Barrow-on-Trent Conservation Area

Character Statement

2011

SOUTH DISTRICT COUNCIL LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement

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Contents Conservation Area Building Materials and Details Details and Materials Building Landscape Quality Quality Landscape Historic Development Development Historic Approaches Points Focal and Views, Landmarks

Map Area Conservation • Description Area Conservation Damage and Loss • • • Conservation Area Analysis Analysis Area Conservation • Introduction Introduction Summary Appendix Distinctive architectural details architectural Distinctive Appendix Area of Archaeological Potential Potential of AreaArchaeological Barrow-on-Trent Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement judgements on the merits of development applications. themeritsdevelopment judgementsonof trees within gardens. gardens. treeswithin mature by made contribution striking very the and the relationship streets them, the along the between enclosure spaces continuous by the lanes, and the setting along clusters frontage in river grouped buildings, its the between by dominated instead, is, village the of character The significance. architectural high of buildings landmark few relatively are There frontage river open the character; of and Road Lane,thejunction BrookfieldChurchLane. Chapel and ofaround clustered Twyford areas fronting settlement tight-knit distinct the and Lane two Church along development has area conservation The meadows the characterises ditches drainage thesouthernriver. onof banks of pasture to access provided have network would crossing ford The A village. the of south immediately Lane. Church front use, agricultural in longer no now farms, of series A . and Barrow-on-Trent around especially Trent, River the of banks the along all occupation ancient of evidence widespread is there and fertile particularly are floodplain the of soils alluvial The soils. the of fertility and richness the to due probably is river the on point this at Barrow-on-Trent of presence The short a up approached is each road; flooding sufficient toproperty. of steps,usually of prevent thiswidespread flight isand the above elevation little a have Lane Church front that Houses Lane. Church of shape arc the in mirrored directly is gravel, and sand of band the geology, underlying the of shape The river. the of course followsthe which alluvium, the of silts and mud the than ground stable more is This gravel. and sand Pierrepont Holme of band a sitson Swarkestone, and villages ofTwyford thenearby with along Barrow-on-Trent, from leads which built. was A5132, Bridge upstreamcrossing, theriver.an in ford old thebend had ofBarrow-on-Trent Willington when 1839, the until Burton-on-Trent at off was west the to just closest and Swarkestone the and theriver over from Bridge is bridge the nearest Swarkestone to Willington. Swarkestone kilometres Trent River 1.5 the of bank about northern the on valley Trent the in situated is Barrow-on-Trent Summary 24th November1977. on Council District Derbyshire South by designated was Area Conservation Trent on Barrow The It Council. District Derbyshire South with, association in and for, Conservation Morris Mel by produced been has statement This Introduction

nacmn. hs ouet il e sd y h Cucl hn aig professional making when Council the by used be future will for opportunities document thus and This also interest special enhancement. It that protection. to of damage of worthy degree Barrow-on-Trent the of assesses appearance and character the makes Barrow-on-Trent Conservation Area Conservation

es u te pca hsoi ad rhtcua itrs that interest architectural and historic special the out sets 1 1

LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement 2 century buildings of high quality; The Old Chapel, Lodge Cottage th andDavys Village andSale the former School. in part, a linear river frontage settlement, dominated by the river, with a largely open and character. spacious a distinct, clustered roadside settlement along Twyford Road, with a largely enclosed and character. tight-knit many with agriculturalfarmsteads. past former this andclues to roots visual a private, quiet with character, many connections made by a strong footpath network, inviting exploration. common and of rubbleuse predominant for gritstone boundary walls. landmark trees, both individual specimens and clumps, both native and exotic, planted character. throughout the village,its to a contribution make major a few memorable, well-preserved focal points on the main approaches; St. Church and Row. The tower,2-18 Cottage Lodge Wilfrid’s a few compact 19

The distinctive characteristics of Barrow-on-Trentcharacteristics distinctive The can be as follows: summarised • • • • • • • • Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement Area of Archaeological Potential Potential Archaeological of Area eevn te ufo fo te aiu oe ln dan ad ice, ond h river the joined ditches, and drains 18 land the During water, open ford. the of from various downstream channel long the A from low. outflow was river the the receiving when cattle for shallows passable The been river. have the in would bend the from upstream just Trent, River the crossed ford A S-shaped furrow and ridge extensive under permanent grass. preservation are there by undisturbed remained have south which areas, ploughed itsformer represent These earthworks. to river the and settlement the Between river. the of banks the to up almost grown were crops arable places some in that meant has soils local the of richness the but today, is it as was much pasture, land and meadow the of most village the of South Canal. Mersey and Trent the of line current the beyond village, the of north the to lay land arable the of most and low-lying was village The over area immediate the in occupation thousand years. several indicating burials and barrows pits, ditches, cropmarks, prehistoric ring countless are there Road, Swarkestone beyond just village, the of British early of cults the north-east the To Grove. of the of goddessCeltic the of worship tothe dedicated was people one and importance religious of places were groves Ancient grove”. the “at meaning word English old an from derived probably is “Barrow” name The Development Historic Analysis Area Conservation area. conservation the of boundary the with coincide necessarily not need potential archaeological of area an Consequently, shift. may focus their develop, and grow settlements as centuries, the Over that expectation ground. below reasonable be survive may periods may medieval post and/or there medieval the to relating potential evidence archaeological archaeological of area the and/or Within medieval the during activity industrial and settlement post-medievalperiods. of extent probable other the and Gardens) and shows It Parks Record. Monuments and Sites Derbyshire the from information Historic site non-statutory Registered and Monuments Ancient Scheduled (including designations statutory both encompass may potential archaeological of area An Monuments and County the Sites with the consultation and in Derbyshireat Council. Officer County Record Archaeologist area Control conservation Development each the of review Archaeologist, the of part as out carried been has It settlement. the of evidence plan-form and documentary archaeological, known the of assessment an through defined been has potential archaeological of area An h etn t wih arwo-rn priiae i rvr rd i nt la; t was it clear; not is trade river in participated Barrow-on-Trent which to extent The for built recreationaluse. probably 19 mid the By barges. river moored accommodate to designed pool, deep a create to out dug th century, it had been re-shaped into a large pond and it had a boat house which was which house boat a had it and pond large a into re-shaped been had it century, th 3 3 century it had a semi-canalised form, possibly form, semi-canalised a had it century LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement century th centuries. Its th century. In 1954 th and 19 th the the upper floor of the Manor was House removed, only to (more plainly be than the original) around reinstated 1990. The name Manor probably House was adopted some for time after the Daniel Dalrymple (a Sale building relative) bought Barrow the Manor from of estate the around 1800. Melbourne The remained Sale Hall family as the until 1914, when they their sold estate. largest landowners dwelling, but the present house built in was the late 18 4 century, when the north arcade of the nave was built. th century in th century the Bishop’s manor was split up among a small number of th The second Domesday estate or manor at Barrow-on-Trent belonged to Earl Henry of Ferrers, and was the smaller manor of the two. During the reign of Henry given to II the Knights it Hospitaller. was The church had been handed over from the King’s estate to the Hospitallers’ estate by the 13 location, so close to the river, suggests that it may have had a certain from early level times, although of there are river no records trade of wharves, as at Swarkestone, or of river Willington. as arewarehouse at nearby buildings found such Under the Trent Navigation Act of 1699 Sir river William Paget navigable was to authorised Burton-on-Trent. to make the In displaced time (from the 1777) the and movement of in goods. Mersey The canal runs Canal parallel providing to the Trent half a kilometre to the the north of Barrow-on-Trent. Its much presence appears needed to have had transport little impact village. on infrastructure the economy of for the the The Domesday Book records two estates or “manors” at Barrow-on-Trent. One of these belonged to the King, as an included outlying the part church of and a its Royal The present church is 13 Estate priest. based at Melbourne. This origin and may have been the built site of the on earlier church. When Henry I created Carlisle the in 1133 Bishopric he gave the of Manor of Barrow to the Bishop as part of the endowment. The Lordship of the Manor of Barrow remained with the Bishop of Carlisle until 1704 when the freehold was granted to the Rt. Hon. Thomas Coke of Hall. Melbourne In the early 17 “copyhold” tenants and their sub-tenants. The main Weston-on-Trent. tenant He acquired was two estates Richard and Sale, his son Rector acquired of a third, landholding. The Manor House (pictured left), creatingtowards the east end of Church Lane, sits on a large the site of one of these three estates. It would have at one time housed a 17 certainly predominately an agricultural community in the 18 Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement isolated in the midst of 20 of midst sits the in now isolated which range, coach-house and stable a (formerly House survive; Barrow these of Cottage, few Lodge A buildings. ancillary of ranges large had and period long a over out laid were grounds and gardens The family. Beaumont the by built probablywas Hall Barrow 1543 severalchanges Beaumont. after solditwas around and tohand of1550 Edward in confiscated was church, property the Hospitallers’ of The grounds. east Hall the Barrow to the within stood later have to appears Barrow at house vicarage original The The centre of the village today is formed by the crossroads of Church Lane, Chapel Lane, Chapel Lane, Church of crossroads the by formed is today village the of centre The theby-passuntilpreserved was Road sweptthemofaway. Twyford part 34 No. and 16 Farm Walnut the of end the both by developed been had within area planned this that framesindicate would Road Twyford cruck of Evidence properties. this of served still lane handful back of section small a 1787, of plan the On rear. their at long crofts and thin 28 road the fronting and dwellings with layout, Farm planned a has Walnut It village. the between to extension Road Twyford of planned a sidebeen have may therefore, and, identity separate and distinct a north has Road, Twyford the on area, second The pathsobliterated. have theoriginal been and later are they Close, Beaumont and Lane Club alignment, north-south same roads this access following are there though Even Meadows. The of of west east the the to to another one and Farm further north, Elms its two to land once the were and Lane there Church that between indicatesleading paths map access Enclosure 1787 The flood. of times in particularly footpath, a as use in still is lane back old the settlements, riverside many at As Road. the ChapelLane,ofLaneTwyford and and alignment Church on properties the behind running footpath public the by a represented hadnow is frontage which riverside lane, the back of length whole The route. old this front still Farm Tree Fir and Farm Manor Old fields. the crosses footpath public a church the of west the the To 1780s. until pastureland of area open an was crossroads, the at village, the of centre present the that understood is it until disjointed slightly seems now settlement the of rest the with relationship its and river, the approaching route access main the on placed was church The Road. and thenorthTwyford thesecondonsideof thewest thechurch, of the accompany to to channel drainage open an of location the withthat corresponds arc westan in continuing drawn and Lane was Church of route the following river, the 1787, facing first the phases; two in dated developed village, the of probably settlement the that illustrates map This 1787-8. of Award Enclosure Parliamentary map detailed earliest The Hall had been landscaped during the 19 the during landscaped been had Hall grounds; the Barrow of grounds Thewithin area. conservation the outside both BeaumontClose, and Park Hall developed were cul-de-sacs two was and earlier, It years few years. a damage hundred fire several back dated have following 1962, in demolished eventually was may Hall Barrow 1808. in updated and refurbished map, Enclosure 1787 the on seen be can which of form early the house, main The Cottage. Gardener’s including Lane, Club conservation area and maturity to an otherwise overwhelming amount of modern modern of 19 amount overwhelming the during even and private quite otherwiseessentially were grounds The TheHall. of gardens former an the to walls boundary stone tall, to the are Lane Church of side east the maturity Lining development. and area conservation the across views to quality a lend They development. housing modern the within retained th th century views of Barrow Hall would haveBarrow beenof would views restricted. Hall century etr bt t oiis r urcre. h lyu o te rfs o h nrh of north the to crofts the of layout The unrecorded. are origins its but century th century housing development) and buildings approached from approached buildings and development) housing century th century and many of the mature trees have been have trees mature the of many and century 5 5 LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement century “infill” th century, forming th century. A On Chapel Lane, an th 6 century many of the farms were being amalgamated and now most of these th century maps of the village illustrate how the buildings on Church Lane, situated th a tight enclosure to this part of the street. Lodge Cottage, the lodge to Barrow Hall, later open space. encroached this onto also The 19 development has further obscured the old relationships between the farmhouses and their outbuildings. The Meadows is an old farmhouse. It faces west across its former buildings have farmyard been demolished and but replaced with the modern the bungalow “Wrenwood” and farm its old garden has been built upon. distinct The relationship development between the of farmhouse and Poplars its Farm subsidiary farm has buildings also and Swallow Barn lost has grown and the accrued certain domestic characteristics. A prominent barn, used as a Methodist chapel until 1914, was demolished in 1987. The development of approached its from croft, Club Lane, now has further removed its farm identity. At Manor House only rangestwo of enclosed the former four-sided courtyardremain. The Elms now best represents the former pattern strong of relationship farmsteads between and still the preserves farmhouse the and Further to its the west, subservient, St. Wilfrid’s ancillary farmstead at farm 16 Church buildings. Lane also atidentity of these farm PinfoldThe has beenbuildingsthe distinct retained. and had its own range of Beyond Manor House lies a relatively little cluster land and are generally of smaller in scale than cottages the farmhouses. They close may have been to established in association the with river River trade. Cottages that Trent.were formerly divided They into two have have been converted into one and Cottage and Trees. Crow now incorporate their neighbour, i.e. Millstone Off Twyford Road, Old Manor Farm is an interesting complex. The name Old Manor Farm implies some historic significance but the reason for its manor). namebeen part (i.e. the originalof estate the Sale King’s is not known. It may have There was little change along Church Lane in the 19 independent chapel, “Bethel”, was built in an isolated spot in 1839, and its brick-arched and vaulted undercroft indicates how it was groundunstable rear. of at the Meer, its designed to overcome the wet, low-lying and farms have been broken up, the farmhouses separated from the farm buildings. At Fir Tree Farm, off Twyford Road, the farm principal farmhouse has (Old Manor Farm) was sold off and re-grouped separated. The 20 around the farm buildings when the Brookfield and Twyford Road. This space, now framed by buildings, was at one time much more open, in use as pastureland, and was known as the Town large Leys. open It area, called adjoined the another Meer, located roughly between the present Swarkestone Road and Chapel Lane footpath, to the east of the present crossroads. The 1787 Enclosure map reflects an intermediate stage in the development of the Town Leys, as several plots of land on its perimeter had been enclosed. It shows that The Nook had been developed, right on the edge of the Town Leys, although probably with not the buildings which still stand today. A few small, isolated buildings Nos. 2-18 were Twyford Road, located had been built in by this the time. No. centre built by 2 this time, Church although the of Lane parcel of had land on which not this it sits been had been enclosed. space. A row of “The buildings Row”, to its immediate west, built developed at around same the abutting time as No. 2 Church Lane in the early 19 the road and all since demolished, were between the church and the Manor House, were grouped into clusters of farmsteads. By the late 19 Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement Approaches Approaches characterise thevillage. ofextraction, setting gravel theimmediate from created mounds man-made and artificial large gravel, of lines heaps and soil hedge of bunds large the and changes landscape follow the Barrow-on-Trent alder of outskirts and the On Willow fields. the relief. divide that little ditches very is There plain. flood the of parts flattest the of one within lies by-pass the west, the from village the approaching In the from approached area, cul-de-sac conservation small the a by-pass. of is section Close north Fernello the and within by-pass development, the onto backs area conservation the fromRoad, of thewest.Twyford Part and thenorth, from theby-pass: join Brookfield, each that roads two via approached is village The village. the of views limited are there by-pass the From housing. of concentration main the skirts and village the of north the to arc an in runs 1969, in constructed A5132), the – Road (Swarkestone by-pass Barrow-on-Trent The 19 the During am n S Wlrds n ter soitd ad I i only is It land. 20 associated the during their and Wilfrid’s St and Manor Farm Old at farmhouses large the by dominated was it and developed sparsely only was Road Twyford of side south The the (pictured right). family Arkwright to addition the by village the to major given Memorial War large otherthe was street a only presumably The Oven”, “Coronation bakery. a community as built was Row the 18 No. to extension small Post a the 1902 and In 1864. Crewe, in Harpur built J was Sir Office by given site a on 1843, in built was School Village the within each plot. Pockets of old buildings survive from survive the19 buildings plot.Pockets old of each within new deep extends andthe frontage road the from back set of is street the of side thisMost on development roof. school the above glimpsed be just only can tower the and church, the of view key this of loss the in resulted has school primary new the and Vicarage the of development The tower. church the to fields the across right views with point, this at was it theopen how shows memorial war of 1950, circa dated photograph, old An developed. fully rud o te ao Hue kon s ao Cut bit n 995 a permanent as 1949-50 in the built in Court, flats Manor of as blocks Methodist clergy. retired homes for known five House, of Manor construction the the of was grounds Lane Church to addition main The 19th 19th centurydatestones appearon several buildings along Twyford Road and Chapel Lane th th century the development of the village was concentrated on Twyford Road; Twyford on concentrated was village the of thedevelopment century century that this side of the street has been been has street the of side this that century 7 7 th century. century. LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement century development of th 8

the riverbank (right). Both approaches provide a dramatic introduction to the settlement settlement the to introduction a dramatic approaches provide Both (right). the riverbank century houses lining the street. The church tower of th Approaches into the village from Twyford Road (left) and from the public footpath that runs along along that runs footpath the public from and (left) Road from Twyford village the into Approaches detached houses within mature gardens. A clump of Scots Pine at the entrance to Fir Tree Drive marks the western entrance natural landmark. into the conservation area. They are a prominent The northern approach from Brookfield is very short, with 20 St. Wilfrid’s is a (pictured prominent right) even landmark though the in church relates this primarily Churchto riverand Lane the frontage. approach The settlement can also be approached on foot, from the east, from a footpath that follows the northern riverbank and this is a particularly scenic view approach, of with the the river best as it through the valley. A close-boarded fence and privet hedge winds its way in a to broad the garden of sweep Crow Trees confines the views along the path and outwards over the River Trent. A tree marks massive the oak boundary of the conservation area in this approach. Every conservation area has a multitude expansive, of changing too views, numerous both to close-range cover and comprehensively section more describes in a selection of a general and document more specific views of that are this likely to themselves impress scope. most strongly This in a visitor’s experience of the conservation viewpoints area. Some of referred the to are document. included in the conservation area map included in this The conservation area is flat and there are expansive views across the flood plain and the River Trent. In the distance, the west,to stand the prominent cooling towers of Willington Power Station. The main landmark in the village is the church tower Wilfrid’s of St. Church, which is visible from key locations within the village but is not a prominent landmark from the south side of the River Trent or from the southern side of the valley. Within the village, views are restricted to the more intimate relationships between buildings and there are a couple of important focal points; Nos. 2-18 The Row, Twyford Road, Lodge Cottage, and The The western outskirts of the village are dominated by 20 Views,Landmarks and Focal Points Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement enclosure of form This road. few groups a key in denseclusters with buildings of some views. picturesque creates the faces gable-end a cases several in frontage; road the to close sit buildings oldest the of some as different very is character the Road Twyford Along there are direction, thechurch. of alsoviews important theother south. in Looking faces which complex, farm large single a once Farm, Manor Old and Farm Tree Fir to fields the across views are there footpath this From south-east. veers lane the where church, the opposite Lane, Church of corner the from embankment, and drain this of south the to runs footpath boundary. public A outside area currently theconservation and westthechurch of embankment, stoned large very a and drain open an and by defined meadows is the beyond land from agricultural it separating village the of boundary southern ancient the of Part riverbank. southern the in mostthevillage. within Thisand view dramatic thebest-known is perhaps lane take to the widen views Where and river. out opens the space the towards river, main the floodplain meets the the and across unfolds, outward, lane is the views as of views, emphasis short-range of series a creates alignment road the and buildings the of theof curve Thegentle lane. the thenorth sideof thatline walls stone prominent boundary setting garden the by dominated therefore, are, Views road. the above bank prominent a on elevated churchyard the example, obvious most the is church The level. raised slightly a on road, the from back set are buildings the Lane Church Along Lane.of theend Treesat Church Crow southern riverbank (aboveleft)and Crow Trees (abovea right), focal pointat the end of the lane Focal pointsFocal -2-18 (evens) TheRow(above left)onTwyford andRoad CottageLodge theon Dramaticviewacross the River Trentat Church Lane, ofwith row poplarsLombardy on the corner of corner Church and Lane ChapelLane (above right) 9 9 LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement 10 Building Materialsand Details Local geology and availability appearance of Barrow-on-Trent. Both the range of available and materials the way in which of building materials they were employed arefactors intricately with local linked identity. specialThe and typical directly influenced the traditional building details encountered within the conservation area are form summarised in the and LandscapeQuality Being so close to the River Trent, the village has little undulation or variation in height and its landscape quality relies largely on its relationship with the river. Moreover, trees are very a important part of the character of the conservation area. Many native trees with co-exist trees planted for their sculptural effect. enjoying the All rich alluvial soils. The of height that some them of the trees have seem reached, such as very the healthy specimens, mature Scots Pine and some of the within the settlement. larger oak trees, makes them significant landmarks Between Church Lane and Twyford Road and the River Trent the area over has a been very drained long time to improve the meadows and there are a number of and ditches that carryancient surplus water away drains from the fields to discharge into the River Trent. The line of one of these has determined the limit of development along the Twyford south Road. Many of side the drains of and diverted tributaries are lined with pollard willows, a distinctive element of the conservation area. landscape character along the southern perimeter Church of Lane the is particularly notable trees for within the the private gardens quality that run of along its northern the side. Clumps of Scots Pine are a feature Manor of House, the gardens along at with a clump Wellingtonia. of Scots Pine There at the western is end of also the conservation a area on Twyford Road, at the entrance Other to significant Fir trees worth Tree mentioning Farm. are a pair trees within the of garden of Riverside oak and another even larger oak close to the river, within There the is a garden very fine of larch within Crow the front Trees. garden of House Manor (pictured right) and an impressive of Elms. The within the front garden Blue Atlas cedar Near the river and around the pond there are some large willows, as well as sycamore and elder. No. of graces the frontage 57 large Church willow weeping A Lane. Beyond the conservation area and across the river there is a long row of Lombardy poplars that follow the south side of the riverbank. An impressive sight, to some extent they define the limits of the views outward and from the southern side the presencelandscapeidentifies that of andthe principalthe village.feature landmark form of the valley they are strong Holly seems to be quite a dominant shrub / tree and holly hedges line sections of the public footpath that runs parallel variegated varieties, have been to allowed to mature into Church trees within the grounds Lane. of Manor Court. Some larger specimens, including some Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement appearance of the village to the present day. The majority of buildings within the the within buildings 18 of the in used was Brickwork majority The day. present the to arebuilt area brick. conservation from village the both of of tradition long appearance a had that valley the Trent influence tocontinued has brickwork andmanufacture brick and building timber-framed the of part within lies Barrow-on-Trent Brickwork the across just south, the hadand aretheseveralstonethey the stone.quarries for river, source most local likely to in Ingleby, and coarse Stanton-by-Bridge between area very The river. and the of sections gritstone, used barges as boat, rubble by here brought was random stone the that possible from is It texture. mainly built of full walls, is village boundary the area, stone immediate the from available stone building of lack the Despite Stoneand timber-frame local the of snapshot a provide to photographs, details. vernacular by supplemented is which appendix, hr ae ay xmls f ah f these of each of examples pattern. fashionsBarrow-on-Trent. within many “sawtooth” laid are are a There bricks a produce header In to the effect. diagonally cases decorative of “dentilled” a number create brick to header incorporate projects alternate each where they brickwork, Sometimes other. the several above one projecting with brick of courses plain corbelled are and these Sometimes, verge eaves. corbelled a with is brickwork detailed the of Much details. structural for buildings atand Road WalnutFarm. Twyford 34 cruck-framed of remains known are there Elsewhere, cruck-frame. a contains also this and Lane, Church Front wall Front of Eve Cottages wall, wall, modernrenderand - undulating - stonefront red brick red path the 18 the rm apas n h fot al f rw re, t h ed of end the at Trees, Crow of wall front the timber in of appears form frame same the of fragment A rails. and horizontal posts short of combination a framing, box small as known form hs om f ulig ol hv be cmopae ro to prior commonplace been have would building in of although form building Lane), this Church timber-framed (16 Wilfrid’s oak St. complete at Barrow-on-Trent, one only is There been has stone the of but pair Cottages, the render. disguisedby is Eve building as stone known a cottages of example main other The Old the of survive. few part relatively but plinths, and stone are there and Farm Granary, Elms mainly of buildings, part as stone such of outbuildings, fragments some are There village. the within stone of use main the represent regularly stone, generally are a from which walls, boundary predominantly the and This gritstone. built mellow, coursed, Wilfrid, St. of Church the is area conservation the within building stone principal The th and 19 and th century. The example at St. Wilfrid’s is constructed in a a in constructed is Wilfrid’s St. at example The century. th centuries 11 11 Thebrick-built Methodist Chapel of 1839 LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement century buildings th centuries. This was the th and early 19 th 12 century classical building forms had a revival and wedge- th century, and was ideally suited to the shallower roof pitches of hipped th century was quite fashionable. The examples of painted brickwork may be a relic th have cills. dressed stone simplest simplest and easiest lintel to construct mortar joints, as without the need the to cut the taper brick. In combination was with the segmental accommodated brick arches, stone wholly cills were not in normally used, relying the on the simple weathering properties of the brickwork. During the first half of the 19 shaped stone lintels permutations. were used Plain wedge in lintels Meadows (37 Church were Lane), whilst the decorative moulded lintels with keystones were used at used village, at Ivy of House 11 and and (nos. Walnuts 43/45 The House ChurchManor Lane). (8 which Church there Lane) and were The a number of There are some more unusual windows, adopted where more there was individual a landmark desire to building; create pointed, a arched ogee-arched gothic windows at lancet Lodge Cottage, Tudor-arched windows moulded stone lintels at at the “Bethel” Chapel, old Post Office (17 Twyford Road) and school. Generally, the more substantial properties and the moulded “designed” 19 stone surrounds at the former village roofs. roofs. Examples can be seen at Lodge Cottage, Barrow House and Brookfield Club, andwhich pitchedChapel,a Bethel have roof. steep roofs hipped all of Graduated Westmoreland slate roofs, which were probably transported into the area via the canal, in its early years, can be PinfoldSwarkestoneThe found and(ChurchRoad) Lane). on the old farm buildings at Manor Croft (off from the historic practice of limewashing brickwork. Roofs Roofs The Trent and Mersey Canal, to the north of the village, supplied building materials such as Staffordshire blue clay tiles from survive the where Potteries. other These materials are fail and extremely they village. durable They are replaced a tiles thatched the roof at dominant and Crow Trees, roof the only materials known example within of common roofing a material. the once A patterned example of contrasting bands of plain blue and red clayOffice Twyford(17 canfound at tiles Road). the Old Post fish-scale be There are examples of Welsh slate in the village, which was particularly fashionable in the first half of the 19 Lintels and cills cills Lintels and Most of the smallest domestic buildings in Barrow-on-Trent incorporate arches. segmental These brick were commonplace during the 18 Render and painted brickwork brickwork painted Render and There are many examples suggests of that almost rendered all of or the painted render pebbledash. is brickwork. Lodge recent, incorporating Photographic Cottage textured evidence finishes has such “pecked” an as appearance, as though it unusual has been chiselled. The use original of stucco in the first rendered half of the or 19 stucco finish, with a Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement uniform height, with flat copings, and occasional stretches of 19 of stretches occasional and copings, flat with height, uniform is lane the fairlyof a of walls boundary rubblestone mainlyside by delineated and verge grass a north with lined also The hedges. thorn intermittent verge, grass and broad, mown, a neatly with kept length is its which of most along lined is lane the of side southern The the with up meets eventually lane The south. the theRiverof and Trent, grassedbank riverbankopen isarea. an northern the to boundary, area conservation the It beyond. meadows river with river, beyond theoutwards, range Views unfold. gradually views and arc sweeping generous a in flows into flows that channel drainage main the and is lane the and between stretch narrow kerbs a follow without which paddocks, is with side lane southern its quiet on lined narrow, the character; in rural largely is Lane Church association in developed originally have trade and crossing river withpoints. may that status. the cottages high small and of many houses, setting are fine there of riverside numberEqually, their a share both settlements of The light. most of the quality the generous make on to houses the them of enabled aspect has southern The riverbank building. for and sand suited the better of clearly ground higher was slightly gravel the and similar is settlements three all of geology have may There river. the in bend a to Theunderlying boats thismoored. toat be point,enabling water static ofpool deep a been close of point a settlements at riverbank, frontage the of side river north the the with on located was settlement the similarities cases all In west. and east has the to Twyford and Swarkestone Lane Church of character The a forms that land as far public the as footpathand Lane Chapel blockbehindproperties the the and Lane Church lining buildings the includes area This (seefollowing1 map Area page 18) have that areas distinct two differentverywith evolved characteristics. marking area, conservation the within pivotal is church The Description Area Conservation lt i te al n a e ses rvd pdsra acs t te adn ad houses and gardens infrequent. but these are the to access gap, larger a pedestrian created has vehicles for provide provided access where places few steps a are There above. few a and wall the in slots narrow and important is enclosure The survive. railings iron old sometimes and wall, the of top on plantedbeech, or holly yew, of hedges by privacy additional given are gardens the of and plentifuland trees iscomplemented by a strongly buildingdemarcated line of stone ViewChurchalong LaneThe(left). rural withcharacter widegrass verges boundarywalls 51 (right - Church Lane) 13 13 th century brick wall. Many wall. brick century LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement century, approached from th 14 century houses filling many of the gaps between th century housing. Mature Cedar of Lebanon and other specimen trees have been th century buildings, the character of the lane remains distinctive and attractive; even the th Chapel Lane, has removed much of its sense of place. The redevelopment of farm buildings and ancillary structures, which are now approached confusing via relationships Chapel between Lane, the has Church created Lane some farmhouses buildings. and their former ancillary The former grounds of Barrow Hall formed Chapel a Lane. Most pocket of surrounded the by grounds now Church lie Lane outside developed the and for conservation housing. area and Fortunately have from been the northern and village there western is no approaches sense of into the scale the of this housing development. The tall boundarylining walls the east side of the lane, conservation north area and they of are striking, lining the the back of the churchyard, pavement. They are mask much some of of the the 20 tallest in the the the farmsteads. With the exception of the Manor House and The Walnuts, there individual are no buildings of great architectural characteristics of the small, vernacular buildings of the merit, locality. Despite the large number of but the historic 20 buildings each display distinctly distinctly modern house at “Water’s Edge” does not stand out. The lane is dominated by the striking rubble gritstone parkland and and distinctive landmark of clumps trees of specimen trees character. boundary walls, the generous front gardens and mature The character of the development to the back of the properties on Church Lane is difficult more to pin down. The creation of cul-de-sacs in the 20 retained along this section of Church Lane and along Chapel retainedof Church section along andLane. this along Lane Opposite this tall wall, Church Lane is lined with a grass verge. The handful of properties There is a group of old houses, densely packed together, concentrated at the eastern end of the village, overlooking farmsteads dispersed the along its length, river the farmhouses generally set (pictured back deep within above). plot, each and intermingled The with modern rest 20 of the lane has old Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement oe o hn ln Cuc Ln, h cnr o te ilg aog wfr Road Twyford along village the of 19 centre in found the are that Lane, elements the Church of many along incorporates than so More buildingsNook frontingRoad includesand area Twyford This The the 2 Area with andloose-knitinformal character. hedgerows, a in and wall gritstone sections rubble of alternate encroachments), (roadside land of plots thin long, the onto built were that ht uig h md o ae 19 late to mid the during that dispersed quite was sense a still is there Nevertheless,land building. each for responsible was who of clear not is it and ownership The road. the to up butting ends gable buildings, their older with the and Office), Post the as (such gardens generous within frontage, road lhuh wfr Ra i nw eeoe aog t lnt, t 19 its length, its along developed now is Road Twyford Although key at planting tree judicious by convincing more points. made is This deliberate. was shapes f h vlae eie fo te utpsto o 19 of juxtaposition the from derives village the of character picturesque the of deal great A deliberate. been a have in may together that grouped way picturesque are that buildings of clusters few a are there Road Twyford Along thevillage. of old the opposite sits office parts memorable post most the of one and old pinch-point obvious an therefore, is, the this and school, where closest their Primary at Davys are buildings and The Sale Farm. old Walnut the to added and bargeboards and dormers Lodge gable the pattern-book as the such embellishments, and Office, or School, Post architect-designed Old qualities, the as landmark such their buildings, for planted trees villages; in the first half of the18 of thefirsthalf in built was farmhouse the when croftstruss. narrow formercruck two old amalgamated have an may farm of The presence the at hints and area, conservation the entering focal on a is point brick, and stone in built end, gable its of shape strange The rear. its to farmyard the helpsto define thestreet.of It theenclosure defines and thepavement of linestheback thatstructure single-storey plain 16);a pageof top (pictured FarmWalnut to buildings farm old the of one stands Road Twyford and Close Walnut of corner the At group. important one is Road Twyford 36 No. and Granary Old The at outbuildings former its Farm, Walnut wayoverwhelming. which from be otherwiselong thestreetwould a frontage, set back is development new the of much so as survive, still does buildings of groups irregular small, WalnutFarm and No.Vine 36 Cottage and(left) Nos. and17 19 (right) Picturesqueirregular clusters of buildings on TwyfordRoad; th century. To the east of the farm, No. 36 (Vine36 No. To theeast thefarm, Cottage) ofbuilt was century. th etr te ruig f ulig t cet interesting create to buildings of grouping the century 15 15 th etr bidns st ak rm the from back set buildings, century th etr “itrsu” estate “picturesque” century th etr caatr of character century LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement 16 with with its gable orientation end facing signifies Twyford extremely Road. that tight-knit Its along this development street. This section and the of neighbouring was two crofts the to the east were very narrow. Buildings located at 90 degrees to the medieval road, building pattern, reflect which an provided occupier of the dwelling old, with access to the croft the late at the back. The same pattern can No. be 28 seen Twyford at Road, which also same follows the alignment, although outside the conservation area. No. 17 Twyford Road, the Old Post Office (right) (right) Post Office Old the Road, Twyford No. 17 Outbuilding at Walnut Farm Farm Walnut at Outbuilding Picturesque Gothic Revival buildings - the former Sale & Davys Village School (left) and (left) and School Village & Davys Sale -former the buildings Revival Picturesque Gothic At the junction of Chapel Lane, buildings, Church of small Lane scale, and that define Twyford the Road space. Lodge there faceted, Cottage are stands hipped out a for roof, few its unusual, key which brackets. projects It also has with ogee-arched gothick windows. wide It is a cross eaves, between a small villa cantilevered Italianate and a on picturesque gothick cottage, shaped and was timber probably built in 2-18 the The 1820s Row or stands 30s. on Nos. the corner of Brookfield 1787. They and are special as they have Twyford a uniform arrangement of doors Road and windows that sets and were built by up a regular, repeated rhythm. The whole terrace has a wide pavement focal Chapelinpoint views from Lane. frontage and is a No. 34 Twyford Road is very unusual as it is set so far back on the site, mid-way between Twyford Road and the old back lane, contrary to the established pattern. It may have been aas a at dwelling. barnone time, re-used The former Sale and Davys village school is an important, compact, building. Built by public subscription in 1843, it incorporates Jacobean details that are quite uncharacteristic of the village. Decorative scrolled and moulded coped gables, topped with stone a finials, are very bell-cote dominant clustered and together in close giant proximity, giving it an animated quality in views along Twyford Road. opposite the school, is The another one-off building, of estate character. Old It is typically Victorian, Post Office (17 Twyford built in 1864 in a Tudoresque style, with four-centred arches, Road), lattice casements and pitched almost roofs with bargeboards and patterned tiles. These buildings and the adjacent cottage, No. 19 Twyfordanother Road, picturesque form group. Barrow-on-TrentLullington ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement The new houses on the south side of Twyford Road are generally unsympathetic to the the to unsympathetic generally are Road Twyford of side south the on houses new The Newdevelopment same the avoid to and alterations damaging the mistakes thefuture. in of some reverse to authority the and planning designers householders, help will these identifying that hoped is It character. this diluted have cumulatively or individually either that losses or alterations suffered has village the where instances identify also can we area conservation the of character the defining In the of some theneedplanning by permission.for achieved asthisbe socould far Trent, development, on harmful further against safeguard a as place inin Barrow put was area designation The 1977. conservation At the of designation character. the predate below special described changes undesirable their strengthens and that way a in reflects time over develop of should settlements face that rather the but prevented, in be should scene” local “cherished the conserve that development Itnot was intended World War. theSecond following change accelerated to need the of acknowledgement an as 1967, Act Amenities Civic the by introduced was areas conservation of concept The Damage and Loss – frontage Road Twyford main the and by-pass the screens create between squeezed estates housing small two are there Road Twyford of north-west the To also which Cottage, Tree Lime and Club ThefromNook therestvillage. of separating Brookfield of grounds which conifers, the by overshadowed within trees are there and is 1-4, Nos. cottages, workers space the of terrace the of This has front the obscure which square. space public open miniature an a surround of that character sides two forming houses, packed densely Nook The the of character the village. to contribution no make and interest architectural or historic no of arethey parts area, theconservation within formerly located crofts.Although of were They 2-18 The2-18 TwyfordRow, Road (left) and viewof TheNook Chapelfrom Lane (right) is a separate, distinct area with an identity of its own. It is inward looking, withlooking, inward is It own. its of identity an with area distinct separate, a is 17 17 ant Close Walnut and and enlo Close Fernello . . LullingtonBarrow-on-Trent Conservation Conservation Area Character Area CharacterStatement Statement 18 View of St. Wilfrid’s Church from the public footpath - - footpath the public from Church Wilfrid’s of View St. the modern building in the foreground is just outside the the outside just is foreground the in the building modern conservation area but is still out of place in this historic setting historic this in place of out still is but area conservation Loss of building details details building Loss of There has been a widespread loss of historic window and door joinery within Barrow-on- stained hardwood replaced Trent. has In timber many or joinery. instances uPVC traditional Brickwork has frequently been rendered, sometimes with sometimes with modern modern textured paint cementitious coatings. Within render, an area which has such a strong tradition of brick building, this represents a significant loss of character. The only examples of buildings that were originally rendered rendered in are conjunction with timber the frame, at St wattle Wilfrid’s and the and stucco rendered Lodge daub Cottage. panels, which were In some cases brickwork has been painted and the character of the bricks can still be seen underneath the paint, as at Brookfield Club, Barrow House and 6 and 7 The Nook. This is damagingless on the whole. traditional form within the village. They neither make a bold and positive statement, as do the old post office and school, nor do buildings they blend such with the as low-key, vernacular form 34 continuous of alignment of traditional stone Twyford walled boundaries, and the timber Road. palisade fence Boundaries at particularlyNo. 3 Twyford of place. out Road is are often splayed, contrary to the Barrow-on-Trent Conservation Area Designated : 24th November 1977

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from Or from oduced Other buildings which contribute positively to the special architectural or historic character metres Areas of high archaeological potential s map is repr ducti on infringesUnauthori C sed repro Thi Appendix

Distinctive Architectural Details

BARROW-ON-TRENT

Checklist of details

The details in this appendix illustrate those building elements that help to define Barrow on Trent’s particular character. These may be common everyday vernacular details found repeatedly throughout the conservation area or may be more exceptional, consciously designed features.

This appendix may prove useful in providing inspiration for new development, whether traditional or contemporary, if used with care. Paradoxically, the outstanding architectural details of a conservation area may not be the ones that are most typical of the area. They often belong to the important key buildings of a village and may look out of place on smaller buildings in subordinate locations. The majority of buildings in the conservation areas of are plainly and simply detailed.

Boundary treatments • Rubble and coursed gritstone with squared flat copings • Brick walls with ashlar copings • Ashlar walls with wrought iron railings • Decorative wrought iron gates

Roof types and details • Pitched tiled roofs of Staffordshire blue clay with corbelled verges / plain close verges • Pitched roofs with overhanging verges and bargeboards • Patterned tiles • Raised coped gables finished with brick or stone copings • Hipped Welsh slate roofs

Chimney stacks and pots • Tall brick chimneys with simple one or two oversailing courses • Blue bricks adopted for several capping or oversailing courses

Walls • Timber frame - small box framing • Datestones and insignia • Corbelled eaves, with “sawtooth” or dentilled brickwork • 19th century dentilled brick bands

Windows • Cast iron casements or fixed lights with small opening lights, often with intricate patterns of glazing • Small-paned vertically sliding sash windows • Leaded-light 20th century casements within timber frames • Multi-paned side-hinged timber casements, within chamfered moulded frames • “Yorkshire” casements (horizontally sliding sashes)

Lintels and cills • Segmental brick arched windows, in a single course of header or stretcher bricks • Stone wedge lintels and stone cills • Brickwork without cills • Pointed arched lintels • Unusual ogee-arched lintels and Tudor-arched lintels

Doors and doorcases • Elaborate classical doorcase (Manor House) • Panelled doors • Boarded and studded doors Checklist of details cont’d

Paths, paving and steps • Gritstone and granite kerbs

Street furniture • Letter box • K6 telephone box BOUNDARY TREATMENTS Walls, railings and gates

Boundary walls are commonly built from rubble gritstone, with roughly squared flat copings (left). On occasion large blocks of gritstone can be found, as at Trent House (above), which also retains its wrought iron railings, and at Water’s Edge (below left).

Below right - brick wall at Ivy House. A section of stone coping and a pair of ball finials emphasises the entrance. Right - wrought-iron gates at the entrance to the churchyard at St. Wilfrid’s. Scrolled wrought iron has been used for both pure decoration and to create a pair of lantern holders. During the early 20th century wrought iron was favoured by the Arts and Crafts movement as it used skilled labour, rather than mass production.

Left - decorative wrought-iron railings, with cast-iron urn finials fixed to the posts at Manor House, Church Lane. Each upright baluster is fixed into the chamfered stone coping using molten lead.

Left - decorative wrought-iron gates at Riverside, No. 49 Church Lane. These ornate examples incorporating scrolls are characteristic of the early 20th century fashion for using old styles of fabrication, adopted by the Arts and Crafts movement. ROOF TYPES AND DETAILS During the first half of the 19th century Welsh slate became fashionable. It was ideally suited to shallow roof pitches and the classical hipped roofs of villas.

Left - hipped Welsh slate roof with overhanging eaves at the Brookfield Club. The distinctive leadwork to the hips and ridge is formed over timber roll mouldings. Another example is close by at Lodge Cottage, which has a very shallow, hipped, canted roof of Welsh slate (second left). The hips are created with mitred slate and secret gutters. The wide overhanging eaves are cantilevered on long, shaped timber brackets.

Below - pitched, Staffordshire blue clay tiled roofs with corbelled verges and sawtooth brick eaves (8 The Nook and 6 The Nook).

Below and bottom right - steep pitched roofs and raised coped gables. Common form of raised brick parapet at Millstone Cottage (bottom right) and Victorian Jacobean form of raised gables with moulded stone copings, at the former village school (below). Left - the clay tiled roof at the Old Post Office incorporates bands of plain Staffordshire blue clay tiles alternating with bands of red and blue beaver-tail tiles. This type of pitched roof with bargeboards and these picturesque details were particularly popular during the Victorian period for estate villages.

Above left - graduated Westmoreland slate roof Above right - Crow Trees; the gablets at The Pinfold. This material was fashionable for a (triangular raised gable dormers) with short period after the Trent and Mersey Canal overhanging bargeboards were added first opened and may date from the last quarter of around the end of the 19th century, and the 18th century. make this prominent cottage more picturesque.

Above left - decorative red clay ridge tiles incorporating a cross pattern (18 Twyford Road). Above right - a gothic, pointed, triangular design (11 The Walnuts). Standardised clay building materials produced in the Potteries and the Derbyshire clayfields became more widely available during the 19th century. Above - stepped brick verge at 37 The Meadows. This is the only use of this decorative type of brick verge in Barrow. It is also found in other South Derbyshire villages.

Left - plain close verge. This simple detail, where the tiles simply overlap the wall, is found on the majority of small cottages and farm buildings, such as this outbuilding at The Elms. CHIMNEY STACKS AND POTS

Below - various plain brick chimneys with one or two oversailing courses and red or buff clay chimney pots. The chimney on the left has been adapted in the early 20th century by inserting pebbles set in mortar to create a decorative feature (Millstone Cottage, Church Lane).

Blue bricks were occasionally used when a stronger brick was required, especially in architect- designed Victorian buildings. Blue bricks were fired at higher temperatures and were more durable. They were ideal for oversailing courses. Blue bricks were mainly introduced in the second half of the 19th century, principally on practical grounds, but on occasion they were also used decoratively. Picture, below left - chimney with moulded blue brick bands and weatherings at Walnut Farm. Picture, below right - blue brick oversailing courses at 19 Twyford Road. WALLS

Timber frame was once a common building material in South Derbyshire, but it has diminished and there are often only fragments left, such as this example at Crow Trees on Church Lane (left).

The type of frame used in this area is known as small box framing. Squared panels are made up of short lengths of horizontal rails and timber posts, jointed together. The upper storey is often braced, as in this example at St Wilfrid’s, 16 Church Lane (left).

Right - the rather strange pattern of brickwork in the gable end of this barn on Twyford Road may echo the outline of a former cruck frame, following the outline of the brickwork. There are cruck-framed buildings reported in the village, but they are usually contained within buildings and are rarely evident. Cruck-framed buildings were occasionally encased in stone. WALLS - Brickwork details

19th century dentilled brick band at Walnut Farm (right). This detail is found in the mid 18th century but it was often adopted in the second half of the 19th century in estate villages. Walnut Farm underwent extensive remodelling during the 19th century, as did Crow Trees on Church Lane, which contains an 18th Century example of this detail.

Semi-circular arches and barrel- vaulted undercroft at Bethel Chapel (right). The wet, low-lying ground of the Meer was prone to flooding and the decision to build in this form and in this location suggests that there was little available space for new buildings in the 19th century.

Barns needed ventilation; the slits and diamond pattern ventilation holes adopted at The Pinfold (right - now blocked) were decorative as well as functional.

Working farms, such as that at St Wilfrid’s (16 Church Lane), needed a range of buildings. This farm building (right) incorporates a pitching eye, where hay could be stored at high level. The bricks are moulded and rounded, reducing friction and wear. WALLS - Stone details

1839 datestone (left) at Bethel Chapel and 1864 datestone (above) at the Old Post Office, Twyford Road.

Right - 1843 datestone at the former village school. The Sale and Davys families, who were patrons, are represented by the pair of heraldic shields.

Right - plaques at the former Sale and Davys village school. The shield on the right represents the Church of . WALLS - Eaves details

There are several types of decorative brick eaves within the village, incorporating brick corbelled out in either a “dentilled” or “sawtooth” pattern.

Left - sawtooth corbelled brick eaves. Header bricks are laid diagonally, so that they form this decorative pattern at The Walnuts. This type of eaves can be found on both the large farmhouses and the smallest cottages.

Left - dentilled brick eaves. Each alternate header brick projects to create a decorative effect. WINDOWS

Above - side-hinged casement windows of 1864, manufactured in cast iron, at the Old Post Office, 17 Twyford Road. The complex pattern of glazing, incorporating lozenges and rectangular margin lights, is characteristic of Victorian Jacobean architecture. Cast-iron was an ideal material for this as the glazing bars were thin, enabling intricate, fine details. The shaped stone lintel, with a four-centred arched soffit, and the chamfered cill are also contemporary.

Top right - cast-iron pointed arched gothic windows at Bethel Chapel.

Right - a cast iron casement window serving an old farm building at The Elms. Cast iron also had a utilitarian function as it could be made quickly in multiple units.

Painted timber casement windows; Hollybush House, 2 Church Lane (below left) with flush-fitting casement and frame, and Walnut Farm (below right) with recessed casements within a chamfered frame. Left - A “Yorkshire” horizontally sliding sash window at St. Wilfrid’s, 16 Church Lane.

The larger houses, such as Manor House (bottom left) had multi-paned vertically sliding sash windows in the Georgian period. Ivy House (bottom right) also has sash windows and it was an intermediate sized house, with a less formally classical character. The sash window boxes in both houses are hidden, set within a rebate behind the brickwork, following a regulation introduced in London, intended to inhibit the spread of fire.

During the Georgian period, glazing bars became increasingly more slender, to admit more light and to give greater finesse to architectural detail. Traditional shopfront at 16 Twyford Road (left). The elements of a traditional shopfront include paired pilasters, a moulded cornice, narrow fascia and a stall- riser, which in this case is brick. The door and fanlight are original but the window is a modern replacement.

Left - ogee-arched window with timber casements and gothic, chamfered and moulded frame and tracery (Lodge Cottage). LINTELS AND CILLS Segmental brick arches were commonly adopted in the 18th and early 19th centuries. This example at Trent House, Church Lane (left), incorporates incised stretcher bricks; each alternate brick is incised with a scratched horizontal line to receive a narrow “joint” of lime putty. The putty would have been added later to create the effect of an arch made of stretcher and header bricks. Modern re-pointing has removed some of the original subtlety.

Where economy was important, and for utilitarian buildings, lintels were even simpler in form - segmental arches at The Row, Twyford Road (second left) , formed by a single course of “header” bricks.

Cills Many of the smaller brick cottages, with segmental brick arches, had no cill (below). Later in the 19th century moulded blue clay bricks were used to create a more weatherproof detail. Many of the buildings that incorporate wedge stone lintels also have stone cills. The grander houses of the 18th century often adopted wedge-shaped stone lintels, such as the example at Manor House (below), which has incised stonework and a raised keystone.

Wedge-shaped stone lintels were also popular in the first half of the 19th century and examples can be seen at The Walnuts, 11 Church St. (above, top) and Ivy House, Church Lane (above, bottom), which is much plainer.

Above - unusual stone ogee-arched lintel at Lodge Cottage. DOORS AND DOORCASES

The ornate classical doorcase at Manor House (right) has a complete classical stone surround, incorporating a full entablature, engaged Doric columns, triangular pediment & rusticated pilasters. The original sunburst fanlight with its filigree astragals survives, but the door is modern and would have originally been a solid panelled door. The amount of attention paid to this doorcase reflects the important status of the house within the village, when it was first built.

Left - plain Georgian boarded door on Church Lane. Note the heavy frame and broad width of the planks.

Left - 4-panel door with heavy, applied bolection mouldings at Ivy House, Church Lane.

Right - 6-panel split door with raised and fielded panels and gothic style pointed- arched cast-iron fanlight at Bethel Chapel. PATHS, PAVING AND STEPS

Right - Narrow gritstone kerb.

Location : 15 metres on corner of Chapel Street and Church Lane, alongside Lodge Cottage.

Right - Narrow granite kerb.

Location : 4 metres on corner of Twyford Road and Church Lane.

Right - Wide gritstone kerb and shallow drainage channel in front of War Memorial.

Location : War Memorial at Twyford Road. STREET FURNITURE

Right - Wall-mounted red letter box (GR for George Rex), circa 1950 located in the wall of No 18 Twyford Road.

Right - K6 red telephone box (Sir Giles Gilbert Scott design), unlisted, located between No. 17 and No. 19 Twyford Road.