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Potential Alternate Smoldering Ignition Sources: Literature Review with Analysis ______ NIST TECHNICAL NOTE 1710 ________________________________ Potential Alternate Smoldering Ignition Sources: Literature Review with Analysis ________________________________ Amanda P. Robbins Richard G. Gann This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1710 NIST TECHNICAL NOTE 1710 _________________________________ Potential Alternate Smoldering Ignition Sources: Literature Review with Analysis _________________________________ Amanda P. Robbins BRANZ Ltd Porirua, 5240, New Zealand Richard G. Gann Fire Research Division Engineering Laboratory Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8664 This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1710 October 2011 U.S. Department of Commerce Rebecca M. Blank, Acting Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1710 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1710, 108 pages (October 2011) This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1710 ABSTRACT Existing and proposed U.S. flammability standards for soft furnishings such as mattresses and upholstered furniture specify a “standard” cigarette as the ignition source in smoldering resistance performance tests. With the introduction of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes into the marketplace, the specific conventional cigarette that has been widely used in testing for ignition resistance is no longer in production. A standard reference cigarette, SRM 1196, has been developed as a short-term replacement. However, to support furnishings manufacturers and testing organizations in product design and evaluation, and to assist regulators in the compliance evaluation process, a feasible and preferably non-agricultural ignition source with long-term availability is desirable. A key first step in establishing such a standard ignition source is examination of prior characterizations of smoldering ignition sources and the cigarette ignition process. This report documents a literature survey on these topics. Keywords: cigarette; cigarette ignition resistance; fire; fire safety; fire test; ignition; ignition resistance; mattresses; smoldering; standard cigarette; upholstered furniture iii DISCLAIMERS The research on reduced ignition propensity cigarettes conducted by NIST since 1984 was done in the interest of saving lives and protecting property from cigarette-induced fires. In no way does it lessen or negate the health hazards and addictive nature of smoking as determined by the Surgeon General or suggest that NIST and the Department of Commerce condone smoking. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this report in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Metric units are used throughout this document, except where standards are discussed that explicitly use non-metric units or where a commercial product is described in non-metric units. This work was funded by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The content of this publication has not been reviewed or approved by the Commission, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission; similarly, mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the Commission. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Categories of Replacement Standard Ignition Sources (SIS) .................................................. 5 3. Search Parameters .................................................................................................................... 7 4. Alternate Ignition Sources..................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Summary of Reported Investigations ............................................................................11 4.2 Electrically Powered Devices ........................................................................................11 4.2.1 Cartridge Heaters and Hot Plates ............................................................................ 11 4.2.2 Heated Wires ........................................................................................................... 17 4.2.3 Arcing Ignition........................................................................................................ 19 4.2.4 Radiative Heaters.................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Non-Reactive Materials, Non-Electric Devices .............................................................22 4.4 Combusting Igniters .......................................................................................................23 4.4.1 Cellulosic Materials ................................................................................................ 23 4.4.2 Smoldering Synthetic Polymers .............................................................................. 26 4.4.3 Intumescent Composites ......................................................................................... 26 4.4.4 Methenamine........................................................................................................... 27 4.4.5 Chemical Heaters .................................................................................................... 27 5. Thermal Characteristics of a Cigarette Burning on a Substrate ............................................ 29 5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................29 5.2 Length of Glowing Coal ................................................................................................30 5.3 Burning Rate ..................................................................................................................32 5.4 Cigarette Temperatures..................................................................................................33 5.4.1 Temperature Measurement Devices ....................................................................... 34 5.4.2 Cigarette Centerline Temperatures ......................................................................... 36 5.4.3 Cigarette Exterior and Substrate Temperatures ...................................................... 38 5.4.4 Effect on Temperature of Covering a Cigarette on a Substrate .............................. 47 5.4.5 Infrared Measurements ........................................................................................... 48 v 5.4.6 Summary of Temperature Measurements ............................................................... 50 5.5 Heat Output....................................................................................................................52 5.6 Mass Loss Rate ..............................................................................................................55 5.7 Potential Parameters for Determining Ignition Propensity ............................................56 5.7.1 Premise .................................................................................................................... 56 5.7.2 Peak Heat Flux........................................................................................................ 56 5.7.3 Coal Hot Spot Area................................................................................................. 58 5.7.4 Mass Burning Rate.................................................................................................. 58 5.7.5 Transient Heat Flux................................................................................................. 59 5.7.6 Oxygen Depletion ................................................................................................... 60 5.8 Mathematical Models ....................................................................................................61 5.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................61 6. Thermal Response of a Substrate .......................................................................................... 63 6.1 General...........................................................................................................................63 6.1.1 Topics Reviewed..................................................................................................... 63 6.1.2 Indicators of Ignition and Test-end ......................................................................... 63 6.2 Cigarette on a Mock-up Cushion ...................................................................................64 6.2.1 Temperatures within the Padding Material ............................................................. 64 6.2.2 Temperatures on the Surface of the Substrate ........................................................ 71 6.2.3 Inter-Bolt Fabric Variability ................................................................................... 73 6.3 Substrates Exposed to an Ignition Source ......................................................................73
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