Friendship Treaty India Bhutan
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NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE Soviet Military Policy In
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE Soviet Military Policy in the Third World tnlit ..2.1'P.Oetbbei41976'4 T October 1975, the Soviets initiated an air and sealift from the USSR to help its client and in January 1976 began providing an airlift for Cuban forces between Cuba and Angola. 94. The Soviets evidently believe that the victory of a Soviet-supported national liberation movement has increased Soviet prestige in the Third World. The Soviets probably hope that Angola—where a substan- tial Cuban presence will probably remain for some [Omitted here is text unrelated to Africa.] time—may also assist the USSR in providing Soviets an entree to other national liberation movements in southern Africa—such as SWAPO. In October 1976 the Soviets signed a treaty of friendship and coopera- tion to consolidate their political position. In addition, they may hope to obtain access to port and air facilities as an alternative to those in Guinea. 95. Mozambique. Although not as extensive as that of the Chinese, Soviet aid in the form of military equipment, training, and funds assisted the Mozam- bique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) to come to power when Mozambique achieved independence in June 1975. FRELIMO will probably continue to receive substantial financial and military aid both from the USSR and the PRC. Mozambique provides training and base areas for guerrilla operations against - the white minority government of Rhodesia, an B. Africa activity to which the Soviets have given both military and political support. President Machel kept the 92. In absolute terms, Soviet military aid to sub- Soviets at arm's length immediately after independ- Saharan Africa is quite small. -
Nepali-Speaking Lhotsampas of Bhutan Population of Bhutan: 798,000 (2016 Estimate)
Caring for the Health of Refugees and Immigrants Nepali-Speaking Lhotsampas of Bhutan Population of Bhutan: 798,000 (2016 estimate) Bhutan is a small, South Asian country nestled in the Himalayan Mountains between China and India. The Lhotsampas (“People of the South”) are an ethnically- and linguistically-Nepali people from Bhutan. They are descendants of Nepali people who settled in Bhutan mostly during the early 1800s to early 1900s. In the 1980s, xenophobic fear spread that the ethnic minority Lhotsampas were starting to overtake the ethnic majority Druks. This led the country’s king to institute a “one country, one people” policy that required all Bhutanese citizens to dress, worship, and speak as the Druks did. Textbooks were burned, Lhotsampa teachers were dismissed, and Nepali was banned from schools. Protests were declared subversive and illegal. By the early 1990s, the minority group was frequently subject to detention, imprisonment without trial, and torture. The citizenship of Lhotsampas was questioned and their Bhutanese nationality documents were often rejected. In December 1990, the government decreed that any Lhotsampas who could not prove they were residents of Bhutan in the year 1958 would have to leave the country. More than 100,000 Lhotsampas fled to Nepal, where they have spent the past quarter of a century in crowded, impoverished refugee camps. Nepal did not allow refugees to integrate into Nepali society, seek employment, or travel outside of the camps and initially refused to allow any refugees to be resettled in other countries. An intractable humanitarian crisis emerged, further complicated by the failure of diplomatic negotiations between Bhutan and Nepal. -
Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN)
MARCH 2016 ISSUE NO. 135 Intra-BBIN Trade: Opportunities and Challenges PARTHAPRATIM PAL ABSTRACT The Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) sub-regional initiative is envisioned to improve economic cooperation and connectivity among the four South Asian countries. For India, this initiative allows it to bypass some of the more complex political issues of SAARC and engage in direct discussions on connectivity with Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. This initiative is expected to help the landlocked developing countries of this region to integrate more effectively with the global economy. But there may be certain challenges, too. India has been a dominant member of SAARC; without Pakistan and Sri Lanka, India's dominance in BBIN will be even more pronounced. It is also important to keep in mind that political objectives and policy priorities of BBIN countries might not always align perfectly. The long-term success of BBIN will depend on how well these concerns are managed within the framework. INTRODUCTION Although countries of South Asia are tied by To begin with, these countries trade very little shared history and culture, they are still not well among themselves. In spite of having an connected with each other and integration overarching regional free trade agreement in the remains one of the poorest in the world. The form of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) sub- (SAFTA) signed in 2004, and various other regional initiative is envisioned to improve bilateral and regional trade agreements forged economic cooperation and connectivity among since then, intra-regional trade among South these four South Asian countries. -
The Basic Principles and Practices of the Turmsh Foreign Policy Under Atatürk
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF THE TURMSH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER ATATÜRK YÜCEL GÜÇLÜ The fifteen years during which the Republican Turkey had been in existence under Kemal Atatürk's leadership were filled with an almost incredible activity in every field—including the foreign affairs. Few more surprising metamorphoses were recorded in history than the transformation which in the course of one decade and a half had changed old Turkey into a progressive modern country and a pillar of peace and stability in the Balkan Peninsula, in the eastern Mediterranean and in Western Asia. Turkey enjoyed the respect of all. No one dreamed of interfering in its internal affairs. Its neighbours, far from watching for opportunities to despoil it, were anxious to cultivate its friendship and they welcomed its co-operation in maintaining their common interests. Turkish diplomacy, in the period between the two world wars, wise and moderate as it showed itself, as well as vigorous and far-seeing, could not have accomplished so much if it had not been supported by radical reforms at home removing old shackles and inhibitions and opening the way for a tremendous revival of national energy and for a great development of national resources, both economic and cultural. The Turkish Constitution of 1924 had reserved a special foreign policy role to the President of the Republic. The President was well acquainted with the nation's diplomatic and security concerns. Atatürk had able lieutenants and devoted followers; but the realism and radicalism that marked Turkish foreign and internal policy since the foundation of the Republic were the fruit of his original genius. -
In Pursuit of Happiness, Bhutan Opens to Globalization and Business
In Pursuit of Happiness, Bhutan Opens to Globalization and Business Kimberly A. Freeman, Ph.D. Mercer University Katherine C. Jackson Mercer University ABSTRACT The Kingdom of Bhutan, a small country situated on the border between China and India, has in recent years become a constitutional democratic monarchy. As part of its 2008 constitution, Bhutan committed to promote conditions that would enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness. The country thus initiated an effort to improve the quality of life and happiness for its citizens and has embraced globalization far more than previously through attracting business, tourism, and communications. The author’s herein address some of the initiatives provide the context within which these efforts have arisen. Keywords: Bhutan; Gross National Happiness (GNH); Globalization; Constitutional democratic monarchy 1. Introduction In 2006, the 4th King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, decided he wanted to open Bhutan up to the world and usher in modernization. Forty years ago, in 1972, Bhutan’s fourth king stated that “Bhutan should pursue Gross National Happiness (GNH) rather than Gross National Product (GNP)…with an emphasis not only on economic growth, but also on culture, mental health, social values, compassion, and community” (Sachs, 2011, p. 2) He chose to abdicate the throne to his eldest son and announced Bhutan would hold its first general elections in 2008. His son, King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, took the throne of the new democratic Bhutan on December 14, 2006. Jigme Yoser Thinley was elected prime minister in the election, and Bhutan’s constitution was ratified on July 18, 2008. The concept of GNH has a very long history in Bhutan. -
Kingdom in the Himalayas
NEW! Flight + Tour Combo BHUTAN Kingdom in the Himalayas Flight + Tour Combos complement our Guided Walking FLIGHT + TOUR COMBO DAY THREE Adventures with affordably priced round-trip airfare, pre- and Join your Country Walkers Bhutan: Kingdom in the Himalayas post-tour accommodations, overseas tour transfers, and tour breakfasts. They give you everything you need in one convenient package; we handle all the details. Breakfast is included at your hotel. Your guide(s) will meet you at Druk Air check-in counter in the Suvarnabhumi Airport (Country Walkers will notify you of the meeting time 45-60 Simplify your journey to Bhutan with a Flight + Tour Combo. By departing days prior to your tour departure date). Your guide(s) will be two days before your scheduled tour begins, you’ll have ample time to wearing a Country Walkers shirt. Please be dressed for walking. get settled in Bangkok—perhaps even exploring the white arches and gardens of the Grand Palace or strolling the aisles of an open air market. With a population of over 11 million, Bangkok is by far Thailand’s largest Please refer to the Bhutan: Kingdom in the Himalayas (10-day/9- city—and, with a landscape richly peppered with golden temples, night) itinerary for full tour details. whitewashed palaces, gourmet restaurants, and intriguing museums, it is perhaps Southeast Asia’s most cosmopolitan as well. At the tour’s FLIGHT + TOUR COMBO POST-NIGHT conclusion, return here for an extra night before departing for your flight Tour Departure from Paro; transfer to Novotel Suvarnabhumi home. Airport Hotel; afternoon and overnight in Bangkok, Thailand FLIGHT + TOUR COMBO DAY ONE After your flight from Paro to Bangkok you say goodbye to Overnight Flight from USA to Bangkok, Thailand your group and enjoy a complimentary shuttle transfer to the Novotel Suvarnabhumi Airport Hotel for your post-tour night. -
Passman on Defrance and Ulrich Pfeil, 'Der Élysée-Vertrag Und Die Deutsch-Französischen Beziehungen 1945-1963-2003'
H-German Passman on Defrance and Ulrich Pfeil, 'Der Élysée-Vertrag und die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen 1945-1963-2003' Review published on Thursday, June 1, 2006 Corine Defrance, Ulrich Pfeil. Der Élysée-Vertrag und die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen 1945-1963-2003. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005. 291 S. EUR 24.80 (cloth), ISBN 978-3-486-57678-8. Reviewed by Elana Passman (Department of History, Indiana State University)Published on H- German (June, 2006) Catalyst to Cooperation? The 1963 Elysée Treaty in France and Germany Three winters ago, the tricolor waved over Berlin--from the new French Embassy near the Brandenburg Gate (through which Napoleon had marched victorious in 1806) to the Siegessäule (built to commemorate the 1870 victory over the French). The previous day, a joint French-German parliamentary session took place at Versailles, where so many wars had been ended. January 22, 2003 marked the fortieth anniversary of the Elysée Treaty (often dubbed the Treaty of Friendship), signed by Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle in 1963. Fanfare in both Berlin and Paris demonstrated the desire to neutralize--and even appropriate--symbolic sites of the old enmity. Recasting lieux de mémoire has a long legacy in the post-1945 history of Franco-German relations, and the 2003 celebrations proved no exception. This volume, drawn from a 2003 conference at the Deutsches Historisches Institut-Paris and the Sorbonne, hinges on two basic and interrelated questions. First, did Franco-German reconciliation result from the state and its representatives (read great men), from big ideas or from civil society? Second, was the Elysée Treaty the cause or the result of reconciliation between the twoErbfeinde ? Throughout the work, a rigorous and balanced scrutiny of the treaty from multiple angles belies the apparent simplicity of these queries. -
Formation of the State of Bhutan ('Brug Gzhung) in the 17Th Century and Its Tibetan Antecedents
Formation of the State of Bhutan (’Brug gzhung) in the 17th Century and its Tibetan Antecedents* John Ardussi Introduction The relationship between religion and the state has remained a perennial issue of the Tibetan cultural presence since the 7th century. The question is how the definition and actuality of that relationship evolved over fourteen centuries, both theoretically and in the practical implementation of governing structures. On what moral or normative religious grounds have the various Tibetan governments justified their existence? Conversely, what political assertions or compromises have religious institutions made to achieve a privileged, or at least defined and workable, relationship with the entities of civil governance? These are questions that in India and the West were framed in the context of debate over political theory, by such authors as Kautilya, Plato, Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Locke and a host of others. In the Buddhism-dominated intellectual universe of traditional Tibet, debates over politics and government were more likely to be argued in the pages of religious or quasi-religious tracts. Biography, poetry and religious history were literary genres which Tibetans used to expound views on government, often linking important events and leaders of the present with archetypes, both good and evil, from canonical antiquity and the early monarchy.i Prophecy (including recovered gter-ma works and dream encounters with deceased saints) was an especially potent Tibetan cultural medium in which political criticism of contemporary rulers could be articulated as an “authoritative voice from the past.” In the extreme were certain itinerant prophets who, like * Reprinted from Christoph Cüppers (ed.) 2005. Proceedings of the Seminar on The Relationship Between Religion and State (chos srid zung ’brel) in Traditional Tibet; Lumbini 4-7 March 2000. -
A Provisional Physiographic Zonation of Bhutan
Journal of Bhutan Studies A PROVISIONAL PHYSIOGRAPHIC ZONATION OF BHUTAN Chencho Norbu etal1 Abstract The concept of physiography integrates all of the main components of the natural environment, such as bedrock, surface drift deposits, landform, soils, climate, water, and plants and animals. This paper summarizes the provisional physiographic zonation of Bhutan, based on soil survey fieldwork by the National Soil Services Centre, with some material incorporated from other environmental disciplines. The main influence in shaping the landscape of Bhutan has been the uplift of the Himalayas following the collision of the Indian and Asian continental plates. This has given rise to the basic topographic structure of the country with the High Himalaya in the north from which long ranges formed of metamorphic rocks run southwards and then descend steeply to the duars. The main valleys follow more or less north- south course, but show considerable variation in their longitudinal profiles. They all have narrow gorge-like sections in the South but vary in the sections upstream. In western and central Bhutan the riverbeds have stepped profiles and the flatter sections form Inner Valleys with relatively gentle side slopes and wide floors at altitudes ranging from 1100 m at Wangdi to 2600 m at Jakar. The rivers in the east are cut deeper, and their valleys are narrow and steep throughout. 1 Ian Baillie, National Soil Resources Institute, Cranfield University, UK. Email: [email protected], Tshering Dorji, Tsheten Dorj, H. B. Tamang, Kado Tshering & Austin Hutcheon, National Soil Services Centre, Semtokha, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 119, Thimphu, Bhutan .Email:[email protected] 54 This structure forms the basis of the proposed zonation in which Bhutan is divided into transmontane plateau, High Himalayan peaks, High Himalayan plateau remnants, North- South valleys and ranges, front foothills and duars. -
LOCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE of BHUTAN in RELATION to INDIA Bhutan Is a Landlocked Country in South Asia. Located in the Eastern Hima
LOCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BHUTAN IN RELATION TO INDIA Bhutan is a landlocked country in south Asia. Located in the eastern Himalayas, it is bordered by Tibet of china in the west, Arunachal Pradesh state of India in the east and the Assam state of India in the south. Bhutan is landlocked between china and India measures 46,500 square kilometres and has a population of about 813,581. In spite of these limitations, Bhutan has earned the reputation of being a peaceful country where the development of threats from militancy, terrorism and economic disparity with in itself has virtually been absent. In this sense, Bhutan has thus far been more fortunate than many of its neighbours in the south Asian region. This has been in part owing to its self-isolationist policy up until the second half of the 20th century and the preservation and promotion of a strong sense of individuality that has ensured social adherence and unity. The locational significance of Bhutan are discussed as follows:- 1. Buffer State: The Himalayan nations of Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim were buffer- states between the British Empire and China, later between China and India, which in 1962 fought the Sino-Indian War in places where the two regional powers bordered each other. Bhutan is important to India as a buffer state as it act as a defence against China by protecting the chicken neck. It is so important for India to protect the North Eastern states that it has done things which no other nation does. 2. Bilateral relationship with India: The bilateral relations between the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India have been traditionally close and both countries share a 'special relationship', making Bhutan a protected state, but not a protectorate, of India. -
Friendship Offer
Friendship Offer Celebrating 30 years of Friendship Tourism Council of Bhutan Tel: +975 - 2 - 323251 / 323252 | Fax: +975 - 2 - 323695 / 337356 Email: [email protected] | Website: www.Bhutan.Travel facebook.com/destinationbhutan | twitter.com/tourismbhutan Bhutan - Korea Friendship Offer Bhutan and the Republic of Korea will celebrate 30 years of diplomatic relations in 2017 after starting formal diplomatic relations on 24th September 1987. To mark this important year, the Royal Government of Bhutan is pleased to present “Bhutan-Korea Friendship Offer” to the Republic of Korean nationals as part of the celebrations. THE ROYAL BHUTAN FLOWER EXHIBITION Date: 4 - 8 June, 2017 Location: Ugyen Pelri Palace, Paro The Royal Bhutan Flower Exhibition was instituted to commemorate the Birth Anniversary of Her Majesty the Gyaltsuen. It was first held in April 2015 upon the Royal Command of His Majesty The King, as a landmark community event The “Bhutan – Korea Friendship Offer” is for the Korean nationals for the month which would promote and inspire appreciation for beautiful spaces, foster of June, July & August 2017. community vitality, and encourage the growth of a vibrant entrepreneurship in floriculture across the nation. The offer includes the following: HAA SUMMER FESTIVAL 1. Visitors can choose not to pay the mandatory minimum daily package Date: 5 - 6 July, 2017 rate of US$ 200 per person per night. Instead, the government will Location: Dzongkhag Ground, Haa only levy the daily royalty of US$ 65 per person per night. 2. Drukair & Bhutan Airlines will offer 30% discounts on airfare . The Haa summer festival is a lively and uplifting celebration of traditional 3. -
Gross National Happiness-Based Economic Growth Recommendations for Private Sector Growth Consistent with Bhutanese Values
Gross National Happiness-Based Economic Growth Recommendations for Private Sector Growth Consistent with Bhutanese Values Allen Koji Ukai 2016 Master in Public Policy Candidate Submitted March 29th, 2016 Updated May 30th, 2016 Submitted to: Ryan Sheely, Faculty Advisor/Seminar Leader Harvard Kennedy School Kesang Wangdi, Deputy Secretary General Bhutan Chamber of Commerce This Policy Analysis Exercise (PAE) reflects the views of the author and should not be viewed as representing the views of the PAE's external client (the Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry), its interviewees, nor those of Harvard University or any of its faculty. It is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Policy Table of Contents List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Economic Development According to Gross National Happiness ................................................................ 4 Gross Domestic Product, Its Implications, and Its Shortcomings .............................................................. 4 Gross National Happiness and Its Impact within Bhutan .......................................................................... 5 Bhutan’s Underdeveloped Private Sector .....................................................................................................