DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Bangladesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Bangladesh Bangladesh – Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 22 September 2015 Information on corruption or misuse of power by Awami League politicians. A country profile of Bangladesh published by the Business Anti-Corruption Portal states: “During the past decade, governments of Bangladesh have established legislation to combat different forms of corruption, including bribery, embezzlement and money laundering. They have also attempted to address the culture of impunity by prosecuting corrupt officials and strengthening the country's Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), and the current Awami-league government has publicly emphasised its commitment to combat corruption and the need for a strong ACC. Nevertheless, as noted by the Investment Climate Statement 2013, enforcement remains inconsistent. As a result, pervasive corruption, patronage and the misallocation of resources have prevented the country from making a more significant developmental leap. The Transformation Index 2014 notes that the initiated anti-corruption drive has recently faltered, and the ACC’s capacity to address corruption has been further weakened by the government by curtailing its power to prosecute high- level officials and political leaders. The report further notes that political parties generally are not wholehearted in their rhetoric about the elimination of corruption and are not inclined to develop institutional mechanisms to sufficiently address the problem.” (Business Anti-Corruption Portal (June 2014) Bangladesh Country Profile) A Freedom House report, in a section titled “Anticorruption And Transparency”, states: “Bangladesh’s struggle to encourage pro-poor economic growth continues as corruption remains pervasive throughout government and society. Public and private sector institutions suffer from corrupt practices that severely undermine the prospect for fostering a culture of good governance. Corruption is so widespread that most people now view it as a fait accompli. This was not the case after the military takeover in January 2007, when the military-backed caretaker government began prosecuting corrupt politicians, high-level government officials, and business magnates. The caretaker government also embarked on a massive reform agenda aimed at making government bureaucracies more efficient, accountable, and transparent. Although critics viewed the caretaker government’s institutional reform program as part of the military’s standard populist narrative of patriotism and nationalism, it took concrete measures to empower the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) to pursue corrupt organizations, institutions, and individuals and obtain convictions against them. However, the country’s return to electoral democracy changed the political landscape in such a way that institutional reform in general, and tackling rampant corruption in particular, 1 was no longer a top priority. The AL government’s focus seems to have shifted to regime consolidation rather than strengthening of public institutions. As noted above, the Sheikh Hasina administration moved to withdraw a large number of corruption cases filed by the ACC against the party’s senior leadership, making it evident that curbing high-level corruption is not the government’s immediate concern.” (Freedom House (10 November 2011) Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Bangladesh) The 2014 US Department of State country report for Bangladesh, in a section titled “Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government” (Section 4), states: “The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, but the government did not implement the law effectively. Human rights groups, the media, the Anticorruption Commission (ACC), and other institutions reported government corruption. Officials frequently engaged in corrupt practices with impunity.” (US Department of State (25 June 2015) 2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Bangladesh, p.21) In a paragraph headed “Corruption” this section of the report states: “The ACC is the government agency charged with fighting corruption. According to a 2010 World Bank report, the government undermined the ACC’s work and hampered the prosecution of corruption. The report stated the government filed far fewer corruption cases than the previous caretaker government and that a government commission recommended the ACC drop thousands of corruption cases. Transparency International Bangladesh cited a UN Convention Against Corruption civil society coalition report that stated in 2011 the government asked the ACC to withdraw 10,536 cases. The 16th constitutional amendment extended parliamentary impeachment power to the ACC, Election Commission, National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), and other constitutional commissions. Some in civil society stated the government was not serious about fighting corruption and that it used the ACC for politically motivated prosecutions. Transparency International Bangladesh asserted that political interference in the ACC’s operations had rendered it a ‘toothless tiger.’ A 2013 amendment to the ACC Law removed the ACC’s authority to sue public servants without prior government permission.” (ibid, p.21) A report published by the Bangladeshi human rights NGO Odhikar, in a section titled “The Anti-Corruption Commission” (paragraph 381), states: “How deep rooted corruption is in Bangladesh, can be seen from a recent report submitted to the Election Commission in relation to the wealth statements of Awami League candidates in the 10th Parliamentary Elections. A random scan of the wealth statements of eight ruling party lawmakers and leaders, recently submitted to the Election Commission, reveals their hobby of acquiring land and how aggressively they obtained as much as they could during the last five years. Eight ruling party lawmakers and leaders, including former State Minister for Water Resource, Mahbubur Rahman; Forest and Environment Minister Hasan Mahmud; former State Minister for Housing and Public Works Abdul Mannan Khan; Aslamul Haque Aslam, MP from Dhaka [Mirpur]; AL Joint General Secretary Mahbubul Alam Hanif; former State Minister for LGRD and Cooperatives Jahangir Kabir Nanak; Nazrul Islam 2 Babu, MP; and AL Organising Secretary Bir Bahadur roughly own land equivalent to a tenth of the capital.315 Just five years ago, as per their 2008 wealth statements, the eight owned only 71.417 acres of land. They now own 3,508 acres of land. The pieces of land are worth a couple of thousands crore taka. This revelation has incited a series of questions as to how these leaders earned so much money and bought vast tracts of land in only five years.” (Odhikar (15 April 2014) Human Rights Report 2013, p.140) See also paragraph 382 which states: “The Anti-Corruption Commission has dropped 3,053 graft cases in the last two years whilst proceeding with only 521 cases. Many of the cases dropped involve Awami League leaders or people associated with the party.” (ibid, p.141) An article from the Bangladeshi newspaper The New Nation states: “A Dhaka court on Tuesday framed charges against Awami League MP Abdur Rahman Bodi in a case, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) filed for accumulating wealth beyond his known sources of income. Judge Abu Ahmed Jamadar of the Special Court-3 of Dhaka framed the charges as the accused failed to submit his wealth statement to the court within the stipulated time.” (The New Nation (9 September 2015) Charge framed against MP Bodi in graft case) A Committee to Protect Journalists report on the arrest of Bangladeshi journalist Mizanur Rahman states: “According to Ahmed and reports by Prothom Alo and other outlets, Rahman was arrested in retaliation for his reports alleging corruption and abuse of power by local officials. Ahmed said Rahman in February reported comments allegedly made by parliamentarian ASM Feroz of the ruling Awami League at an event that appeared to have annoyed local authorities. In the report, the parliamentarian was quoted as saying, ‘If anyone wants to present men with any gift, then do not bring any crest. I want cash, only cash. Don't you understand taka? A huge amount is spent for the election,’ news reports said.” (Committee to Protect Journalists (1 April 2015) CPJ concerned by arrest of Bangladeshi journalist and his treatment in custody) See also Committee to Protect Journalists report which states: “Detectives arrested Probir Sikdar, editor of the online news portal Uttoradhikar 71 News, at his Dhaka office, according to news reports. In court today, a judge ordered the journalist to remain in custody pending a hearing on Tuesday, the reports said. Sikdar was arrested following a complaint that alleged he had ‘tarnished the image’ of a cabinet member belonging to the ruling Awami League party, according to news reports.” (Committee to Protect Journalists (17 August 2015) Journalist arrested in Bangladesh under country's ICT Act) A Human Rights Watch report on events prior to the January 2014 election states: 3 “According to news reports, police statements, and members of the opposition parties, more than a thousand opposition supporters have been arrested since December 24, after the leader of the BNP, Khaleda Zia, called for an anti-government ‘March for Democracy’ to be held in Dhaka on December 29. Many were stopped as they travelled to attend the rally. The Dhaka Metropolitan police had refused permission to hold the demonstration, reasoning that there is a fear of further violence. Security forces were deployed to block protesters from arriving in trains,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sheikha Moza Serious Breach and fl Agrant Violations Structed and Kidnapped a Qatari fi Shing China’S President Xi Jinping Was of International Law
    QATAR | Page 24 SPORT | Page 1 Qatar’s Adel leads T2 series aft er INDEX DOW JONES QE NYMEX QATAR 2-9, 24 COMMENT 22, 23 Second Aspire Kite REGION 9 BUSINESS 1-5, 17-20 solid fi nish Festival attracted 25,360.00 8,303.34 62.04 ARAB WORLD 9, 10 CLASSIFIED 6-16 +439.00 -62.77 +1.92 INTERNATIONAL 11-21 SPORTS 1-8 over 40,000 visitors in Dubai +1.76% -0.75% +3.19% Latest Figures published in QATAR since 1978 SUNDAY Vol. XXXIX No. 10754 March 11, 2018 Jumada Il 23, 1439 AH GULF TIMES www. gulf-times.com 2 Riyals FM in Sudan meeting Qatar informs In brief UN of airspace QATAR | Reaction violations by Qatar slams withdrawal of Jerusalem identity Qatar strongly condemned the Israeli Knesset’s approval of a law UAE, Bahrain authorising the interior minister to withdraw the Jerusalem identity atar has informed the UN Secu- in the region and without regard to Qa- from the Palestinians. In a statement rity Council and the UN Secre- tar’s security and stability.” yesterday, the Foreign Ministry Qtary-General of three violations The Government of Qatar has called described the move as unethical and of Qatar’s airspace by the United Arab upon the Security Council and the completely disregarding international Emirates (UAE) and the Kingdom of United Nations to take the necessary law, international humanitarian law Bahrain. measures under the Charter of the and UN conventions. The statement The message was handed over by HE United Nations to maintain interna- called on the international community the Permanent Representative of Qa- tional peace and security.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh: Human Rights Report 2015
    BANGLADESH: HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2015 Odhikar Report 1 Contents Odhikar Report .................................................................................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 4 Detailed Report ............................................................................................................................... 12 A. Political Situation ....................................................................................................................... 13 On average, 16 persons were killed in political violence every month .......................................... 13 Examples of political violence ..................................................................................................... 14 B. Elections ..................................................................................................................................... 17 City Corporation Elections 2015 .................................................................................................. 17 By-election in Dohar Upazila ....................................................................................................... 18 Municipality Elections 2015 ........................................................................................................ 18 Pre-election violence ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh: Extrajudicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances Amidst Political Impasse Must End
    Bangladesh: Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances amidst political impasse must end (Bangkok/Dhaka, 10 February 2015) - The Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD) and the Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA), express deep concern over the extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances by the security forces of Bangladesh, centering on the current confrontations between the ruling Awami League (and its 14-party Alliance) and the BNP-led 20- Party Alliance over free, fair, credible and participatory national elections under a neutral interim government, which has resulted in large scale violence and human rights violations all over Bangladesh. Conflicts between these two political groups escalated after the then Awami League government repealed the provision for an interim caretaker government in 2011. The current political impasse was triggered mainly due to two issues: when the government did not allow the BNP-led 20-Party Alliance to hold a political meeting in early January 2015, which resulted in indefinite blockade programmes called by the BNP-led Alliance; and the repressive measures resorted to by the government, including the mass detention and arrest of the leaders of the BNP led 20-Party Alliance and the confinement of BNP Chairperson, Begum Khaleda Zia in her party office since January 3, 2015. AFAD and FORUM-ASIA marked that one of the most horrific aspects of the violence in Bangladesh are the arson and petrol bomb attacks, often hurled indiscriminately at public transport attempting to pass through transport blockades called by the 20-Party Alliance since January 6, 2015; and plying the roads during the general strikes that are being declared during the blockade.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Reserved Seats in Bangladesh
    Women’s Reserved Seats in Bangladesh: A Systemic Analysis of Meaningful Representation Silja Paasilinna Disclaimer: This author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Women’s Reserved Seats in Bangladesh: A Systemic Analysis of Meaningful Representation Copyright © 2016 International Foundation for Electoral Systems. All rights reserved. Permission Statement: No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the written permission of IFES. Requests for permission should include the following information: • A description of the material for which permission to copy is desired. • The purpose for which the copied material will be used and the manner in which it will be used. • Your name, title, company or organization name, telephone number, fax number, email address, and mailing address. Please send all requests for permission to: International Foundation for Electoral Systems 2011 Crystal Drive, 10th Floor Arlington, VA 22202 Email: [email protected] Fax: 202.350.6701 Disclaimer: This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as well as by the United Kingdom Government through the United Kingdom Aid (UKAID) under Award No. 388-LA-13-00001. The contents are the sole responsibility of IFES and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, UKAID, the United States or the UK governments. About IFES The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) supports citizens’ right to participate in free and fair elections.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Research
    International Journal of Innovative Research International Journal of Innovative Research, 3(3):100–111, 2018 ISSN 2520-5919 (online) www.irsbd.org REVIEW PAPER Impact of Muslim Militancy and Terrorism on Bangladesh Politics Abul Basher Khan* Department of Economics and Sociology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh. ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received: October 10, 2018 The Muslim militant groups have made some grounds for implementing their Revised : November 8, 2018 activities uninterruptedly in world politics. But as a major Muslim country in Accepted: November 21, 2018 Bangladesh the history of the Islamic militancy, from both outer and inner source, is Published: December 31, 2018 of about 30 years. In a recent research analysis, it is seen that there are about 135 Islamic religious groups found in Bangladesh those who have a direct or indirect *Corresponding author: connection with the militant devastation is investigated within the activities of other [email protected] political parties. In this perspective of Bangladesh politics, to find out the proper information about these Islamic groups’ secondary data sources has been used along with analyzing various concepts. In the political arena of Bangladesh, the “alliance politics” is introduced only to achieve and sustain the empowerment to rule the country as well as for their interest during the election. According to the practical analysis, these Islamic groups were included with the major political parties only to use them during the election. By this time, much more public and secret Islamic militant organizations have chosen the way of militancy for the sake of building up Bangladesh as an Islamic Shariah-based country.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Monitoring Report on Bangladesh
    Human Rights Monitoring Report on Bangladesh Reporting Period: 1 – 30 September 2018 Prepared by Odhikar Date of Release: 2 October 2018 1 Odhikar has, since 1994, been monitoring the human rights situation in Bangladesh in order to promote and protect civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of Bangladeshi citizens and to report on violations and defend the victims. Odhikar does not believe that the human rights movement merely endeavours to protect the „individual‟ from violations perpetrated by the state; rather, it believes that the movement to establish the rights and dignity of every individual is part of the struggle to constitute Bangladesh as a democratic state. Odhikar has always been consistent in creating mass awareness of human rights issues using several means, including reporting violations perpetrated by the State and advocacy and campaign to ensure internationally recognised civil and political rights of citizens. The Organisation unconditionally stands by the victims of oppression and maintains no prejudice with regard to political leanings or ideological orientation, race, religion or sex. In line with this campaign, Odhikar prepares and releases human rights status reports every month. The Organisation has prepared and disseminated this human rights monitoring report of September 2018, despite facing persecution and continuous harassment and threats to its existence since 2013. Although many incidents of human rights violations occur every month, only a few significant incidents have been highlighted in this report. Information used in the report was gathered by grassroots human rights defenders associated with Odhikar and also collected from the national dailies. 2 Contents Statistics of Human Rights Violations: January-September 2018 ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Human Rights Report 2019 Bangladesh
    ANNUAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2019 BANGLADESH Prepared by Odhikar Date of Release: 08 February 2020 Foreword Human Rights Organisation Odhikar was established on 10 October 1994, with the efforts of some human rights activists, lawyers and academics who actively participated in the struggle against the autocratic rule of Lieutenant General Hussein Muhammad Ershad. Odhikar completed 25 years in 2019. Since its inception, Odhikar has been relentlessly struggling to protect the civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights of the people. Odhikar, as an organization of human rights defenders, has always sought to raise awareness of all human rights violations committed by the state and campaign for internationally recognized civil and political rights, to protest and prevent the state from violating human rights. Human rights violations are occurring in the country as an authoritarian government system is in place. In this situation, Odhikar has published the Annual Human Rights Report of 2019 monitoring the human rights situation of Bangladesh. This annual human rights report was prepared based on data collection, reports sent by human rights defenders associated with Odhikar from different districts of the country and information published in various media. Odhikar has been facing state repression and harassment since 2013 due to its human rights activities. Despite this, Odhikar has maintained its commitment and highlighted human rights violations through defending human rights and publishing reports. Due to the repression, control and curtailment of freedoms of speech and expression, Odhikar, too has had to practice restrain in its reporting. Odhikar expresses gratitude to all human rights defenders home and abroad, like- minded organisations and well-wishers who have cooperated with and expressed solidarity next to Odhikar.
    [Show full text]
  • Weekly Media Updates (19-25 March, 2018)
    Weekly Media Updates (19-25 March, 2018) Contents Regions and Themes covered this Week 1. Africa 2. Central Asia 3. China 4. Latin America and Caribbean 5. North America 6. Russia 7. South Asia 8. Indian Ocean 9. West Asia 1 Africa African leaders sign continental free-trade agreement1 African leaders have signed an agreement to set up a massive free-trade area to improve regional integration and boost economic growth across the continent. The deal to create the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) was signed at an extraordinary summit in Kigali, Rwanda by representatives of 44 of the 55 African Union (AU) member states. The agreement commits countries to removing tariffs on 90 percent of goods, with 10 percent of "sensitive items" to be phased in later. It will also liberalise trade in services and might in the future include free movement of people and a single currency. AfCFTA will now have to be ratified by individual countries. By creating a free-trade zone, African leaders hope to boost intra-Africa trade, which stands at around 10 percent of all trade across the continent. The list of 10 countries that did not sign the agreement include Nigeria, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Zambia, Burundi, Eritrea, Benin, Sierra Leone and Guinea Bissau. Nigeria pulled out of the signing ceremony after President Muhammadu Buhari cancelled his attendance on Sunday. A statement at the time said the decision was made "to allow time for broader consultations". The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) had warned Buhari against signing the agreement, calling it a "renewed, extremely dangerous and radioactive neo-liberal policy initiative".
    [Show full text]
  • God in Politics : Islamism and Democracy in Bangladesh
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. God in politics : Islamism and democracy in Bangladesh Islam, Md Nazrul 2017 Islam, M. N. (2017). God in politics : Islamism and democracy in Bangladesh. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. http://hdl.handle.net/10356/69470 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/69470 Downloaded on 29 Sep 2021 19:21:07 SGT God in Politics: Islam, Islamism and democracy in Bangladesh A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology By Islam Md Nazrul School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr. Md Saidul Islam, Division of Sociology July 2016 God in Politics: Islam, Islamism and democracy in Bangladesh Islam Md Nazrul 2 Dedicated to My Parents Md Fazlul Haq Howlader Lal Banu My In-Laws Md Asadul Hoque Jahanara Begum My Wife Nahid Sultana Lucky 3 Acknowledgements It is my great pleasure to acknowledge all those who have made this study possible. My sincere thanks and appreciations are due to the members of my supervisory committee for their valuable time and insightful comments during the writing of this dissertation. I am particularly thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Md Saidul Islam, who supported and encouraged me throughout the study. His scholarly conversations, thoughtful advice and enormous patience have enabled me to bring this study to fruition. Dr. Islam’s critical outlook, sociological imagination, professional excellence and dedication made for an invaluable contribution to the study. His guidance during the course of my work made for both a rich and fulfilling learning experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Canada.ca Services Departments Français Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Refugee Claims Refugee Appeals Admissibility Hearings Detention Reviews HomeImmigrationResearch Appeals Program Responses to Information Requests National Responses to Information Requests Documentation Packages Recent Research Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the Responses to refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven-year Information Requests archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment, please email the Knowledge and Information Management Unit. 2 September 2016 BGD105611.E Bangladesh: Information on the Krishak Sramik Janata League (KSJL), including structure and membership; treatment of members of the KSJL by Awami League members and by authorities (2014-August 2016) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview Sources indicate that the Krishak Sramik Janata League (KSJL) was formed in 1999 by Kader Siddique, a former Awami League member of parliament (New Age 13 Sept. 2015; Professor 16 Aug. 2016). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a professor of South Asia studies at the University of Oslo who specilizes in political culture in South Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India, indicated that after the war [for independence of 1971,] [Abdul Kader Siddique] was elected to parliament, on an Awami League ticket. However, he left the party while it was still in power.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Monitoring Report on Bangladesh
    Human Rights Monitoring Report on Bangladesh Reporting Period: 1 – 31 October 2018 Prepared by Odhikar Date of Release: 2 November 2018 1 Odhikar has, since 1994, been monitoring the human rights situation in Bangladesh in order to promote and protect civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of Bangladeshi citizens and to report on violations and defend the victims. Odhikar does not believe that the human rights movement merely endeavours to protect the „individual‟ from violations perpetrated by the state; rather, it believes that the movement to establish the rights and dignity of every individual is part of the struggle to constitute Bangladesh as a democratic state. Odhikar has always been consistent in creating mass awareness of human rights issues using several means, including reporting violations perpetrated by the State and advocacy and campaign to ensure internationally recognised civil and political rights of citizens. The Organisation unconditionally stands by the victims of oppression and maintains no prejudice with regard to political leanings or ideological orientation, race, religion or sex. In line with this campaign, Odhikar prepares and releases human rights status reports every month. The Organisation has prepared and disseminated this human rights monitoring report of October 2018, despite facing persecution and continuous harassment and threats to its existence since 2013. Although many incidents of human rights violations occur every month, only a few significant incidents have been highlighted in this report. Information used in the report was gathered by grassroots human rights defenders associated with Odhikar and also collected from the national dailies. 2 Contents Statistics of Human Rights Violations: January-October 2018 ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Accentuating the Politics of Bangladesh
    SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science (SSRG-IJHSS) – Volume 6 Issue 6 – Nov - Dec 2019 Accentuating the Politics of Bangladesh Upendra Kumar Doctoral Research Scholar, Dr. K. R. Narayanan Centre for Dalit and Minorities Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India. Abstract The objective of this paper is to comprehend the Union fronts. However, the paper does not concern characteristics of the politics of Bangladesh that have with this polarisation. The polarisation which has been getting shape since the inception of secular been caused by domestic politics is the focus of the parliamentary democratic system in the country in paper. The role of Islam in the Bangladeshi political 1972. The paper argues that the trajectory of the system, the spirit of the Liberation War and the politics has been a bumpy road and this, eventually system of governance have became the major factors led the polarisation of the politics. The polarisation on which Bangladeshi politics polarised. in Bangladeshi politics emerged as a basic feature since the Liberation War. And initially the Keywords: Bangladesh, Bangladesh Nationalist polarisation happened in the form of pro- and anti- Party, Caretaker Government, Liberation War, India, pro- and anti-China and pro- and anti-Soviet Islamist, Secular, Awami League, Polarisation, Islam, secularism. I. INTRODUCTION In 1972 the constitution of Bangladesh was person, which eventually led to the manipulation of promulgated in the midst of various socio-economic state institutions and the bureaucracy. Bangladesh‟s and political challenges facing the war-torn country. Election Commission could never work In these circumstances, Bangladesh began its journey independently (Hakim, 2002: 104).
    [Show full text]