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Battery Storage Technology, Systems and Cost Trends Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) Webinar Energy Storage 101, Part 1: Battery Storage Technology, Systems and Cost Trends March 26, 2019 Housekeeping Join audio: • Choose Mic & Speakers to use VoIP • Choose Telephone and dial using the information provided Use the orange arrow to open and close your control panel Submit questions and comments via the Questions panel This webinar is being recorded. We will email you a webinar recording within 48 hours. This webinar will be posted on CESA’s website at www.cesa.org/webinars www.cesa.org Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) (bit.ly/ESTAP) ESTAP is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity and Sandia National Laboratories, and is managed by CESA. ESTAP Key Activities: ESTAP Project Locations: New Jersey: $10 1. Disseminate information to stakeholders New York: $40 Vermont: 4 MW Oregon: 500 kW million, 4-year Massachusetts: $40 Million Million energy storage Energy Storage energy storage Resilient Power/Microgrids Microgrids microgrid & Demonstration solicitation: 13 Solicitation: 11 projects • ESTAP listserv >5,000 members Initiative Airport Microgrid Project projects $10 Million energy storage • Webinars, conferences, information demo program updates, surveys. Connecticut: $50 Million, New Mexico: 3-year Microgrids Energy Storage 2. Facilitate public/private partnerships to support joint Initiative: 11 projects Task Force federal/state energy storage demonstration project deployment Pennsylvania Alaska: Kodiak Battery 3. Support state energy storage efforts with technical, policy Island Demonstration Wind/Hydro/ Project and program assistance Battery & Cordova hydro/battery Northeastern Maryland Game Changer Awards: projects States Post-Sandy Solar/EV/Battery Critical & Resiliency Through Microgrids Infrastructure Task Force Hawaii: 6MW Resiliency Project storage on Molokai Island and HECO projects 4 Webinar Speakers Dr. Imre Gyuk Dan Borneo Vince Sprenkle Todd Olinsky-Paul Director, Energy Engineering Project Chief Scientist, Project Director, Storage Research, U.S. Manager, Sandia Electrochemical Materials Clean Energy States Department of Energy National Laboratory and Systems Group, Alliance (moderator) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Towards Sustainable Gridscale Electrical Energy Storage IMRE GYUK, DIRECTOR, ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE-OE ESTAP Webcast 03–26-19 The grid has become stochastic! WIND EV FOSSIL STORAGE LOAD SOLAR PV ROOFTOP PV Electricity Storage provides a buffer between Electrical Generation and Electrical Load Balancing Technologies: Demand Management Thermal Storage, Chemical Storage Building Technology Proper Development of Energy Storage Requires Consideration and Interplay of different Areas Climate Politics Disasters Economics Resource Social Competition Movements Li-ion Batteries? Cycle life <<20years Safety Concerns. Low cost, market ready No Recycling! Tie-in with EV development No U.S. Manufacture Co Price Obstacles and Impediments to Sustainability: Safety, Reliability, Ecological and Sociological Issues, Re-Use, Recycling, Disposal 27 MW in 2017! Co Mining in Africa! A Stream of Trash! Safety is Essential!! Research and Statistics urgently needed How much should Liability Insurance be? - Can the Technology be improved? E.g. seatbelts - Should the Technology be replaced? E.g. H2 airships Safety should not be a Patch but part of Design! Ecological and Sociological Issues. Cheap for whom? Who will pay? Who will benefit? What is the Total Carbon Footprint? Will this help with Global Warming? Does it promote Social Equity? Is the Technology Sustainable? Re-Use, Recycling, Disposal EV Batteries retain ~80% Capacity • Reuse for Stationary Application? • or the Trash-heap? Recycling – is it commercially feasible Or does Entropy win again? The Midden is not an Answer! We must design for the Waste Stream!! → DOE Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize To develop Safe, Inexpensive, and Environmentaly Benign Batteries We must look towards Earth-Abundant Materials Cost Goals for Focus Technologies Manufactured at scale Li-ion Batteries (cells) $250/kWh V/V Flow Batteries (stack+PE) $300/kWh ___________________________________________________________________ Zinc Manganese Oxide (Zn-MnO2) 2 Electron System $ 50/kWh Low Temperature Na-NaI based Batteries $ 60/kWh Aqueous Soluble Organic (ASO) Redox Flow Batteries (stack+PE) $125/kWh _____________________________________________________________________ Advanced Lead Acid $ 35/kWh New Technology Solutions will cut Costs, increase Safety and Reliability. Re-Use, Recycling, Disposal Issues will be Resolved. But, can new Technologies Prevail in the Marketplace?? Grid Energy Storage Introductory Training Part 1 – Technology, Systems and Cost Trends Dan Borneo – Sandia National Laboratories Susan Schoenung – Longitude122 West March 26, 2019 SAND2018-13308 PE Contributors Imre Gyuk – DOE Vince Sprenkle – PNNL Babu Chalamala – Sandia Ray Byrne – Sandia Dan Borneo – Sandia Jeremy Twitchell – PNNL Todd Olinsky-Paul – CESA Susan Schoenung – Longitude122 West 2 Agenda This first Energy Storage 101 webinar covers state of the technology, energy storage systems and cost trends. Future installments will cover additional topics: Applications and economics Policy and regulations Safety and reliability Project development, commissioning and deployment. 3 Energy Storage: Technologies, Terms, and Fundamentals 4 Grid Energy Storage Deployments Other 0% Pb-acid Energy Storage Comparison 5% Globally Na-metal Li-ion • 1.7 GW - Battery Energy Storage 12% 78% • ~170 GW - Pumped Storage Hydropower U.S. Flow 5% • 0.75 GW BES • 23.6 GW PHS Average Duration Discharge (hrs) % of U.S. Generation Capacity 5.0 4.0 • 0.03% Battery Energy Storage 3.0 • 2.2% Battery + Pumped Storage 2.0 1.0 Source: DOE Global Energy Storage Database 0.0 http://www.energystorageexchange.org/ Li-ion Flow Na-metal Pb-acid 5 Growth in Battery Energy Storage over Past Decade Current Grid Storage Deployments KEY Front of Meter Non - Source: GTM Research / ESA | U.S. Energy Storage Monitor Q2 2018 Residential Residential However Grid-Scale Energy Storage still < 0.1% of U.S. Generation Capacity EV’s < 1% of vehicles sold in U.S. 6 Energy Storage Performance Ranges TVA PHS 1.6 GW 10000001 GW 22 hrs 100000100 CAES 10000 11000 MW Battery Energy Storage 100 Discharge Power Power Discharge 10 Flywheels Supercap 1 kW1 0.01 0.1 1 10 Discharge Duration (hrs) 7 Basic Battery Terminology Electrochemical Cell: Cathode(+), Anode (-), and Electrolyte (ion conducting intermediate) Energy (KWh) = Ability to do work. Power (KW) = The rate at which the work is being done. Dan’s definition ES- KW – The Capacity of the Energy Storage System i.e, 1KW ES – KWh – The Capacity multiplied by the time (hour) rating of the system A 1KW 2 hour system = 2KWh Example - If 10 – 100 watt light bubs need to operate for an hour then: 10 x 100W = 1KW * 1 hr = 1KWh Energy Density (Wh/kg or Wh/L): used to measure the energy density of battery. Note: number often given for cell, pack, and system Generally: pack = ½ cell energy density, and system is fraction of the pack. $/KWh = Capital cost of the energy content of a storage device. $/KW – Capital cost of power content of a storage device. 8 Energy Storage System (ESS) is NOT the same as an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Traditional Traditional UPS UPS with generation 9 Energy Storage System (ESS) is NOT the same as an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Traditional UPS Grid-tied Energy Storage System Feeder (Microgrid Feeder configuration) Bi-directional Battery inverter Load Battery Load • Seamless Transition is Possible • Less Equipment = Lower Capital Cost • Does not require external signal to trigger • Easily Expandable Voltage source mode • Simple Controls • To date seamless transition is difficult 10 Elements of Battery Energy Storage Power Control Energy management Site Management Balance of Storage System (PCS) System (EMS) System (SMS) Plant • Storage device • Bi-directional • Charge / Discharge • DER control • Housing • Battery Inverter • Load Management • Synchronization • Wiring Management • Switchgear • Ramp rate control • Islanding • Climate & Protection • Transformer • Grid Stability • Microgrid control (BMS) • Interconnection • Monitoring • $ • Fire protection • Racking • $/KW • $ • Permits • $/KWh • $ • Efficiency • Cycle life NOTE: All–in can increase cost by 2-4x. 11 Lithium-ion Batteries Advantages High energy density Better cycle life than Lead - Acid Decreasing costs – Stationary on coattails of increasing EV. Ubiquitous – Multiple vendors Fast response SCE/Tesla 20MW -80MWh Mira Loma Battery Facility Higher efficiency* (Parasitic loads like HVAC often not included) Applications Traditionally a power battery but cost decreases and other factors allow them to used in energy applications SCE Tehachapi plant, 8MW - 32MWh. 12 Lithium-ion: Basic Chemistries Source: Z. Yang JOM September 2010, Volume 62, Issue 9, pp 14-23 13 Lithium-ion: Basic Chemistries Cathodes Specific Potential Chemistry Capacity vs. Li+/Li LiCoO2 273 / 160 3.9 iphone LiNiO2 274 / 180 3.6 ~ 270 / LiNi Co Mn O 3.8 NMC – LG/Volt x y z 2 150~180 Anodes LiNixCoyAlzO2 ~ 250 / 180 3.7 NCA - Tesla LiMn O 148 / 130 4.1 Potential 2 4 Chemistry Specific Capacity vs. Li+/Li LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 146 / 130 4.7 Soft Carbon < 700 < 1 LiFePO4 170 / 160 3.45 LFP 171 / Hard Carbon 600 < 1 LiMnPO 4.1 4 80~150 Li Ti O 175 / 170 1.55 LTO 4 5 12 LiNiPO 166 / - 5.1 TiO 168 / 168 1.85 4 2 166 / LiCoPO 4.8 SnO2 782 / 780
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