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Astakhov, V. 1998. the Last Ice Sheet of the Kara

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Astakhov, V. 1998. the Last Ice Sheet of the Kara Quaternary International, Vol. 45/46, pp. 19-28, 1998. Pergamon Copyright © 1997 INQUA/ElsevierScience Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved. PII: S 1040-6182(97)00003-7 1040~5182/98 $19.00 THE LAST ICE SHEET OF THE KARA SEA: TERRESTRIAL CONSTRAINTS ON ITS AGE Valery Astakhov Institute of Remote Sensing Methods for Geology (VNIIKAM), Birzhevoy proyezd 6, St.-Petersburg 199034, Russia The ice dispersal features on the Siberian mainland unanimously indicate that the last ice domes were positioned on the Kara Sea shelf and adjacent coastal plains. The age of the last glacial maximum evokes much controversy. The problem may be solved by sorting out the available radiocarbon dates, both statistically and using geological common sense. Over 200 finite radiocarbon dates have been analysed. 77% of the entire population represent sediments overlying the topmost till, including dating the most reliable organics such as mammoth remains. The rest of the dates (23%) have been obtained from the underlying sediments, mostly on materials readily prone to redeposition and contamination such as driftwood and shells. The last culmination of the shelf ice sheet must have occurred beyond the range of the conventional radiocarbon method and after the last warm-water sea transgression correlative to the Eemian. The Early Weichselian age for the last Kara Sea ice sheet is also supported by the lack of proglacial lacustrine sediments with finite radiocarbon dates in periglacial West Siberia. © 1997 INQUA/Elsevier Science Ltd INTRODUCTION to the arcs of ice-pushed ridges (Fig. 1), certainly rule out any subsequent ice flow from highlands. A previous paper (1992) discussed geological evidence Nevertheless, many authors (e.g. Biryukov et al., 1988) from the West Siberian Plain that can be used for disregard this clear evidence and advocate the idea of reconstruction of the last glaciation of the Kara Sea. More Late Weichselian ice caps positioned upon the low details on ice dispersal features of this glaciated area can mountains, which presumably advanced east, west, and be found in Grosswald (1994), with whom I fully agree in north onto the Siberian lowlands and shelves. Such this respect. The major disagreement between Grosswald highland ice sheets should have left large terminal (1994) and the interpretation presented in Astakhov moraines concentric to the corresponding mountainous (1992) relates to the age of the last shelf-centered ice massifs, but they did not. Moreover, the northernmost tip sheets of Arctic Russia. In this paper I would like to of the Urals is devoid of any (even small) morainic loops, emphasise the temporal aspect of the problem by which could be ascribed to montane glaciers. The presenting more geochronological data not easily acces- available morainic ridges are transverse to the Uralian sible by the English speaking community. range and too large for any conceivable valley glaciers (Astakhov, 1979; Arkhipov et al., 1980). Since the ice directional features show ice dispersal ICE DISPERSAL PATTERN from topographic lows upslope, not vice versa, the hypothesis of highland ice domes can only be supported The last ice sheet of the Kara Sea commonly evokes by such ambiguous evidence as: (i) the occurrence of two questions: (i) whether it existed at all, and (ii) if hummock-and-lake topography mostly along the high- it did exist, when? In my opinion, the evidence of lands, (ii) the distribution of hard-rock clasts which are the Post-Eemian ice dispersal from the shelf onto more plentiful toward the mountains, and (iii) the adjacent dry lands is overwhelming (Astakhov, 1976, presumed lack of surficial tills in the Arctic lowlands. 1979; Andreyeva, 1978; Arkhipov et al., 1980; Kind The idea of a driftless area in the Arctic lowlands stems and Leonov, 1982; Grosswald, 1980, 1994). The ice from observations of the 1960s when diamictons with flow features directed upslope (south) from the Kara marine fossils and few pebbles were mistaken for glacio- Sea are in full accord with the very small size of marine sediments. This error was first revealed by morainic loops of alpine glaciers mapped along the Kaplyanskaya and Tarnogradsky (1975), and later by borders of the Urals and eastern Taimyr mountains other investigators (e.g. Astakhov, 1979, 1981; Komarov, (e.g. Gesse et al., 1963; Makeyev and Berdovskaya, 1986). As a result, a surficial till, lying on top of 1973). The well pronounced striae, flutes, grooves interglacial marine sediments and containing fossil glacial and eskers, trending across the Palaeozoic folds, are ice, is now mapped throughout the Arctic (Fig. 2). accompanied by numerous erratics transported south- The distribution of highland clasts is hardly a weighty wards from the Kara Sea coasts (Voronov, 1951; argument because northern highlands are always sur- Tarakanov, 1973; Andreyeva, 1978; Astakhov, 1979; rounded by fields of hard-rock pebbles regardless of the Grosswald, 1994, etc.). Such features, striking normally actual glacial history. Nobody has ever demonstrated that 19 20 V. Astakhov 60OE 80°N 90OE Barenls ,8 % 80°N 5e Kar / / Isl. i o10 ~ 9 ID .~IBERIAN "~B J PLAND (,5,7. "v" Arctic ,5' / A N d N D I,Ill I I I I I FIG. 1. Location map with some features of the last sheet glaciation. 1 -- ice-pushed ridges by terrestrial geological surveys, photogeological interpretation and marine seismics (from Astakhov, 1976Astakhov, 1979; Arkhipov et al., 1980; Kind and Leonov, 1982; Epstein and Gataullin, 1993); 2 -- same, inferred from bathymetric maps; 3 -- limit of the surficial till overlying the uppermost interglacial marine formation; 4 -- suggested limit of a possible ice sheet within 30-15 ka BP time span; 5 -- striae and flutes across Palaeozoic structures; 6 --radiocarbon dated sequence overlying the uppermost till (see Table 1); 7 -- same within the possible West Kara ice sheet; 8 -- profiles in Fig. 2. the Uralian and Mid-Siberian clasts were transported to amongst fields of stagnant ice, as well as by lakes and the lowlands specifically during the LGM. Such pebbles streams, as can be seen in Fig. 2. These late glacial often originate from non-glacial gravels and are always aqueous agencies led to a flatter topography. associated with more informative clasts of soft rocks Conversely, the debris-laden marginal parts of the Kara derived from topographic lows. ice sheet, affected by upslope compressive ice flow, The question of the fresh hummock-and-lake land- stagnated much farther south at higher altitudes, where scapes is more complicated, but sufficient explanations of they survived late glacial inundations to produce thick its peri-montane location are available after research tills and rough topography due to perforating activity of during the last two decades. The scarcity of hummock- glaciokarst sinking lakes. Closer to the highlands the till and-lake landscapes in the high Arctic can partly be of the last ice age may be 40--50 m thick (Kind and explained by retarded deglacifition, as a result of which Leonov, 1982; Komarov, 1986; Astakhov and Isayeva, large slabs of basal glacial ice still persist within the thick 1988). It is also significant that in the marginal parts of permafrost as constituents of 'primordially frozen tills', the former ice sheet pebbles in the till are oriented that need additional warming to produce expressive longitudinally (i.e. parallel to the mountain front; glaciokarst features (Kaplyanskaya and Tarnogradsky, Astakhov, 1979; Sukhorukova and Gaigalas, 1986), 1977; Astakhov and Isayeva, 1988). On the other hand, which is another phenomenon not explained by the the lowlands were occupied by central parts of the ice highland ice hypothesis. sheet where glacial ice was relatively poor in debris. The Thus, the most expressive surficial features such as resultant thinner tills could readily be destroyed by the push moraines, glacial striae, oriented pebbles unan- late glacial sea, penetrating into the isostatic trough imously indicate to the last ice advance from the low Kara The last ice sheet of the Kara Sea: terrestrial constraints on its age 21 A ItLt,m ~1 ao _ ~ "~ ~ ./~620± 1010(LU-711) 15190+170 (LU- 712.) 0" 17 Lz5O~O+- 1750 {LLJ-1|55) B \46000~ 18qO(I.U-|15~,) . [ >46750 (LU-I~)]t?) -r I ~ 40"/OO.*llOO(Oll-lg46) 30010 t 21Q J.~ .. .Tt#,Z 1 I11 40 C D alt,m 70, .?0 .60 50 . t,O - 50 20 .10 fl FIG. 2. Geological profiles of Arctic West Siberia compiled by A. Lavrov and L. Potapenko (mapping report, 1983), based on photogeological survey data. For location see Fig. 1. Symbols: glI -- Middle Pleistocene till; gill -- Upper Pleistocene till (Upper Weichselian according to A. Lavrov and co-authors); mllIkz --Kazantsevo Formation with shells of boreal marine molluscs; a, llII- alluvial and limnic sediments; lg, lg2, lg3 Ill -- laminated sand, clay and loess-like silts (glaciolacustrine according to A. Lavrov and co- authors); alV -- Holocene alluvium; P --Palaeogene sediments. Black dots indicate radiocarbon samples, a -- possible Late Weichselian ice limit by Astakhov (1979)Astakhov (1981). Sea coastlands upslope. Only the most prominent of them and Laurentide glacial stades. Still the data accumulated are pictured in Fig. 1, but they are sufficient to and presented below seem to be enough to at least demonstrate where the last glacier came from. eliminate some geochronological speculations on the Judging by the subparallel (not radial) striae and flutes Post-Eemian glacial maximum. across Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach and Pai-Hoi, these The most popular idea of the Late Weichselian age of narrow Palaeozoic ranges could not be major ice dispersal the LGM in the Russian Arctic is shared by both groups centers (Grosswald, 1994). The Novaya Zemlya archipe- of scientists: by those who profess the hypothesis of lago is fringed along the northwest by a huge submerged restricted ice domes upon highlands (Biryukov et al., double ridge which is, according to Russian seismic 1988) and by those who accept the Kara shelf ice domes surveys and geotechnical drilling (Epstein and Gataullin, (Volkov et al., 1978; Arkhipov et al., 1980; Grosswald, 1993), built of diamicion more than 60 m thick.
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