constrained wage and promotion systems， are employees8）， regardless of the conditions for now falling apart． Thus， workers feel job inse－ unpaid service overtime． According to the curity． Many of the changes that are occurring Management and Coordination Agency， the in the workplace are on－going． Companies recent average value for annual working hours intend to remove layers of management from has consistently been about 800 hours higher the organization． Workers will therefore have than that reported by the Ministry of Labor． to work under less supervision and multiple Unpaid service overtime may be the cause of supervisors． These re－organizations bring the this discrepancy‘）． workers more work and responsibility． All of When we look at the ratio of workers who the following factors bring about an increase work more than 60 hours per week by occu－ in the number of hours worked： the infre－ pation， workers in some occupations work quent number of days off， the inability to much longer hours than others （Figure 2）． switch off， the lack of a sense of control， and This seems to be the case in the service， sales， a sense of a lack of support from their super－ transport and communication sectors． How－ visor． These factors bring about undesirable ever， the ratio decreased in all sectors from levels of occupational stress． They also result 1987 to 19922）． Workers in the named sectors in an intrusion on the worker’s private time， are primarily engaged in providing services to family lives， vacations， and sleep time． customers where there is a shortage of man－ The Policy Planning and Research Depart－ power， so it is difficult to control the number ment of the Ministry of Labor has conducted of employee work hours． a survey on the State of an Employee’s Health Not only are Japanese workers forced to every 5 years since 1982． For example， in the work long hours， employees in major cities 1992 Survey， 12，000 private firms from all over generally live in distant suburbs， thus making Japan were selected from all firms with 10 or for a long commute． 48．290 of workers spend more workers． Then， 16，000 employees within two or more hours commuting to and from the these firms were selected according to a spe－ downtown office each day． Those spending cific method． For the individual study， each （2） May， 2000 Shimomitsu ： Present Status of Occupational Stress and Health in Japan 一 333 一 hrs／yr 2397 2400 2361 agement and 2309 C prdination Age Dcy 2300 2267 ■ ■ 三：．` 2200 ﾋ （ル”s罐ゴ α卿。＞ 2100 Min ：stry of Labor Q052 2000 2016 1972 1900 1913 1800 year Figure 1 Comparison of Working Hours （Survey of Ministry of Labor and Management and Coordination Agency） Craftsmen， production workers ＆ laborers Transport ＆ communications Agricultural， forestry ＆ fishery 1987 Protective service Service 1992 Sales Clerical ＆ related Managers ＆ officials Professional ＆ technical Total o 5 10 15 20 25 30 350／， Source：1994’冊ite paper on Labor Figure 2 Ratio of Workers Classified as 60 Working Hours or more per Week by Occupation （Male） （3） 一 334 一 THE JOURNAL O F TO KYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Vol．58 No．3 year 1997 1992 1987 1982 o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 （o／，） Source： wnite Paper on Labor， 1998 Figure 3 Ratio of All Workers Who Complain of Anxiety， Worry， or Stress in Their Working Lives from 1982 to 1997 employee was asked to answer a questionnaire among occupations？ The Ministry of Health by themselves． Figure 3 shows the trend of the and Welfare conducts vital statistics surveys prevalence of workers experiencing anxiety， every five years． Figure 4 shows the age－adjusted worry， or stress regarding working life from death rate of all causes among men aged 20 1982 to 1997i）． The percentage ofworkers who to 64 yrs in 1995 classified by occupation5）． complained of anxiety， worry， and stress in The death rate of the workers in the service their working lives gradually increased from sector was the highest， with the value of 403．5／ 50．690 in 1982 to 62．890 in 1997． The per－ 100，000． We can see the same tendency in the centage of those experiencing occupational death rates of malignant
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