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A Look at the Destruction and Decline of a Minoan Town: Palaikastro

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A Look at the Destruction and Decline of a Minoan Town: Palaikastro TOTEM 5 A Look at the Decline and Destruction of a Minoan Town: Palaikastro Amanda Hardman Palaikastro, located on the appearance of open communication across northeastern coast of Crete, had already communities indicate the culture was become an important Minoan city by the end flourishing. For him, the destruction at of the Early Minoan Period (EM).1 Some Palaikastro and other Minoan sites came as a scholars believe it to have been on par with total surprise (Warren 1991:29). However, some of the smaller palatial centers like scholars who share this view have ignored Gournia and Zakros, and that future evidence of previous destructions dating to excavation will reveal a palace structure like the LMIA period (Driessen & MacDonald those at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia 1997:104), as well as those in the MMII and (Driessen & MacDonald 1997:228). MMIII periods (Warren 1991:35-36). A However, at the end of the Late Minoan IB look at the archaeological remains from (LMIB) period it, along with most of the Palaikastro suggests a much different picture other Minoan sites, suffered a major than the one Warren paints. destruction (Demand 2006:46; Warren This article will argue – in agreement 1991:29), resulting in its temporary with Driessen and MacDonald (1997) - that abandonment (Page 1971:371). Although an earthquake and the subsequent Theran one of the very few Minoan sites to be re- volcanic eruption in the LMIA period led to inhabited in the Late Minoan II (LMII) a suffering and gradual decline at period by squatters, Palaikastro would never Palaikastro (and the Minoan culture in again regain the prominence or splendor it general), culminating in the LMIB had achieved in the early LMIA period destruction and temporary abandonment of (Driessen & MacDonald 1997:109, 111). the site. To do so, evidence for the LMIA Many scholars (including Warren destruction at Palaikastro will be examined, 1991; Soles and Davaras 1990) believe that including a survey of both the immediate “at the moment of destruction...the [Minoan] and more long-term effects and the decline civilization not only shows no signs of of the city. This will then be followed by a impending collapse but was in fact at its discussion of the cause of the LMIB highest level” (Warren 1991:29). More destruction and how it is related to the specifically, Warren (1991) argues that earlier destruction. Minoan Crete's economic interactions, the unfortified nature of the sites, and the The LMIA Destruction and Its Immediate Effects Both recent and older excavations at 1 Please note that after the introduction abbreviations will be used for the periods discussed in the article, Palaikastro have revealed that it suffered a i.e. MMIII = Middle Minoan III period, LMIA = Late major earthquake during the LMIA period, Minoan IA period, LMIB = Late Minoan IB period as indicated by the LMIA pottery found etc. Chronological dates for these periods have not within the destruction layer (Driessen & been included or discussed as there is still so much MacDonald 1997:15). House B, Blocks debate within the discipline. Relative chronology will suffice for this discussion. However, it may be Beta ( ), Delta ( ), Gamma ( ) and Pi ( ), helpful to note that the LMIB destruction is thought Building 2, Building 3, Building 4, and to have occurred around 1450 B.C. and the LMIA Building 7 all show unmistakable signs of anytime between 1640 and 1550 B.C. TOTEM: vol.17 2008-2009 Copyright © 2009 TOTEM: The U.W.O. Journal of Anthropology TOTEM 6 earthquake destruction dating to the LMIA cm (Bruins et al. 2008:205; Driessen & period (Driessen & MacDonald 1997:228). MacDonald 1997:93). Fortunately at It appears that following this earthquake an Palaikastro the evidence is more clear. A effort was made to rebuild the site, as had layer eight centimetres deep of Theran been done following all the previous volcanic ash was found outside Building 7, volcanic activity in the area (Driessen & near and inside Building 6 as well as along MacDonald 1997:33). However, this the coast cliff, mixed with other sediments rebuilding was put on hold following the and ceramic sherds (Bruins et al. 2008:196; eruption of the volcano on Thera. The Driessen & MacDonald 1997:234). What eruption was devastating to the island of effect did this amount of ash have? Most Thera, although there is still much debate as scholars have argued that there is no way to to how much of an effect it had on Crete tell what the effect of poisonous gases, acid especially when it comes to the severity of rain or scorching winds may have been on the ash-fall on eastern Crete and its effects. the people or animals of Crete (Driessen & Over the next four sections, evidence for the MacDonald 1997:90). However, it is destruction of Palaikastro by the Theran possible that the volcanic ash could have eruption related ash-fall, depletion of ground seriously affected the fresh water supply. water, and tsunamis will be analyzed, Wells would have been easily muddied and including an outline of the immediate effects would have needed to be replaced. At these would have had on the city. Palaikastro there is such evidence: wells going out of use and new ones being built Ash-Fall (Driessen & MacDonald 1997:100). Studies done by Vitaliano & Another possible result of the ash- Vitaliano (1974:20) in the 1970s on the fall on Crete was climate change (Driessen tephra (volcanic ash) found in the LMIA & Macdonald 1997:92; Gorokhovich destruction layers on Crete revealed it to 2005:218). Decline in precipitation, change have the same refractive index (~1.509) as in water quality, reduced sun radiation, a the ash on Thera, indicating that the ash on cooler climate, length of the growing season, Crete was in fact from the same volcanic and the nature of the crops harvested are all eruption as the one on Thera. These factors which can be expected to have findings were reinforced in 2002 when affected the agricultural output of the Bruins examined separate tephra deposits Minoans at Palaikastro and other areas. In (also found in LMIA destruction layers) addition, the Theran ash was found to using geochemical and elemental analysis contain high silicate and fluoride which (Bruins et al. 2005:197). However, many would have changed the soils with a high differing opinions and estimates have been magnesium content to iron-poor, silica rich given for the amount of ash that fell on the soils (Driessen & Macdonald 1997:100). If islands and many excavations uncovered the Theran eruption happened in the early little or no evidence of volcanic ash (Blong summer as suggested by prevailing wind 1978:224; Driessen & MacDonald 1997; directions and by the fact that the pithoi in Hood 1978:684; Schiering 1978:699). Akrotiri were almost empty (the harvest had Those estimates based on the position of not yet been done), the harmful effects on Crete suggest 30-50 cm (Page 1978:693), the agriculture of Crete should not be while more conservative estimates based on underestimated (Driessen & Macdonald geographical extrapolation from deep sea 1997:100). Excavators noted a large sediments places the estimate closer to 5-10 increase in the conversion of previous living TOTEM: vol.17 2008-2009 Copyright © 2009 TOTEM: The U.W.O. Journal of Anthropology TOTEM 7 space into storage space during the months, which could have slowed rebuilding of Palaikastro following the agriculture and as Gorokhovich (2005:219) LMIA eruption, suggesting that food argues “be interpreted as 'God's Wrath'”, production and its storage had become of with both acting as a stimulus for fundamental importance during this period emigration. At Palaikastro, the population (Driessen & Macdonald 1997:102). appears to have dropped significantly as Low rainfall during this time could indicated by the abandonment of House B, have allowed ash to cling to vegetation for Area 6, and Building 2 in LMIA after the long periods of time resulting in the eruption, in addition to the decrease in the destruction of grape, olive, and cereal crops level of occupation in the houses still (Driessen & Macdonald 1997:100). Such inhabited (Driessen & MacDonald devastation could have caused a famine in a 1997:233). subsistence agriculture system such as that of the Minoans; however, as already stated Tsunamis above, there are those who feel that the ash Marinatos (1939:435) was the first to from the volcano would have made very suggest that tsunamis caused by the Theran little difference on Crete, or that at this time eruption were the cause of the LMIA there is not sufficient evidence to make a destruction of eastern coastal Minoan towns, definite statement (See Blong 1978:224; including Palaikastro. However, there was Hood 1978:684; Schiering 1978:699) little or no evidence to support his claim However, while future finds may force until the publication by Bruins et al.(2008). reconsiderations, based on the current Bruins et al. (2008) present undeniable evidence, the conclusions being present here proof that the city of Palaikastro was struck are the most likely to have occurred. by a tsunami in the LMIA period. Finds of imbrication (overlapping) of ceramic sherds, Depletion of Ground Water Supply other archaeological and natural components Gorokhovich (2005:217) argues that (including cattle bone radiocarbon dated to both the earthquake activity before the the LMIA period), chaotic multi-modal eruption of Thera as well as continuing geographical deposits, and coralline algae seismic activity throughout and after it may and foraminifera are each definite signs of have caused a depletion of ground water tsunamis, and could not have been caused by supply at Minoan sites. Seismic motions any other water source (i.e.
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