CRYSTAL CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION of MINERALS Volume 1 Monographs in Geoscience General Editor: Rhodes W

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CRYSTAL CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS Volume 1 Monographs in Geoscience General Editor: Rhodes W. Fairbridge Department of Geology, Columbia University, New York City

B. B. Zvyagin Electron-Diffraction Analysis of Clay Mineral Structures-1967 E. I. Parkhomenko Electrical Properties of Rocks-1967 L. M. Lebedev Metacolloids in Endogenic Deposits-I 967 A. I. Perel'man The Geochemistry of Epigenesis- 1967 S. J. Lefond Handbook of World Salt Resources-1969 A. D. Danilov Chemistry of the lonosphere-1970 G. S. Gorshkov Volcanism and the Upper Mantle: Investigations in the Kurile Island Arc-1970 E. L. Krinitzsky Radiography in the Earth Sciences and Soil Mechanics-1970

B. Persons Laterite-Genesis, Location, Use- 1970 D. Carroll Rock Weathering-1970 E. I. Parkhomenko Electrification Phenomena in Rocks -1971 R. E. Wainerdi and E. A. Uken Modern Methods of Geochemical Analysis -1971 A. S. Povarennykh Crystal Chemical Classification of Minerals -1972 CRYSTAL CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS Volume 1

A. s. Povarennykh Institllte of Geological Sciences Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR Kiev, USSR

Translated from Russian by J. E. S. Bradley

<±?SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 1972 Aleksandr Sergeevich Povarennykh was born in 1915 in Leningrad. In 1940 he was gradu• ated from the geological faculty of the Central Asian Poly technical Institute. He presented his Candidate's dissertation in the Department of Mineralogy at Leningrad Mining Institute in 1949 and in the same year he went as lecturer to Krivoy Rog Mining Institute where he headed the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography. In 1957 he presented his D. Sc. thesis on "Crystallochemical Principles of the Current Teaching of Mineralogy." He was appointed professor in the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography in 1959 and in 1960 he was invited to direct the mineralogy division at the Institute of Geological Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, in Kiev, where he now works. In 1961 he was elected president of the Ukrainian section of the All-Union Mineralogical Society.

The original one-volume Russian text, published for Naukova Dumka in Kiev in 1966, has been extensively revised and updated by the author for the present edition. The English translation is published under an agreement with Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, the Soviet book export agency.

KRISTALLOKHIMICHESKAYA KLASSIFIKATSIYA MINERAL'NYKH VIDOV KP\;1CT AJlJlOX\;1M\;14ECKA51 KJlACC\;1

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-26769 ISBN 978-1-4684-1745-6 ISBN 978-1-4684-1743-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-1743-2

I welcome the proposal of Plenum Press to publish an English trans• lation of my book, firstly because it will familiarize mineralogists in the west with the theoretical principles it contains, and secondly because it al• lows me to take into account various criticisms, to incorporate new data, to revise various features, and even to transfer minerals from one class to another. In the six years that have elapsed since the completion of the Russian edition, over 240 new mineral species have been discovered, of which 224 have been included in the classification, while 16 have not yet been adequately characterized. Of the 224 species, nine belong to the class of simple substances and carbides, 46 to the arsenides, tellurides, and sulfides, 19 to the oxides, 11 to the hydroxides, 62 to the silicates, 13 to the borates, 28 to the vanadates, arsenates, and phosphates, and the remaining 36 to the sulfates, carbonates, and hal ides. After elimination of certain species, and transfer of others from one category to another, the species included in the classification number 1916, while there are 148 inadequately characterized.

In addition to the descriptions of the 224 new species, additions or cor• rections have been made to the descriptions of at least 100 others. Some transfers within classes have been made on the basis of revised data; for instance, in the sulfides lautite has been transferred from the insular sub• class to the chain one, while ottemannite has been transferred from the layer subclass to the chain one. In the oxides, the brannerite group has been transferred from the framework subclass to the layer one. In the sili• cate class, fresnoite has been transferred from the baotite group (frame• work titanosilicate division) to the layer titanosilicate division; the ekanite

v vi FOREWORD TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

group has been transferred from the layer subclass to the division with two-level [Sis0201 four-sided rings, the copper silicate shattuckite .has been transferred from the ring subclass to the chain subclass and stillwellite has been transferred from the insular-silicate subclass to the chain boro• silicate division. The rearrangements have also been made for innelite, nordite, krauskopfite, naujakasite, tundrite groups etc. In the borate class, kaliborite and kernite have been transferred from the insular subclass to the chain one, while fabianite and veatchite have been transferred from frame• work and chain classes to the layer one. In the oxyhalide class, creedite has been transferred from the coordination subclass to the layer one, while tikhonenkovite has been transferred from the chain subclass to the layer one. In the fluorides, the thomsenolite group has been transferred from the insular subclass to the framework one. The number of figures has been increased, and fresh illustrations have been added for the following 11 minerals: lautite, cancrinite, laumon• tite, kanaekanite, stillwellite, meliphanite and leucophanite, fresnoite, kali• borite, palmierite, dawsonite, and tikhonenkovite. I have borne in mind the important comments by Professor M. Fleischer, President of the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association, and also the strength of the attachment of mineralogists to established names, so I have restored the old names for most species which had been changed in the Russian edition. The rational names proposed in this book are given in parentheses after the accepted names and do not appear in the alphabetic index; but I re• tain the rational names in those cases where two former species have been joined as one new (isomorphous) species, which is of major importance to the concept of a species proposed in this book. Changes have also been made for some recently discovered polymorphic species for which there are either differ•

ent names with their implications or the greek prefixes (Y and {3 0 The following changes and additions have also been made to increase the utility of the book: the index of abandoned names and synonyms has been combined with the index of current species, an alphabetic formula index has been added, and references have been given to the relevant sources. These references are selective, and in Part Two (classification section) they are given mainly in cases where the structure has been stud• ied or the species is too new to be familiar to most mineralogists. I should also like to record my thanks for advice and criticism to Professor M. Fleischer of the Geological Survey, Washington, and to Pro• fessor D. Jerome Fisher of Chicago University. FOREWORD

The advances in mineralogy that have occurred in this century show that mineralogy entered a new crystallochemical stage, in about 1930, which has been accompanied by further differentiation. Discovery of the internal structures of minerals has brought about a complete revolution in our views on mineral chemistry and has led to the rejection of naive molecular representations; instead we think of classes of atoms inter• acting via chemical bonds differing in type and strength. Structural data have provided insight into the chemical composition and isomorphism; in addition, all the properties allow of a regular explanation. This means that basic concepts such as mineral, mineral species, and variety have ceased to conform to the new data, as have the classification principles for species; having become obstacles to progress, they must undergo major revision. In 1935 Fersman stated that the old descriptive mineralogy had dis• integrated, and from its vast accumulation of material on the laws of nat• ural crystals, much of which until recently appeared to be lusus naturae, were growing new scientific trends, involvingchemistry (development of cry• stal chemistry), physics (via the new laws of atomic physics), and geology (the last revealing entire new areas of chemical phenomena in geology). In times of slow evolution of mineralogy the changes in content were slight and did not involve essential revision of fundamental concepts; but with the passage to an essentially new stage of development there is an ob• vious need to revise previous definitions, since only in this way can we ob• tain reasonable agreement between the form and the content of the science. For some years I have worked on this problem and have published papers on mineral nomenclature, mineral classification, and the definition of basic concepts in mineralogy. However, these deductions and proposals have not been applied to the vast accumulated material and so have re-

vii viii FOREWORD mained without outcome, the more so since they require very substantial changes. All the same, only extension of the new theoretical conclusions to the whole of mineralogy can confirm or refute them. The most effective means of attaining this end lies in a detailed de• velopment of the crystallochemical classification, which is extended to all mineral species. This classification demands fresh solutions to the prob• lems of species and nomenclature in application to all minerals; these are presented here. The book consists of two parts. In the first I deal with the general theoretical aspects of mineral composition and structure, as well as with various concepts (species, subspecies, variety, subvariety), with nomen• clature and classification principles, and with the crystallochemical char• acterization of distinguishable mineral classes. The second part repre• sents the classification (in terms of classes divisions, and groups) applied to 1692 species. For each of these I give crystallochemical data, physical properties, and morphology, all of which are closely related to the struc• ture. Further, to facilitate appreciation of this scheme of classification I give descriptions of all known structures, together with the best schematic representations. Since I have used the latest data on the structures, this part of the book is essentially the newest and most complete work of refer• ence on the crystal chemistry of minerals. Variations in chemical composition of species are characterized via the limits of isomorphous replacement of the principal elements; all subspecies, varieties, and sub• varieties are distinguished and named in accordance with the principles of the rational nomenclature. In the Russian edition, an index is given of out• dated names and phonetically incorrect renderings. * All dimensions in the structures are given in angstrom units CA. or 0.1 nm). The limits of variation are given as %of oxides or other appropriate compounds, except in the case of simple substances. The text gives references to the original literature, mainly for questions of structure; references to other aspects are readily found from Structure Reports, Strukturbericht, or Strunz's Mineralogische Tabellen. I am indebted to Dr. Max Hey of London and Professor H. Strunz of Berlin for providing data on recently discovered minerals during the com• pletion of the book. I am also very much indebted to Academician N, V. Belov for advice on mineral structures, and I have made extensive use of his outstanding generalizations in the crystal chemistry of minerals.

* Translator's note: This has been combined wi th the list of accepted names in the English edi tion. A similar and much more extensive list applicable to the English literature has been given by Hey (1955 and 1963) which has been used as the work of reference for the English spellings, in conj unc• tion with lists of new mineral names and abandoned names published from time to time in the Mineralogical Magazine and the American Mineralogist (see especially M. Fleischer, Am. Min., 51, No.8 (1966), FOREWORD ix

I must also record my thanks for much assistance in preparing the drawings and complicated text to 1. G. Povarennykh, O. A. Krasil'shchikova, and S. V. Gevork'yan. In this complicated and extremely tedious work I have no doubt in• troduced deficiencies as well as improvements. I shall be very grateful to receive notice of omissions or errors. I also hope that my proposals on the rationalization of nomenclature will be received with an understanding of the importance of developing a strict scientific principle that will form the basis of discussion throughout the USSR and in the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association.

Kiev, September, 1966 CONTENTS

Part One CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL SPECIES...... 1 Chapter 1. A Short History of Mineralogy and the Classification of Minerals ...... 3 The principal stages in the development of mineralogy . . . 3 History of the classification of minerals...... 11 Differentiation of science and definition of the concept of a mineral...... • ...... 16 Chapter 2. Basic Laws of the Crystal Chemistry of Minerals ...... 27 Chemical composition of minerals ...... 27 Hydrogen in minerals ...... 30 Factors determining the structure of a mineral...... 31 Coordination numbers of atoms...... 34 Isodesmic and anisodesmic minerals: bond homogeneity and anisotropy...... 41 Classification of structural types of minerals ...... 44 Major structural types of minerals of binary compos it ion . .. 47 Variations in chemical composition in minerals...... 57 Variations in structure in minerals...... 66 Mineral decomposition and formation of mineral aggregates...... 67 Chapter 3. The Mineral Species as a Basic Concept in Mineralogy...... 71 Origin and history of the concept of mineral species .. 71 Current ideas on mineral species...... 74

xi xii CONTENTS

Definition of a species and of intraspecific concepts. . • . . . . 76 The number of mineral species...... • ...... 80 Chapter 4. Prinic iples of a Rational Nomenclature for Minerals • • 83 The main historical stages and current state of mineral nomenclature...... 83 Rationalization of mineral nomenclature in the past. . . . . • . 84 Principles of a scientific nomenclature for minerals ...... 86 Rules for composing rational names for minerals. . . . . • • . . 89 Use of the rational nomenclature in the classification section of this book ..••...•...•...... 92 Chapter 5. Crystallochemical Formulas of Minerals ...... 95 Properties of the elements as reflected in the crystallochemical formulas of minerals...... • • 95 Representation of bond type and structure pattern in the formula. • • • • ...... • ...... 98 Representation of variations in chemical composition and structure . . . . . • • . • . . . • ...... • • ...... • 99 Rules for compiling crystallochemical formulas ...... 101 Chapter 6. Principles of the Crystallochemical Classification of Mineral Species. • . • ...... • • • . •• 103 Difference between chemical and crystallochemical classification principles .••....••••....•...•• 103 Relations between constitution, form, and properties .•••.• 104 Habit and structural pattern. . .• . . • ...... • . . • • . . .• 105 Hardness and density as criteria of constitution. . . • • . • . •• 107 other properties reflecting the constitution...... 11 0 Relation between chemical and structural features in the classification. . . • • . • ...... • . • • • • • . . .. 110 General scheme for crystallochemical classification of mineral species. • . • ...... • . • . . . .• 112 Chapter 7. Crystallochemical Characteristics of Mineral Classes and Groups ...... ••..•...... •.. 115 Homoatomic and similar compounds...... • • • .. 115 Class 1. Simple substances...... • ...... • . . .. 115 Class 2. Carbides, sUicides, nitrides, and phosphides . •. 119 Sulfides and related compounds...... • 119 Class 1. Arsenides, antimonides, and bismuthides...... 119 Class 2. Tellurides...... 120 Class 3. Sulfides and selenides ...... •...... 121 Oxygen compounds. . . . • ...... 130 Class 1. Oxides...... 130 Class 2. Hydroxides and Oxihydrates. • ...... • .. 140 CONTENTS xiii

Class 3. Silicates, horosilicates, aluminosilicates, beryllosilicates, titanosilicates, zirconosilicates, and uranosilicates ...... 148 Class 4. Borates...... 156 Class 5. Vanadates ...... ".... 164 Class 6. Arsenates ...... 168 Class 7. Phosphates...... 170 Class 8. Tellurites and selenites ...... 173 Class 9. Tungstates and molybdates ...... 174 Class 10. Chromates and selenates...... 175 Class 11. Sulfates ...... 176 Class 12. Carbonates...... 179 Class 13. Iodates...... 184 Class 14. Nitrates...... 184 Halides...... 185 Class 1. Chlorides, bromides, and iodides...... 185 Class 2. Oxyhalides and hydroxyhalides...... 186 Class 3. Fluorides...... 187

Part Two CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AND BRIEF CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL SPECIES ...... " .. 189 Notation ...... " ...... 190 Type 1. Homoatomic and Similar Compounds...... 191 Class 1. Simple substances...... 191 Class 2. Carbides, silicides, nitrides, and phosphides. 199 Type II. Sulfides and Related Compounds ...... 202 Class 1. Arsenides, antimonides, and bismuthides. . .. 202 Class 2. Tellurides ...... 209 Class 3. Sulfides and selenides...... 217 Type IlI. Oxygen Compounds ...... 267 Class 1. Oxides...... 267 Class 2. Hydroxides and oxhydrates ...... 314 Class 3. Silicates, borosilicates, alumosilicates, beryllos il icates, titanos ilicates, z irconos ilicates, uranosilicates ...... 334 Class 4. Borates...... 459 Class 5. Vanadates ...... 492 Class 6. Arsenates ...... 505 Class 7. Phosphates...... 526 xiv CONTENTS

Class 8. Tellurites and selenites ...... 563 Class 9. Tungstates and molybdates .. , ...... 568 Class 10. Chromates and selenates...... 574 Class 11. Sulfates...... 578 Class 12. Carbonates ...... "...... 607 Class 13, Iodates ...... ,...... 628 Class 14. Nitrates...... 631 Type IV. Halides ..• , •...... " .... ,...... 635 Class 1. Chlorides, bromides, and iodides...... 635 Class 2. Oxyhalides and hydroxyhalides...... 646 Class 3. Fluorides ...... ,...... 660 Bibliography ....•...... •...... , ...... 671 Formula Index...... 705 Index of Mineral Names ...... 725 Volume 1