DOCSLIB.ORG

A COMPARATIVE STUDY of the WEBERIAN APPARATUS in the GENERA DIONDA and NOTROPIS (CYPRINIDAE) by Morgan Emery Sisk Bachelor of S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A COMPARATIVE STUDY of the WEBERIAN APPARATUS in the GENERA DIONDA and NOTROPIS (CYPRINIDAE) by Morgan Emery Sisk Bachelor of S A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE GENERA DIONDA AND NOTROPIS (CYPRINIDAE) By Morgan Emery Sisk Bachelor of Science Murray State College Murray, Kentucky 1953 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1961 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE GENERA_DI9NDA AND NOTROPIS (CYPRINIDAE) cl.ARE.NGE J. eCOY JR. By Morgan Emery Sisk Bachelor of Science Murray State College Murray, Kentucky 1953 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1961 Name: Morgan Emery Sisk Date of Degree: May, 1961 Institution: Oklahoma State University Location: Stillwater, Oklahoma Title of Study: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE GENERA DIONDA AND NOTROPIS (CYPRINIDAE) Pages in Study: 50 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Major Field: Zoology Scope and Method of Study: The bony elements of the Weberian apparatus from three species of Dionda and six species of Notropis were studied to compare and describe structural variations between the two genera. Specimens were procured from field collections and from the collec- tion of fishes at Oklahoma State University. A modification of the alizarin red—S method was utilized in staining the specimens. Dis- sections were made under a binocular microscope prior to or after clearing in glycerine and drawings were made in charcoal with the aid of a camera lucida. Findings and Conclusions: The Weberian apparatus in Notropis and Dionda incorporates the first four modified vertebrae none of which is fused to others. The apparatus of both genera is similar in many respects and highly variable in all species examined. The main differences noticed between the genera are: (1) a stouter and heavier pars sustentaculum in Notropis; (2) the presence of a spur— like process on the third neural pedicle in Notropis, absent in Dionda; (3) and usually a vertically elongate neural complex in Notropis, horizontally elongate and boat shaped in Dionda. The Weberian ossicles are of no taxonomic value since they are highly variable within species and often differ from left to right sides in single specimens. ADVISER'S APPROVAL A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE WEBER IAN APPARATUS IN THE GENERA DIONDA AND NOTROPIS (CYPRINIDAE) Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser Dean of the Graduate School 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The criticisms of Doctors G. A. Moore, B. P. Glass, and H. I. Featherly are greatfully acknowledged. Mr. A. P. Juhlin of the Okla- homa State University Library was most helpful in obtaining many valuable references, otherwise unavailable. Doctor Clark Hubbs of the University of Texas was most generous in providing specimens of Dionda diaboli Hubbs and Brown. Thanks are extended to Messrs. B. A. Rranson, M. R. Curd, C. J. McCoy and A. D. Niazi, fellow graduate students who assisted me in the field and in the laboratory. Doc-Or C. D. Riggs graciously provided the facilities of the University of Oklahoma Biological Station for summer research and assisted in collecting specimens. My wife Jane graciously assisted in the preparation of this work. 111 PREFACE It has been common practice in the past to classify fishes on the basis of external morphological structures and easily accessible parts of the internal anatomy. Today, it is essential that fish taxonomists examine more critically the finer details of hard and soft anatomy in order to better understand and more accurately establish true relation- ships between presently existing groups of fishes. A case in point is the superficial similarity of the genera Notropis and Dionda. The main criterion that has been used in separating these two genera is the long gut in Dionda and a short gut in Notropis. One could take the stand that Dionda is only a,Notropis,with a long gut. Such a stand has precedent in the genus Pimephales in which the gut length varies intra- specifically. Within the past decade one geographic population of Dionda was described as a full species of Notropis. Alvarez and Navarro (1953) described Notropis ipni from a southern race of Dionda rasconis (Jordan and Snyder), thus indicating the superficial resemblance of the two genera, according to Hubbs (1956). The present study involving all of the United States members of the genus Dionda - and six common species in the genus Notropis, was undertaken to investigate and describe in detail structural variations existing in the bony elements of the Weberian apparatus of these nine species of minnows. It was hoped that comparison of these osteological structurps in the two genera might help understand their relationship. i v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ... 1 II. HISTORICAL REVIEW ... 3 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ... 7 Collection of Fishes ... 7 Preparation of Specimens for Observation ... 8 Preparation of Illustrations ... 9 IV. OBSERVATIONS ............................................. 11 Pars Sustentaculum .................................. 11 Pars Auditum 17 V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ............................... 21 VI. SUMMARY .................................................. 35 VII. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY ............................ 37 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 38 APPENDIX ........................................................ 42 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Development of the Weberian Ossicles .... 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Text Figure 1. General Plan of the Weberian Apparatus in the Ostariophy- sine Fishes Taken from Chranilov (1926) and Modified .... 1 Plate I. Dorsal, Ventral, Lateral, and Anterior Views of the Pars Sustentaculum of Notropis,cornutus and Dionda diaboli 43 Figure 1 - Lateral view of the pars sustentaculum in N. cdrnutus. Figure 2 - Dorsal view of the pars sustentaculum in N. cornutus. Figure 3 - Anterior view of the pars sustentaculum in N. cOrnutus. Figure 4 — Ventral view of the pars sustentaculum in cornUtus,._ Figure 5 - Lateral view of the pars suttentaculum in D. diaboli. Figure 6 - Dorsal view of the pars sustentaculum in D. diaboli. Figure 7 - Anterior view of the pars sustentaculum in D. diaboli. Figure 8 - Ventral view of the pars sustentaculum in D. diaboli. v i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Plate Page II. Lateral Views of the Neural Complex in Nine Species of Minnows ........................................... 45 Figure 9 - Neural complex of N. cornutus Figure 10 - Neural complex of N. zonatus Figure 11 - Neural complex of N. whipplei Figure 12 - Neural complex of N. lutrensis Figure 13 - Neural complex of N. venustus Figure 14 - Neural complex of N. percobramus Figure 15 - Neural complex of D. diaboli Figure 16 - Neural complex of D. episcopa Figure 17 - Neural complex of D. nubila III. Selected Views of the Weberian Ossicles of Six Species of Notropis ... 47 Figure 18 - Ossicles of N. cornutus Figure 19 - Ossicles of N. zonatus Figure 20 - Ossicles of N. percobromus Figure 21 - Ossicles of N. venustus Figure 22 - Ossicles of N. lutrensis Figure 23 - Ossicles of N. whipplei IV. Selected Views of the Weberian Ossicles of Three Species of Dionda .............................................. 49 Figure 24 - Ossicles of D. diaboli Figure 25 - Ossicles of D. episcopa Figure 26 - Ossicles Of D. nubila vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION According to Krumholz (1943)1 E. H. Weber in 1820 described a chain of bones connecting the air-bladder to the inner ear in the old world catfish, Silurus cilanis Linnaeus. The group of fishes possessing this remarkable structure was named Ostariophysaea by Sagemehl (1891). Jordan (1929) defined the series Ostariophysi as "fishes with the an- terior vertebrae modified to connect with the air-bladder and inclos- ing an organ of hearing." The general plan of the Weberian apparatus in the ostariophysine fishes (Text Figure 1) consists of the first four or five anterior vertebrae modified to form the pars sustentaculum or supporting OS SUSPENSORIUM INTER CALARIUM SCAPHIUMi SINUS IMPARIS Allip,CLAUSTRUM SINUS AIR ENDOLYMPHATICUS \41ca BLADDER DUCTUS ATRIUM ENDOLYMPHATICUS SINUS IMPARIS OSSICUL AR LIGAMENT TRIPUS I-17=MODIFIED VERTEBRAE Text Figure 1. 1 2 mechanism of the apparatus. Associated with the pars sustentaculum are three or four ossicles, small bones connecting the anterior chamber of the air bladder to the inner ear, which are collectively referred to as the pars auditum. These ossicles are thought to be derived from the modified vertebrae. Between the left and right inner ears there is a connecting duct, the ductus endolymphaticus, containing endolymph. Projecting posteriorly from this duct is a median diverticulum, the sinus endolymphaticus. Enclosing the sinus endolymphaticus, but not openly communicating with the sinus or ductus endolymphaticus, is a median tube containing perilymph, the sinus imparis. This sinus divides posteriorly to form a pair of cavities, the atria sinus imparis, whose posterior medial and lateral walls are formed by one or two of the anterior ossicles. The function of the Weberian apparatus has never been definitely determined. Several theories have been proposed relative to its physio- logical function: registering changes in atmospheric pressure, serving as an aid to hearing, and functioning as a hydrostatic organ. Recent experiments by Wunder (1936), von Frisch (1938), Poggendorf (1952), and others indicate the apparatus may serve any one or more of the proposed functions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi
    Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 (http://www.accessscience.com/) Article by: Boschung, Herbert Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Gardiner, Brian Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400) Content Morphology Euteleostei Bibliography Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi The most recent group of actinopterygians (rayfin fishes), first appearing in the Upper Triassic (Fig. 1). About 26,840 species are contained within the Teleostei, accounting for more than half of all living vertebrates and over 96% of all living fishes. Teleosts comprise 517 families, of which 69 are extinct, leaving 448 extant families; of these, about 43% have no fossil record. See also: Actinopterygii (/content/actinopterygii/009100); Osteichthyes (/content/osteichthyes/478500) Fig. 1 Cladogram showing the relationships of the extant teleosts with the other extant actinopterygians. (J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2006) 1 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 Morphology Much of the evidence for teleost monophyly (evolving from a common ancestral form) and relationships comes from the caudal skeleton and concomitant acquisition of a homocercal tail (upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin are symmetrical). This type of tail primitively results from an ontogenetic fusion of centra (bodies of vertebrae) and the possession of paired bracing bones located bilaterally along the dorsal region of the caudal skeleton, derived ontogenetically from the neural arches (uroneurals) of the ural (tail) centra.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin, Evolution and Homologies of the Weberian Apparatus: a New Insight
    Int. J. Morphol., 27(2):333-354, 2009. Origin, Evolution and Homologies of the Weberian Apparatus: A New Insight Origen, Evolución y Homologías del Aparato Weberiano: Un Nuevo Acercamiento Rui Diogo DIOGO, R. Origin, evolution and homologies of the Weberian apparatus: a new insight. Int. J. Morphol., 27(2):333-354, 2009. SUMMARY: The Weberian apparatus is essentially a mechanical device improving audition, consisting of a double chain of ossicles joining the air bladder to the inner ear. Despite being one of the most notable complex systems of teleost fishes and the subject of several comparative, developmental and functional studies, there is still much controversy concerning the origin, evolution and homologies of the structures forming this apparatus. In this paper I provide a new insight on these topics, which takes into account the results of recent works on comparative anatomy, paleontology, and ontogeny as well as of a recent extensive phylogenetic analysis including not only numerous otophysan and non-otophysan extant otocephalans but also ostariophysan fossils such as †Chanoides macropoma, †Clupavus maroccanus, †Santanichthys diasii, †Lusitanichthys characiformis, †Sorbininardus apuliensis and †Tischlingerichthys viohli. According to the evidence now available, the Weberian apparatus of otophysans seems to be the outcome of a functional integration of features acquired in basal otocephalans and in basal ostariophysans, which were very likely not directly related with the functioning of this apparatus, and of features acquired in the nodes leading to the Otophysi and to the clade including the four extant otophysan orders, which could well have been the result of a selection directly related to the functioning of the apparatus.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Eel Electrophorus Electricus
    Electric Eel Electrophorus electricus Gen. Habitat Water Habitat Rivers Temperature 0-35 C Humidity Undefined Pressure High Salinity 1000-3000 ppm pH 6.0-8.0 Summary: The electric eel is a species of fish found in the basins of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers of South America. It can produce an electric discharge on the order of 600-650 volts, which it uses for both hunting and self-defense. It is an apex predator in its South American range. Despite its name it is not an eel at all but rather a knifefish. Description: A typical electric eel has an elongated square body, a flattened head, and an overall dark grayish green color shifting to yellowish on the bottom. They have almost no scales. The mouth is square, placed right at the end of the snout. The anal fin continues down the length of the body to the tip of their tail. It can grow up to 2.5 m (about 8.2 feet) in length and 20 kg (about 44 pounds) in weight, making them the largest Gymnotiform. 1 m specimens are more common. They have a vascularized respiratory organ in their oral cavity. These fish are obligate air-breathers; rising to the surface every 10 minutes or so, the animal will gulp air before returning to the bottom. Nearly 80% of the oxygen used by the fish is taken in this way. Despite its name, the electric eel is not related to eels but is more closely related to catfish. Scientists have been able to determine through experimental information that E.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cyprinid Fish
    DFO - Library / MPO - Bibliotheque 01005886 c.i FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. Circular No. 65 RUSSIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF NAMES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AND RELATED TERMS Compiled by W. E. Ricker Fisheries Research Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C. August, 1962 FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Biological Station, Nanaimo, B0C. Circular No. 65 9^ RUSSIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF NAMES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AND RELATED TERMS ^5, Compiled by W. E. Ricker Fisheries Research Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C. August, 1962 FOREWORD This short Russian-English glossary is meant to be of assistance in translating scientific articles in the fields of aquatic biology and the study of fishes and fisheries. j^ Definitions have been obtained from a variety of sources. For the names of fishes, the text volume of "Commercial Fishes of the USSR" provided English equivalents of many Russian names. Others were found in Berg's "Freshwater Fishes", and in works by Nikolsky (1954), Galkin (1958), Borisov and Ovsiannikov (1958), Martinsen (1959), and others. The kinds of fishes most emphasized are the larger species, especially those which are of importance as food fishes in the USSR, hence likely to be encountered in routine translating. However, names of a number of important commercial species in other parts of the world have been taken from Martinsen's list. For species for which no recognized English name was discovered, I have usually given either a transliteration or a translation of the Russian name; these are put in quotation marks to distinguish them from recognized English names.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and Role of Peripheral Auditory
    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 11-2009 The evelopmeD nt and Role of Peripheral Auditory Structures in Otocinclus affinis Sri Kiran Kumar Reddy Botta Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, Biology Commons, Other Animal Sciences Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Botta, Sri Kiran Kumar Reddy, "The eD velopment and Role of Peripheral Auditory Structures in Otocinclus affinis" (2009). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 128. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/128 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DEVELOPMENT AND ROLE OF PERIPHERAL AUDITORY STRUCTURES IN OTOCINCLUS AFFINIS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Sri Kiran Kumar Reddy Botta December 2009 THE DEVELOPMENT AND ROLE OF PERIPHERAL AUDITORY STRUCTURES IN OTOCINCLUS AFFINIS Date Recommended 23rd Nov 2009 Michael E. Smith_____ Director of Thesis ____ Claire A. Rinehart____ __ Nancy A. Rice______ _____________________________________ Dean, Graduate Studies and Research Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I like to convey loving gratitude to my parents. Without their support, I may not be in the position where I am now. I would like to thank Dr. Michael E. Smith, who has always been friendly, helpful and supportive in many situations and made me understand the theme and complete my thesis on time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Intermuscular Bones and Ligaments of Teleostean Fishes *
    * The Intermuscular Bones and Ligaments of Teleostean Fishes COLIN PATTERSON and G. DAVID JOHNSON m I I SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 559 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing for Modularity in the Axial Skeleton of Fishes
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Honors Program Theses Honors Program 2016 Testing for modularity in the axial skeleton of fishes Emily Meier University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2016 Emily Meier Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/hpt Part of the Structural Biology Commons Recommended Citation Meier, Emily, "Testing for modularity in the axial skeleton of fishes" (2016). Honors Program Theses. 226. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/hpt/226 This Open Access Honors Program Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Program Theses by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TESTING FOR MODULARITY IN THE AXIAL SKELETON OF FISHES A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Designation University Honors Emily Meier University of Northern Iowa May 2016 This Study by: Emily Elisabeth Meier Entitled: Testing for Modularity in the Axial Skeleton of Fishes has been approved as meeting the thesis requirement for the Designation University Honors. ________ ______________________________________________________ Date Dr. Nathan Bird, Honors Thesis Advisor ________ ______________________________________________________ Date Dr. Jessica Moon, Director, University Honors Program ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Bird for the use of his lab and guidance through this experimentation process. I thank Sarah Freeland and Dr. Bird for assisting with fish husbandry. I thank Dr. Jacqueline F. Webb (University of Rhode Island) for the generous gift of the Tramitichromis ontogenetic series, and Dr. Andrea Ward (Adelphi University) for sharing unpublished data.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Throughput Behavioral Screening Method for Detecting Auditory Response Defects in Zebrafish
    Journal of Neuroscience Methods 118 (2002) 177Á/187 www.elsevier.com/locate/jneumeth High-throughput behavioral screening method for detecting auditory response defects in zebrafish Pascal I. Bang a,e, Pamela C. Yelick d, Jarema J. Malicki b,c,*, William F. Sewell a,c,* a Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA b Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA c The Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA d Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA e Department of Otolaryngology, Geneva University Hospital, 24, rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Received 19 October 2001; received in revised form 24 April 2002; accepted 24 April 2002 Abstract We havedeveloped an automated, high-throughput behavioral screening method for detecting hearing defects in zebrafish. Our assay monitors a rapid escape reflex in response to a loud sound. With this approach, 36 adult zebrafish, restrained in visually isolated compartments, can be simultaneously assessed for responsiveness to near-field 400 Hz sinusoidal tone bursts. Automated, objective determinations of responses are achieved with a computer program that obtains images at precise times relative to the acoustic stimulus. Images taken with a CCD video camera before and after stimulus presentation are subtracted to reveal a response to the sound. Up to 108 fish can be screened per hour. Over 6500 fish were tested to validate the reliability of the assay. We found that 1% of these animals displayed hearing deficits.
    [Show full text]
  • One Flexible Source Suitable for Many Different Readers World Book Is A
    One flexible source suitable for many different readers World Book is a reliable source of factual information, a basic for school assignments and everyday reference needs. But it also can prompt curiosity and widen imagination; it can excite readers of all ages and lead them to study and learn more. To effectively fulfill these roles for readers’ varied comprehension skills and varying information needs, World Book is designed to be a flexible source. Librarians and teachers know best their readers’ and students’ interests, needs, and skills. They perceive when a reader is ready to stretch or when a student needs support. World Book’s flexibility enables librarians and teachers to respond to a range of reader and student uses with a single convenient and trusted source. Article structure and features The “Fish” article is an example of how World Book crafts content to be appropriate for many readers’ needs. The following is characteristic of all World Book’s longer articles: • The introductory paragraphs highlight the most important aspects of the topic. The introduction to this article tells what fish are and where they live; their importance to humans, common physical features, and natural history. This may be all a reader wants or needs to know. • The outline is available to alert the reader to the remainder of the article and guide the reader through it. • World Book organizes many major articles into sections called “topical units.” Each topical unit stands on its own within the context of the larger article, following the principle that, for effective learning, subjects should be broken down into manageable units—particularly useful when a reader has a limited amount of time or a limited attention span.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUND PRODUCTION in FISH How Do Fish Produce Sounds? Fishes
    SOUND PRODUCTION IN FISH How do fish produce sounds? Fishes produce different types of sounds using different mechanisms and for different reasons. Sounds (vocalizations) may be intentionally produced as signals to predators or competitors, to attract mates, or as a fright response. Sounds are also produced unintentionally including those made as a by-product of feeding or swimming. The three main ways fishes produce sounds are by using sonic muscles that are located on or near their swim bladder (drumming); striking or rubbing together skeletal components (stridulation); and by quickly changing speed and direction while swimming (hydrodynamics). The majority of sounds produced by fishes are of low frequency, typically less than 1000 Hz. The Swim Bladder and Drumming Some fish, such as the sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius), produce sound by using muscles on or near their swim bladder (also called gas bladder). Among the best-known sounds produced by fishes are those made by drumming of the swim bladder with the sonic muscle. The swim bladder is a large chamber of air located in the abdominal cavity in most bony fishes. The swim bladder serves many functions. It is used primarily for regulating buoyancy. Air gets into the swim bladder in one of two different ways, depending upon the species. In some species, there is a duct between the swim bladder and esophagus (the pneumatic duct) – this sort of swim bladder is called “physostomous”. These fish come to the surface and “gulp” air that is directed via this duct into the swim bladder. In other fishes, including all of those that live deep in the ocean, fishes have a special gas gland and rete mirabile, within the wall of the swim bladder, which is called a “physoclistous” swim bladder.
    [Show full text]
  • The Teleost Anatomy Ontology: Anatomical Representation for the Genomics Age
    Systematic Biology Advance Access published March 29, 2010 c The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society of Systematic Biologists. This! is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syq013 The Teleost Anatomy Ontology: Anatomical Representation for the Genomics Age 1,2, 3 4,5 WASILA M.DAHDUL ∗, JOHN G.LUNDBERG , PETER E.MIDFORD , JAMES P.BALHOFF2,6, HILMAR LAPP2, TODD J.VISION2,6, MELISSA A.HAENDEL7,8, MONTE WESTERFIELD7,9, AND PAULA M.MABEE1 1Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; 2 National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 West Main Street, A200, Durham, NC 27705, USA; 3 Department of Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA; 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; 5 Present address: National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 West Main Street, A200, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Downloaded from 6Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; 7Zebrafish Information Network, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; 8Present address: Oregon Health and Science University Library, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA and 9Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; ∗Correspondence to be sent to: National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 West Main Street, A200, Durham, NC 27705, USA; E-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation Hearing in catfishes: Ontogenetic development, acoustic communication and albinism (Hören bei Welsen: Ontogenetische Entwicklung, Lautkommunikation und Albinismus) Verfasser Mag. Walter Lechner angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer.nat.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 091 439 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Zoologie Betreuerin / Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Friedrich Ladich Table of contents Acknowledgements 4 Summary 5 Zusammenfassung (German summary) 7 General introduction 10 Ontogenetic development of auditory sensitivity and sound production in the squeaker catfishSynodontis schoutedeni 19 Ontogenetic development of Weberian ossicles and hearing abilities in the African bullhead catfish 31 How do albino fish hear? 49 Concluding discussion 56 References of general introduction and concluding discussion 60 Authors contributions 66 Curriculum vitae 67 Acknowledgements I would like to initially thank my family for the support over the past years. This also applies to my friends and colleagues who are far too many to mention. They helped me by supporting my work, by providing catfishes and maintaining my humour over the years. Last but not least I want to thank my advisor Friedrich Ladich for his excellent guidance throughout my academic career. 4 Summary More than 30,000 species of fish inhabit our planet and many of them are able to produce sounds and communicate acoustically. Bony fishes show a high variety of sound producing mechanisms and also a great diversity in hearing abilities. While all fishes are able to perceive the particle motion component of sound, several groups have evolved adaptations to perceive sound pressure by coupling gas filled chambers to their inner ears.
    [Show full text]