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Refining the Marine Reservoir Effect in the Northwest North Atlantic Refining the marine reservoir effect in the Northwest North Atlantic Thomas Neulieb Department of Geography McGill University Montreal, Quebec December, 2013 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Masters of Science © Thomas Neulieb 2013 i Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii Résumé ............................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1: Background and Literature Review .................................................................. 1 The importance of dating in paleoclimatic research .................................................... 1 The basics of radiocarbon (14C) dating ........................................................................ 1 14C production and dilution ......................................................................................... 3 Radiocarbon dating and the Marine Reservoir Effect (MRE) ..................................... 5 The 8.2 ka Event, Preboreal Oscillation, the Younger Dryas, and the Marine Reservoir Effect ........................................................................................................... 7 Symbiosis in the foraminifera .................................................................................... 10 Effects of diagenetic processes on calcium carbonate carbon isotopes ..................... 14 Removing diagenetic products from carbonate shells ............................................... 18 Detecting alteration of original 14C concentration ..................................................... 18 Pollen dating .............................................................................................................. 19 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2: Study Area and Methodology ......................................................................... 21 Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 21 Ocean sediment core descriptions ............................................................................. 21 Wetland core descriptions ......................................................................................... 24 Wetland deposits........................................................................................................ 24 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 25 Pollen extraction and analysis ................................................................................... 25 Calibration of 14C dates ............................................................................................. 26 Corrections specific to marine 14C dates ....................................................................... 27 Global mean and regional ΔR.................................................................................... 27 Sea ice corrections ..................................................................................................... 28 Date comparisons ...................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................. 30 Pollen 14C dates versus 137Cs and 210Pb dates ............................................................ 30 ii Macrofossils from James Bay buried wetland deposits ............................................. 31 Carbonate from ocean sediments ............................................................................... 32 Chapter 4: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 35 Pollen 14C dates versus 137Cs and 210Pb dates ............................................................ 35 Pollen 14C dates versus 14C-dated macrofossils from James Bay .............................. 36 Pollen 14C dates versus 14C-dated marine carbonates ................................................ 37 Evaluation of the MRE for the Eastern Canadian Margin ......................................... 40 Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ............................................. 42 References ......................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................ 84 Concentrating and Extracting Pollen............................................................................. 84 Pollen Grain Extraction ................................................................................................. 86 iii List of Tables Table 1: 14C Pollen Dating and 210Pb/137Cs Dating Comparisons. ................................... 53 Table 2: 14C Pollen Dating and 14C Botanical Macrofossil Dating Comparison. ............. 54 Table 3: 14C Pollen Dating and 14C Marine Carbonate Dating Comparisons. .................. 55 Table 4: Percentage of reworked pollen grains. ................................................................ 57 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Location of cores used in this study. ................................................................. 58 Figure 2: Core stratigraphy for MD99-2225, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland .................. 59 Figure 3: Core stratigraphy for 2005033B-21PC , Inner Makkovik Bank. ...................... 60 Figure 4: Core stratigraphy for 2005033B-22PC, Inner Makkovik Bank. ....................... 61 Figure 5: Core stratigraphy for 2010023-11PC, Notre Dame Channel. ........................... 62 Figure 6: Core stratigraphy for 83033-07PC, NE Newfoundland Shelf ........................... 63 Figure 7: Core stratigraphy for 87033-19PC, Central NE Newfoundland Shelf. ............. 64 Figure 8: Radionuclide profiles for Malpeque Bay, PEI. .................................................. 65 Figure 9: Radionuclide profiles for Kouchibouguacis, NB .............................................. 66 Figure 10: 210Pb and 137Cs activity for the AMC core………………………………….................................................................................67 Figure 11: Lithostratigraphy and age vs. depth for core W25 and W55 (Eastern James Bay region) ………………………………………………………………………………68 Figure 12: Relationship between extended sea ice cover duration (months beyond the present day duration) and the aging effect in surface ocean waters.................................. 69 Figure 13: Examples of degredated pollen grains from select study area sediment cores. ........................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 14: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 2005033B-22PC at a depth of 565-566 cm....................................................................... 71 Figure 15: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 2010023-11PC at a depth of 298-300 cm and the ocean sample at 300-302 cm .............. 72 v Figure 16: Total carbonate percentage in cores 87033-19PC and 83033-07PC ............... 73 Figure 17: Palynomorph concentrations in core 87033-19P. ............................................ 74 Figure 18: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 87033-19PC at 874-877 cm depth (pollen) and 875-877 cm (marine carbonate) ............ 75 Figure 19: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core MD99-2225 at 1440-1442 cm depth ................................................................................. 76 Figure 20: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 2005033B-21PC at 755-756 cm depth .............................................................................. 77 Figure 21: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core Comparison 2005033B-21PC at 957 cm depth ................................................................ 78 Figure 22: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 2005033B-21PC at 1038 cm depth ................................................................................... 79 Figure 23: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 83033-07PC at 65-67 cm depth ........................................................................................ 80 Figure 24: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 83033-07PC at 217-218 cm depth .................................................................................... 81 Figure 25: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 87033-19PC at 503-504 cm depth (pollen) and 503-505 cm (marine carbonate) ............ 82 Figure 26: Calibrated 14C age comparison between pollen and marine carbonate in core 87033-19PC at 778-779 cm depth (pollen) and 775-780 cm (marine carbonate) ............ 83 vi Abstract This research examines
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