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Passive Building Design Guide: Multifamily Construction Copyright 2018 Passive House Institute US, All Rights Reserved Passive Building Design Guide FOR DEVELOPERS, INVESTORS & CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS MULTIFAMILY CONSTRUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the MacArthur Foundation for making this design guide and its associated website, the Multifamily Construction Resource Center (www.multifamily.phius.org), possible. Through these new resources, they do vital work building a more just verdant, and peaceful world, specifically through slashing the effects of global climate change. We thank them for their investment and commend them for acting locally on issues with global implications. We would also like to thank all of the people who worked with us to put this guide together. Their help tracking down photos, photo credits, providing technical insight, and inside information was invaluable and has made this a better book. Among the people who dropped everything to help: Sam Rodell, Erin Cooperrider, Dylan Lamar, Matt Fine, HousingUp, REACH CDC, Community Housing of Maine, Tinsley Morrison, Vickey Rand, Ben Walter, Colin Schless, Michael Hindle, Steve Bluestone, Hammer and Hand, Ben Bogie, James Hartford, Hank Keating, and last—but not least—Sloan Ritchie. Passive Building Design Guide: Multifamily Construction Copyright 2018 Passive House Institute US, all rights reserved. CONTENTS Introduction 4 Passive Building Fundamentals 5 �� Passive Building Benefits 6 Detail drawings eliminate weak links. �� 8 10 Great windows make rooms bigger. Passive Building Works for D A RE RCH TE I S T I E GMICHAEL WILLIAM CLINEC T E R C D 15 5/23/2014 2:38:40 PM S PORTLAND, OREGON A4.25 R 61CC T N 4 12 A #2987 O T E G E OF O R all Building Types ™ T.O PLATE AT BRICK 136' - 8" 6720 SW MACADAM AVENUE, SUITE 100 PORTLAND, OR 97219 6111 T 503-245-7100 4 117 SOUTH MAIN STREET, SUITE 400 �� SEATTLE, WA 98104 T 206-576-1600 12 R 61GC © ANKROM MOISAN ARCHITECTS, INC. 13 A4.26 PASSIVE HOUSE AIR BARRIER 5 12 VENTED ATTIC 10 A4.26 61D1 ELEVATOR LOBBY CORRIDOR LAUNDRY 4 61D1 4R F 61CD F 61BC F 61CC 5 3 2 12 22 6 12 A4.26 T.O LEVEL 3 FINISH FLOOR 119' - 4" Phius+ Examples AT WINDOW BEYOND ELEVATOR LOBBY CORRIDOR LAUNDRY 18 AT FLOOR �� A4.26 BEYOND F 61BC 6 12 F 61CC F 61CD 2 12 5 3 18 T.O LEVEL 2 FINISH FLOOR 110' - 0" ELEVATOR LOBBY CORRIDOR FITNESS PIT LADDER ORCHARDS AT ORENCO - PHASE I PHASE - ORENCO AT ORCHARDS HILLSBORO, OREGON & CHERRY DRIVE AVENUE 231ST NW DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY REACH ELEVATOR SUMP 21 A4.26 F 30AK REVISION DATE REASON FOR ISSUE F 30AK F 30AG 1 4 1 4 1 4 T.O LEVEL 1 SLAB 100' - 0" Breaking Down the Numbers 13 There are many paths to high t v r . a a d n a performance. m a _ o c n e r BUILDING SECTIONS O s d r a h c r O - 4 1 - 5 2 0 4 3 CONSTRUCTION SET 1 \ o c n e r O t a s d 35 r DATE REVISION a h c r 05/23/2014 O \ s t SECTION AT ELEVATOR AND LAUNDRY c PROJECT NUMBER SHEET NUMBER e HEATING AND COOLING j A3.12 | N.T.S. o r 134025 P 1 t i v SCALE e R A3.12 A tight envelope with an elevator _ 28 \ : C inside. Six Steps to Phius+ Certification 40 �� Frequently Asked Questions �� 44 About PHIUS 50 42 Choose your windows early in the process. 44 Cost, certification, resilience, and ventilation are top queries. Credits ASYMETRICAL LOADS + 52 DISTRIBUTION Passive Building Design Guide 3 INTRODUCTION Welcome to the Passive Building Certification) and answers any of your lingering questions (Frequently Asked Questions). Of course, if your question Design Guide for Multifamily isn’t answered in this guide, there is an easy way to get it Construction answered: Contact us at [email protected]. I hope you’ll consider incorporating PHIUS+ into your When we began the Passive House Institute US in 2007, next building project. As you’ll learn in this guide, the result we focused primarily on houses, because that’s primarily is a superior building for occupants and owners that does what we designed and built for a living. As we moved into not necessarily cost more to develop and build. multifamily and commercial projects, we realized that it Data that is coming in from completed projects shows the works much better on larger projects, especially after closely accuracy of the modeling software to be remarkable—energy tailoring the building to the climate it sits in. The 2015 use is frequently within about 10 percent of what the model Climate Specific Passive Building Standards are the result predicts, which is substantially more accurate than other of deep research and improvements to the old passive-house energy-use predictions that you may come across. model of construction. The standards represent the most For more info on passive building, at the end of the guide cost-effective way to extremely low energy use. is a substantial resource list, but don’t stop there—you can This guide is loosely divided into three sections. Chapters also dig into the Multifamily Resource Center, the Commer- 1 and 2, Passive Building Fundamentals and Passive Build- cial Construction Resource Center, and phius.org. In the ing Benefits, cover the basics. The second section explores meantime, subscribe to the PHIUS newsletter for breaking real-world experiences of developers, architects, and building news, info, and new certified projects. owners. In Passive Building Works for All Building Types, we dispel some notions about whether passive building can scale Thank you for your interest in PHIUS. to multifamily (it can). Next, we look more closely at exam- ples of PHIUS+ buildings in the real world: a retrofit project Sincerely, for formerly homeless and at-risk of homelessness people; a new development focused on community integration , Katrin Klingenberg affordability, and carbon responsibility; and an affordable Executive Director, Passive House Institute US housing apartment complex with an unconventional hoop to jump through. The last part of the guide walks you through the pathway to PHIUS+ certification (Six Steps to PHIUS+ Passive Building Design Guide 4 Chapter 1 PASSIVE BUILDING FUNDAMENTALS Passive building is based on science and experience The building blocks of passive building come from the same building blocks as North American energy standards like Energy Star, LEED, and the Department of Energy’s Zero Energy Ready Home designation, because you can’t argue with physics. Those individual programs move buildings incrementally closer to energy efficiency. Passive building certification though PHIUS is a direct route to net-zero building that is substantially more comfortable, durable, healthful, and predictable than partial measures cobbled togeth- er. Fast-forwarding past the physics of passive building, it boils down to five building science principles: Continuous insulation interrupts 1 thermal ‘bridges’ between inside and out By completely wrapping a building with insulation, heat can no longer sneak out through framing, which has a lower R-value than the surrounding insulation. Mason- ry chimneys that connect inside and out are another often-overlooked thermal bridge. In multifamily housing, cantilevered concrete balconies inadvertently transform high-rise buildings into giant radiators. The simplest way to fix all of those energy sieves is to avoid building them An indoor/outdoor approach to thicker walls. In this retrofit, Hammer and Hand added a stud wall in the first place. Continuous, thick insulation on the inside the building and a layer of foam outside. outside of a building keeps heat flow to a minimum. Passive Building Design Guide 5 Airtight construction when the moist air hits the cold 2 stops heat and moisture wall sheathing. It happens in win- ter and summer, only in reverse. While thick, continuous insulation Air-conditioned buildings are cooler can stop a significant amount of heat and drier than outside air, so hot, loss through conduction, plugging humid outside air is sucked into air leaks can slow heat flow, too. walls, where it dumps moisture on Because temperature drives air the paper backing of the drywall. movement—think about convec- Paper backing on drywall makes tion loops—the air moving through terrific mold food, by the way. There buildings usually carries a lot of heat are a lot of holes, gaps, and cracks in with it. typical buildings that can add up to And here’s the rub: Warm air can cause a lot of hidden rot problems hold more moisture than cold air. while also wasting energy. So when warm air leaks through Detail drawings eliminate weak links in logic. Plan sets that have extensive detail pages show electrical outlets into exterior walls, tradespeople how to execute critical details in it dumps moisture into wall cavities the field. 3 Optimized windows keep heat in—and out Windows have a terrible job description: Plug a hole in the wall; stop air, water, and heat; open and close; look good; and be transparent. Some are even supposed to be shatter-resistant. Of all these demands, stopping heat flow is the most difficult to achieve because glass has an extremely low R-value. Typical Energy Star windows do this with double-glazing and argon gas, but passive buildings usually use triple-glazing. However, heat flow does not stop at conduction. A lot of heat can pass through windows by radiant transfer. Free heat in winter is welcome be- cause it lowers the work a heating system must do. Free heat in the sum- mer is the opposite: It makes the air-conditioning system work harder. Low-e coatings applied to the surface of the glass can block radi- ant-heat transfer, keeping it in or out, depending on the temperature gradient.
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