DOCSLIB.ORG

Cancer Incidence Among Firefighters: 45 Years of Follow-Up in Five Nordic Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cancer Incidence Among Firefighters: 45 Years of Follow-Up in Five Nordic Countries Downloaded from oem.bmj.com on February 7, 2014 - Published by group.bmj.com OEM Online First, published on February 6, 2014 as 10.1136/oemed-2013-101803 Workplace ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries Eero Pukkala,1,2 Jan Ivar Martinsen,3 Elisabete Weiderpass,3,4,5,6 Kristina Kjaerheim,3 Elsebeth Lynge,7 Laufey Tryggvadottir,8,9 Pär Sparén,4 Paul A Demers10 For numbered affiliations see ABSTRACT end of article. Objectives Firefighters are potentially exposed to a What this paper adds Correspondence to wide range of known and suspected carcinogens through their work. The objectives of this study were to Professor Eero Pukkala, Finnish ▸ This first study on cancer risk among Nordic Cancer Registry, Institute for examine the patterns of cancer among Nordic firefighters indicates a small excess in the Statistical and Epidemiological firefighters, and to compare them with the results from overall cancer incidence. Cancer Research, previous studies. Pieni Roobertinkatu 9, ▸ There are more prostate cancer cases Methods Data for this study were drawn from a Helsinki FI-00130, Finland; diagnosed in ages <50 years than in the men fi linkage between the census data for 15 million people eero.pukkala@cancer. in the general population. from the five Nordic countries and their cancer registries ▸ Risk of myeloma, adenocarcinoma of the lung Novelty & Impact for the period 1961–2005. SIR analyses were conducted and mesothelioma are increased in older ages. with the cancer incidence rates for the entire national This study describes the cancer ▸ By contrast with earlier studies, the incidence study populations used as reference rates. incidence pattern among over of testicular cancer was decreased. 16 000 firefighters with more Results A total of 16 422 male firefighters were than 2500 cancer cases. There included in the final cohort. A moderate excess risk was was a small excess in the seen for all cancer sites combined, (SIR=1.06, 95% CI overall cancer incidence, but fi quite high and statistically 1.02 to 1.11). There were statistically signi cant excesses significant excesses, for in the age category of 30–49 years in prostate cancer provide 24 h fire protection, which may involve example, for prostate cancer in (SIR=2.59, 95% CI 1.34 to 4.52) and skin melanoma disruption of circadian rhythms.1 younger ages; and for multiple (SIR=1.62, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.23), while there was Many cohort studies have been conducted, but myeloma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and mesothelioma in almost no excess in the older ages. By contrast, an the results have been inconsistent, and the risk of older ages. increased risk, mainly in ages of 70 years and higher, cancer among firefighters has been a controversial Observations from this large was observed for non-melanoma skin cancer (SIR=1.40, topic, especially in North America where workers’ cohort with long and complete 95% CI 1.10 to 1.76), multiple myeloma (SIR=1.69, compensation has been a contentious issue. follow-up strengthen the 95% CI 1.08 to 2.51), adenocarcinoma of the lung Recently, two large, comprehensive reviews of International Agency for fi fi Research on Cancer (SIR=1.90, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.62), and mesothelioma cancer in re ghters have been completed. The classification that occupational (SIR=2.59, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.77). By contrast with first was a meta-analysis of 32 studies conducted by exposure related to firefighting earlier studies, the incidence of testicular cancer was LeMasters et al5 which evaluated the risk for 21 is possibly associated with decreased (SIR=0.51, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.98). cancers. Based on the strength of the association, cancer risk. Conclusions Some of these associations have been consistency and study type, the authors classified Received 18 August 2013 observed previously, and potential exposure to polycyclic multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pros- Revised 2 January 2014 aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos and shift work involving tate cancer and testicular cancer as probably being Accepted 13 January 2014 disruption of circadian rhythms may partly explain these associated with firefighting. Additionally, cancer of results. the skin, brain, rectum, buccal cavity and pharynx, stomach and colon, as well as malignant melanoma and leukaemia were classified as possibly related to firefighting. INTRODUCTION The second comprehensive review was con- Firefighters are potentially exposed to a wide range ducted by an International Agency for Research on of known and suspected carcinogens through their Cancer (IARC) monograph working group (2010) work. The constituents of fire smoke vary accord- as part of its evaluation of firefighting. The group ing to combusted materials and other factors, but reviewed the results of 42 studies, including the benzene, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydro- results of two large epidemiology studies that had ▸ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ carbons and fine particulates are common.1 been published after the review by LeMasters oemed-2013-101662 Exposures can be quite high, although usually for et al.5 Based on internal meta-analyses, consistency short periods of time. Firefighters may also be of the studies and limited dose-response informa- exposed to asbestos, which may be released when tion using duration of employment, the working To cite: Pukkala E, older structures burn, and historically, asbestos was group concluded that the strongest evidence was Martinsen JI, Weiderpass E, a component of some protective equipment, such for testicular cancer, prostate cancer and et al. Occup Environ Med 12 fi fi Published Online First: as gloves. Last, re ghters may be exposed to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, the working [please include Day Month diesel exhaust, recently classified as a human lung group, as a whole, classified firefighting exposure as Year] doi:10.1136/oemed- carcinogen, from firefighting vehicles.34Additionally, being only possibly associated with cancer (IARC 2013-101803 most firefighters work rotating or extended shifts to Category 2B).1 PukkalaCopyright E, et al. Occup Article Environ author Med 2014; (or0:1– 7.their doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101803 employer) 2014. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd under licence. 1 Downloaded from oem.bmj.com on February 7, 2014 - Published by group.bmj.com Workplace Although many studies on firefighters have been conducted, were then counted until the date of emigration, death or to 31 the great majority were limited to cancer information from December of the following years: in Denmark and Norway death certificates. The use of death certificates limits the ability 2003, in Iceland 2004 and in Finland and Sweden 2005. The to study the cancer sites with high survival rates as well as those source of the data on dates of death and emigration in all coun- based on histology. Additionally, many of the previous studies tries was the Central Population Register. Data on tumours were were not sufficient in size to examine the risk of rare cancers. derived from record linkage with the cancer registries from each Last, few studies of firefighters have been conducted outside of of the five Nordic countries. National cancer registration started North America. The Nordic countries, with their national with cancer diagnosed in 1943 in Denmark, in 1953 in Finland cancer registries and ability to conduct record linkage, would and Norway, in 1955 in Iceland and in 1958 in Sweden. During seem to be ideal places to study firefighters. The Nordic fire- the follow-up period of the NOCCA study, all cancer registries fighter unions have recently—after having had several cases of, received information on cancer cases from general and specialist for example, young-age prostate cancers in one single fire practitioners, hospital departments and from pathology autopsy department—showed special interest in knowing about cancer notifications. All countries except Denmark received notifica- risk in their occupation, which makes this topic especially per- tions from pathology departments. Sweden was the only tinent at this time. country not receiving copies of the death certificates. The com- Two small cohort studies have previously been conducted in pleteness and accuracy of the Nordic cancer registries are very the Nordic countries. Hansen in 1990 observed an excess risk high in international comparison, and much work has been lung cancer mortality among Danish firefighters, but had limited done to reach comparability in cancer classifications between power to examine the risk of other specific cancers.6 Tornling the Nordic countries over the more than five decades of cancer and colleagues in 1994 identified possible dose-response rela- registration.11 tionships with the number of fires fought, for stomach and The cancer cases have been grouped into 49 main categories brain cancer, in a retrospective cohort study of Stockholm fire- and 27 diagnostic subgroups based on the national topography fighters.7 It was among the best studies conducted to date in and morphology coding systems (Appendix tables 5–6 at http:// terms of exposure information, but was limited in size. astra.cancer.fi/NOCCA). The incident cancer cases included in Recently, the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) project the present study involve all invasive cancers and also benign (http://astra.cancer.fi/NOCCA) linked the census data on occu- brain tumours. The non-melanoma skin cancers were excluded pations from the five Nordic countries and their cancer regis- from the ‘All cancers’ category, as basal cell carcinomas of the tries for the period from 1961 to 2005.8 In this paper, we use skin could not be separated from the rest of the data collected for the NOCCA study and present the results for ‘Non-melanoma skin cancers’ (primarily squamous cell carcin- cancer incidence among Nordic firefighters. The objectives of omas) in the Danish data.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EBAP and ISEB in Search of a Brazilian Administration
    EBAP e ISEB na busca por uma administração brasileira: uma imersão nos anos 1950 para iluminar o século XXI Sergio Wanderley Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brasil Ana Celano Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais (IBMEC), Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brasil Fátima Bayma Oliveira Fundação Getulio Vargas / Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brasil Resumo O curso de administração se tornou o maior do Brasil e forma hoje um em cada cinco concluintes de curso superior. Dessa maneira, aumenta nossa responsabilidade como educadores em refletir sobre o conteúdo que ministramos. Nossa proposta de reflexão é um mergulho nos anos 1950 − momento da criação das primeiras escolas de graduação −, com base num diálogo entre documentos daquele período e três fontes de depoimentos de ex-alunos e ex-professores da Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública (EBAP): em periódicos da época, depoimentos para o livro comemorativo dos 50 anos da Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas (EBAPE) e entrevistas atuais com alunos e professores da época. A ciência da administração que se construía na década de 1950 era vinculada ao desenvolvimento, rejeitava o apriorismo da gerência científica recebida dos EUA e buscava, a partir das ciências sociais, promover de maneira crítica conteúdo que propiciasse a adaptação das técnicas importadas à nossa realidade. Nessa busca por representar o contexto local, a EBAP se aproximou das proposições do Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB) e da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL). A apreensão do contexto local é fundamental para a formação de bons profissionais.
    [Show full text]
  • EUI Working Papers MWP 2007/36
    EUI Working Papers MWP 2007/36 Motor vehicles vs. dollars: selling socialist cars in neutral markets. Some evidence from the ŠKODA Auto case. Valentina Fava EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE MAX WEBER PROGRAMME Motor vehicles vs. dollars: selling socialist cars in neutral markets. Some evidence from the ŠKODA Auto case. VALENTINA FAVA EUI Working Paper MWP No. 2007/36 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. The author(s)/editor(s) should inform the Max Weber Programme of the EUI if the paper is to be published elsewhere, and should also assume responsibility for any consequent obligation(s). ISSN 1830-7728 © 2007 Valentina Fava Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.eui.eu/ http://cadmus.eui.eu/ Abstract The paper analyses the relationship of Škoda Auto with its dealers in the neutral countries in the years from 1948 to 1964. The takeover by the Czechoslovak Communist Party in 1948 and the rising tensions of the Cold War isolated the Czechoslovak manufacturer from the other European producers. This resulted in a redirection of Škoda exports towards the Soviet Union and the CMEA countries. The paper argues that the technical and commercial relationships maintained by Škoda with its dealers in the neutral countries - in particular Finland, Switzerland, Austria and Sweden - during the First and Second Five-Year Plans, played an important role in stimulating and orienting the modernization of the Czechoslovak automobile production.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than a Game—Sports, Society and Politics
    01/2014 PANORAMA INSIGHTS INTO ASIAN AND EUROPEAN AFFAIRS MORE THAN A GAME SPORTS, SOCIETY AND POLITICS Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Panorama: Insights into Asian and European Affairs is a series of occasional papers published by the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung’s “Regional Programme Political Dialogue Asia/Singapore”. © 2014 Copyright by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Singapore All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying or recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. Editor: Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister Sub-editor: Megha Sarmah Publisher: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Ltd 34/36 Bukit Pasoh Road Singapore 089848 Registration Number: 201228783N Tel: (65) 6227-2001 Tel: (65) 6227-8343 Email: [email protected] Website: http//:www.kas.de/singapore Manuscript offers, review copies, exchange journals, and requests for subscription are to be sent to the editors. The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Cover photograph by ©iStock.com/RapidEye Design, Layout and Typeset: Select Books Pte Ltd 65A, Jalan Tenteram #02-06, St Michael’s Industrial Estate Singapore 328958 Website: www.selectbooks.com.sg PanoraMa InSIGhtS Into aSIan and euroPean affaIrS More than a Game Sports, Society and Politics
    [Show full text]
  • Immigrant Representation in the Swedish Parliament: Towards Homogeneity Or United Diversity?
    Immigrant Representation in the Swedish Parliament: Towards Homogeneity or United Diversity? Gunnhildur Lily Magnusdottir ¹ ∗∗∗ ¹ Malmö University, Department of Global Political Studies, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden. K EYWORDS A BSTRACT The current study explores how immigrants are represented within the two largest political parties in Sweden, the Social Democratic Party and the Moderate Party. Apart from exploring the descriptive representation of immigrants in the Swedish parliament, this article explores whether immigrant representation in the two parties in question results in visible diversity in views on immigration and in particular asylum politics. We are predominantly interested in exploring whether Immigration immigrant parliamentarians, who might have identities Intersectionality and experiences differing from the majority of the Institutionalism parliamentarians, represent views departing from the Descriptive and general party lines. The theoretical underpinnings of the article are based on an intersectionality approach and substantive historical and feminist institutionalism, specifically the representation politics of presence, which explores the link between a critical mass in politics and critical acts or substantive representation. The first findings of the study, which have been reached primarily through a qualitative comparative analysis of survey material, are mixed. The number of Social Democratic and Moderate immigrant parliamentarians does not reach the level of foreign-born citizens in Sweden. Nevertheless, there appears to be room for diverse views on immigration and asylum politics that depart from the general party lines in both parties. ∗ Contact address: [email protected] (G.L. Magnusdottir) Social Change Review ▪ Winter 2016 ▪ Vol. 14(2): 97-120 DOI: 10.1515/scr-2016-0024 G. L. Magnusdottir – Immigrant Representation in the Swedish Parliament: Towards… Introduction Sweden has for decades been perceived as a humanitarian norm- entrepreneur, offering shelter to victims of war and political prosecutions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Barriers to Entry That Swedish Companies Face in the Brazilian Market
    A Case Study of Barriers to Entry that Swedish companies face in the Brazilian market Mattias Davidsson Jakob Tilhon Handledare: Stefan Lagrosen Examinator: Jonas Nilsson Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi 15 hp Institutionen för ekonomi och informatik Högskolan Väst Vårterminen 2011 ABSTRACT Background: Through globalization, the world has changed a lot the latest decades and given people more freedom. Free trade is part of globalization and spreads prosperity and wealth. Sweden is a small and international economy and Brazil is a large and growing economy. More establishments of Swedish companies in the Brazilian market would benefit both Brazil and Sweden in many ways. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of the barriers to entry that Swedish companies can face when they choose to establish themselves in the Brazilian market. Method: This case study is deductive with a qualitative approach. We have conducted interviews on site in Brazil, with representatives from Swedish companies and organizations. The data from these interviews form the basis of our analysis. We chose to supplement the analysis with secondary data in the form of reports from the Swedish Embassy and Swedish organizations. Results: In our case study we have found that the biggest barriers to entry the Brazilian market for Swedish companies are high import duties, bureaucracy, expensive labor force, criminality, high tax burden, lack of knowledge in the English language, a complex tax system, and basic cultural differences. Key words: Brazilian market, Swedish companies, barriers to entry, cultural differences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are several people that have contributed to complete this study, some more than others, but all of significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Skin Diseases in Norway and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Four Nordic Countries: the Role of Occupation and Occupational Exposures
    Skin diseases in Norway and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in four Nordic countries: The role of occupation and occupational exposures A population-based study Jose Hernán Alfonso Dep. of occupational Medicine and Epidemiology National Institute of Occupational Health Oslo, Norway 2016 © Jose Hernán Alfonso, 2016 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo ISBN 978-82-8333-279-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Hanne Baadsgaard Utigard. Print production: Reprosentralen, University of Oslo. 3| “...Now and then I have noticed that bakers have swollen, aching hands. Everyone in this trade gets rough hands by kneading the dough. A baker just has to show his hands to reveal this trade. No other tradesman has similar hands". “DeMorbisArtificum” BernardoRamazzini(1633Ͳ1744) Thisphotographyofabaker´shandwasacourtesyfromDr.M.N.Crepy.Availableat: http://www.atlasdedermatologieprofessionnelle.com/index.php/Boulanger 4| Committeemembers 1. Opponent:ProfessorÅkeSvensson DepartmentofOccupationalandEnvironmentalDermatology. FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofLund,Sweden͘ 2. Opponent:ProfessorMariaAlbin DepartmentofOccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicineFaculty ofMedicine,UniversityofLund,Sweden͘ InstituteofEnvironmentalMedicine.KarolinskaInstitutet,Sweden. Committeeadministrator:AssociateprofessorAnneOlaugOlsen DepartmentofRheumatology,DermatologyandInfectiousDiseases.OsloUniversity Hospital. InstituteofClinicalMedicine,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofOslo,Norway͘
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Birth Weight Over the Life Cycle
    The Effects of Birth Weight over the Life Cycle Prashant Bharadwaj, Petter Lundborg and Dan-Olof Rooth∗ August 2013 Abstract This paper provides evidence on the role of birth weight in determining income, so- cial benefits take up and mortality at each point over the life cycle. A unique dataset on nearly all Swedish male twins born between 1926-1958 containing information on birth weight is linked with administrative records spanning nearly entire life time la- bor market participation. We find that birth weight and income are positively linked for large parts of the life cycle, although there is some evidence of a fade out after age 50. Our results indicate that lower birth weight children are more likely to avail of social benefit programs such as unemployment insurance and welfare. Finally, our point estimates suggest that birth weight might matter for adult mortality; however, these estimates are not always statistically significant. ∗Bharadwaj: UC San Diego ([email protected]), Lundborg: Lund University, Rooth: Linneaus University. Much thanks to Julie Cullen and participants at the NBER Cohort Studies Meeting for comments and to Matt Gibson for superb research assistance. 1 1 Introduction Economic research in the last decade has shown considerable consensus on the importance of early childhood health in determining various short and long term outcomes (Almond and Currie 2011, Heckman 2007). Birth outcomes, and in particular birth weight has been shown to matter for educational achievement in school, completed years of education,
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Incidence Among Firefighters: 45 Years of Follow-Up in Five Nordic Countries
    Downloaded from oem.bmj.com on February 8, 2014 - Published by group.bmj.com OEM Online First, published on February 6, 2014 as 10.1136/oemed-2013-101803 Workplace ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries Eero Pukkala,1,2 Jan Ivar Martinsen,3 Elisabete Weiderpass,3,4,5,6 Kristina Kjaerheim,3 Elsebeth Lynge,7 Laufey Tryggvadottir,8,9 Pär Sparén,4 Paul A Demers10 For numbered affiliations see ABSTRACT end of article. Objectives Firefighters are potentially exposed to a What this paper adds Correspondence to wide range of known and suspected carcinogens through their work. The objectives of this study were to Professor Eero Pukkala, Finnish ▸ This first study on cancer risk among Nordic Cancer Registry, Institute for examine the patterns of cancer among Nordic firefighters indicates a small excess in the Statistical and Epidemiological firefighters, and to compare them with the results from overall cancer incidence. Cancer Research, previous studies. Pieni Roobertinkatu 9, ▸ There are more prostate cancer cases Methods Data for this study were drawn from a Helsinki FI-00130, Finland; diagnosed in ages <50 years than in the men fi linkage between the census data for 15 million people eero.pukkala@cancer. in the general population. from the five Nordic countries and their cancer registries ▸ Risk of myeloma, adenocarcinoma of the lung Novelty & Impact for the period 1961–2005. SIR analyses were conducted and mesothelioma are increased in older ages. with the cancer incidence rates for the entire national This study describes the cancer ▸ By contrast with earlier studies, the incidence study populations used as reference rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia; Actors, Arenas, and Aspirations
    Scandinavia A corporatist model of knowledge? Johan Strang This book gathers twelve fascinating stories about the history of knowledge in postwar Scandinavia. It presents us with a broad range of source materials, questions, and focal points, from government information on nuclear fallout to left-wing oppositional book cafés. In this epilogue, I reflect upon the find- ings of the book from the perspective of an intellectual historian of 20th- century Norden.1 I start by making some general outsider reflections on the emerging field of the history of knowledge, before discussing what the book contributes with regarding the role of Scandinavia in the global circulation of knowledge, the relations between the Scandinavian countries, and knowledge in the welfare state and the particular period in focus in this book, the 1960s and 1970s. As an intellectual historian, there is undoubtedly much I can symphatize with in the history of knowledge. Crucial is the focus on the historiocity and chang- ing nature of knowledge, on the transformations and interpretations of knowl- edge when it travels from one context to another, and on questions regarding social and cultural authority. Trained as a philosopher, however, I cannot help that my initial reflex when confronted with the term “history of knowledge” is that of a slight concern with the unnecessary epistemological commitment that seems to follow from professing to study “knowledge” rather than “ideas”. The theoretical literature on the history of knowledge has pursued this issue in a variety of ways, ranging from Philipp Sarasin’s and Simone Lässig’s emphasis on rationality, reason, and evidence to Peter Burke’s more pragmatic approach, according to which historians of knowledge study whatever the historical actors themselves considered knowledge.2 Only a few chapters in the book at hand dwell on these kinds of theoretical reflections.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation by Sample Type in the Cross-National Analysis of Occupational Prestige Structures
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupation and Risk of Primary Fallopian Tube Carcinoma in Nordic Countries
    Page 1 of 21 International Journal of Cancer Occupation and risk of primary Fallopian tube carcinoma in Nordic countries A Riska1, JI Martinsen2, K Kjaerheim2, E Lynge3, P Sparen4, L Tryggvadottir5, E Weiderpass2,4,6,7, E Pukkala8,9 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland 2Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway 3University of Copenhagen, Denmark 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 5Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland 6Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland 7Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromso, Norway 8Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland 9School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland 1 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. International Journal of Cancer Page 2 of 21 Abstract The aetiology of primary Fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is poorly understood. Occupational exposures may contribute to PFTC risk. We studied incidence of PFTC in occupational categories in the Nordic female population aged 30-64 years during the 1960, 1970, 1980/1981 and/or 1990 censuses in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for the years following inclusion in the study up to 2005 were calculated for 53 occupations; the expected numbers of cases were based on PFTC incidence in the national populations. Altogether 2206 PFTC cases were detected during follow up via data linkages with the Nordic cancer registries. Significantly increased risks of PFTC were observed for smelting workers (SIR 3.99, 95% confidence interval 1.46- 8.68,Obs=6), artistic workers (2.64, 1.44-4.43,Obs=14), hairdressers (2.18, 1.41-3.22,Obs=25), packers (1.62, 1.11-2.29,Obs=32), nurses (1.49, 1.14- 1.92,Obs=60), shop workers (1.25, 1.07-1.46,Obs=159) and clerical workers (1.20, 1.07-1.35,Obs=271) and these sustained over times and different Nordic countries.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LETTERS of BRENDAN BEHAN Also by E
    THE LETTERS OF BRENDAN BEHAN Also by E. H. Mikhail THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SETTING OF THE 1890s JOHN GALSWORTHY THE DRAMATIST COMEDY AND TRAGEDY .. SEAN O'CASEY: A Bibliography of Criticism .. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MODERN IRISH DRAMA 1899-1970 *DISSERTATIONS ON ANGLO-IRISH DRAMA .. THE STING AND THE TWINKLE: Conversations with Sean O'Casey (co-editor with john O'Riordan) .. J. M. SYNGE: A Bibliography of Criticism *CONTEMPORARY BRITISH DRAMA 1950-1976 .. J. M. SYNGE: Interviews and Recollections (editor) .. W. B. YEATS: Interviews and Recollections (two volumes) (editor) ENGLISH DRAMA 190D-1950 .. LADY GREGORY: Interviews and Recollections (editor) .. OSCAR WILDE: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism .. OSCAR WILDE: Interviews and Recollections (two volumes) (editor) A RESEARCH GUIDE TO MODERN IRISH DRAMATISTS THE ART OF BRENDAN BEHAN .. BRENDAN BEHAN: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MODERN ANGLO- IRISH DRAMA .. LADY GREGORY: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism .. BRENDAN BEHAN: Interviews and Recollections (two volumes) (editor) SEAN O'CASEY AND HIS CRITICS .. THE ABBEY THEATRE: Interviews and Recollections (editor) .. JAMES JOYCE: Interviews and Recollections (editor) .. SHERIDAN: Interviews and Recollections (editor) .. Also published by Macmillan The Letters of Brendan Behan Edited by E. H. Mikhail M MACMILLAN Brendan Behan's letters © Mrs Beatrice Behan 1992 Selection and editorial matter © E. H. Mikhail 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 978-0-333-52302-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or fransmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
    [Show full text]