Sari, M., Hutabarat, L., and Octavian, A./Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) pp. 77-88

INDONESIA - DEFENSE DIPLOMACY IN THE

Marina Ika Sari1, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), [email protected] Leonard F. Hutabarat2, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republik Indonesia Amarulla Octavian3, School of Staff and Naval Command of Indonesia (SESKOAL)

Article Info Abstract

Article history: Received 23 August 2018 This study focuses on defense diplomacy between Indonesia and Revised 30 August 2018 India in the Indian Ocean. This study used defense diplomacy Accepted 30 August 2018 concept and qualitative method with Soft System Methodology (SSM) and NVivo for the analysis technique. The data was Keywords: collected through interviews and literature study. The results Confidence building measures, show that Indian Ocean has become important region in the Defense capability, geopolitic in the 21st century. Indonesia and India view the Defense diplomacy, Indian Ocean as their strategic environment. Diplomatic ties Indonesia-India, between Indonesia and India have built since 1951 and enhanced Indian Ocean with Strategic Partnership open the opportunity for both countries to conduct defense diplomacy in the Indian Ocean. Forms of defense diplomacy between Indonesia and India are

through Biennial Defense Minister Forum, Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC), Navy to Navy Talk, India- Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind-Indo Corpat). The defense diplomacy activities aim to improve the Confidence Building Measures (CBM) and the defense capability. © 2018 Published By Indonesia Defense University

INTRODUCTION and one third of the world population. Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the Indian Ocean is bordered by India on the world after the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean North, East African Coast and the Arabian with the total area of 73.33 million km2 and Peninsula on the West, Thailand, the Malay the coastline along 66,526 km. Indian Peninsula, Indonesia, and Australia on the Ocean covers 20 percent of the world ocean East (Michel & Sticklor, 2012).

1 Corresponding Author. She is an alumni of Defense Diplomacy Studies, Indonesia Defense University and currently works as an assistant for Policy Design & Research Department of Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). 2 He is a lecturer at Defense Diplomacy Studies, Indonesia Defense University and currently serves as Indonesian Consul General in Toronto, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republik Indonesia. 3 He is a Rear Admiral of TNI, a lecturer, and a professional in maritime affairs. He was a Dean of Defense Management Faculty of Indonesia Defense University, and currently serves as Commander of School of Staff and Naval Command of Indonesia (SESKOAL)

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Indian Ocean has become a very Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar on 13th of important region for the geopolitics in 21st November 2014, these pillars are the century considering the potentials and the maritime culture, the management of strategic value such as the source of energy marine resources, maritime connectivity, and lanes for the world trade and shipping. maritime diplomacy, and maritime power Indian Ocean has the natural resources (Roza, 2015). potentials such as the 65 percent of the President Joko Widodo aims to direct crude oil, 53 percent of the natural gas, 80.7 Indonesia as the “power that wades through percent of the gold, and 55 percent of the tin the two Oceans.” To realize it, Indonesia in this region (Roza, 2015). In the area of needs to extend its involvement in Indian Indian Ocean there are some choke points and Pacific Ocean as the strategic such as the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el- environment for Indonesia in implementing Mandeb, Nine Degree Channel, Six Degree the Policy of World Maritime Axis Channel, Malacca Strait, , (Limbong, 2015). If during the , and (Cole, administration of President Susilo 2013). Through these straits, Indian Ocean Bambang Yudhoyono, the foreign policy of plays significantly as the trade and Indonesia were focusing to the ASEAN and international shipping lanes because of its Pacific, during the administration of role as the main routes with 100,000 vessels President Joko Widodo, the coverage is in each year covering 30% of the world extended by involving the Indian Ocean as trade (Iram Khalid, 2013). the strategic environment for Indonesia. It Indian Ocean also becomes an important is reflected from the National Mid-Term region for Indonesia and India. For Development Plan/Rencana Pembangunan Indonesia, Indian Ocean is prioritized Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) through the Policy of World Maritime Axis 2015-2019, stating that the Indian Ocean since the administration of President Joko should receive more concern and serious response (Bappenas, 2014). Later, India as one of the great power in Asia that bordered directly to the Indian Ocean, reaffirming the important role of

Indian Ocean because of 97% of their trade is done by the sea (Cole, 2013). The most important sea route for Indonesia lies on the

Indian Ocean. Since 2014, the policy of Act East implemented by the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, India places the

Indian Ocean as the first priority in their policy. Some of the principals of Indian policy toward the Indian Ocean are to make

the Indian Ocean as a safe, peace, and stable Figure 1. The Map of Indian Ocean region; improving the security cooperation Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc, among with their partners in the region; 2012. strengthening the regional mechanism to secure the ocean; developing sustainable Widodo. The direction of Indonesia’s economy in the region; and opening up for development that previously depended to the cooperation with the external power in the land is changing to the maritime-basis. Indian Ocean (Cole, 2013). President Joko Widodo explained the five By placing Indian Ocean as the pillars of the Policy of World Maritime important region in the implementation of Axis during the 9th East Asian Summit in Indonesian and Indian foreign policy, the

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Sari, M., Hutabarat, L., and Octavian, A./Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) pp. 77-88 national interest of both countries would be military officers and the civil officers of the intersected each other. However, India ministry of defense; (b) the placement of the responding Indonesia not as their threat, but defense attaches in friendly countries; (c) the strategic partner for the cooperation in training to the military and civil officers managing the Indian Ocean. India is open to from the ministry of defense and armed strengthen the defense cooperation with forces; (d) the provision of expertise and other countries that having their interest in advice to the armed forces control Indian Ocean (Cole, 2013). democratically, defense management and Indonesia and India have been in military technical field; (e) contact and the diplomatic relations since the 3rd of March exchange of the military personnels and the 1951. The development of the bilateral units and visit to the warships; (f) placement relations between Indonesia and India of the military or civil personnels in the happened since 2005, marked by the sign of partner countries’ ministry of defense or the Strategic Partnership agreement by the armed forces; (g) appointment for the Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang training; (h) provision of the military Yudhoyono and the Indian Prime Minister, equipment and other military assistance; (i) Manmohan Singh. Strategic Partnership bilateral and multilateral training (Cottey & between Indonesia and Indonesia was Forster, 2013). improved in 2011. Later, in October 2013, The defense diplomacy has three main the Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan characteristics, the first one, defense Singh visited Indonesia to confirm five diplomacy for confidence building partnership initiatives aim to strengthen the measures, conducted to improve the good Strategic Partnership, consist of the relations among nations, reduce the tension strategic engagement, defense and security and misperception, openness and cooperation, comprehensive economic transparency in developing the military partnership, cultural and people-to-people capability so that other parties might not see links, dan cooperation in responding it as a threat and develop the trust among common challenges (Kemlu, n.d.). nations. The second one, defense diplomacy Strategic Partnership agreement between for defense capabilities aims to improve the Indonesia and India become the history defense capability of a nation in facing the milestone for the bilateral relations of both potential threats. It relates to the nations because each of them perceive the cooperation in the defense field such as the other as the strategic partner. It opens the joint-training, export-import of possibility for Indonesia and India to weapons,and military personnels education conduct the defense diplomacy in order to and exchange. The third one, defense attain their national interest in Indian diplomacy for defense industry aims to Ocean. This study focuses to discuss about develop the state defense industry. It is the defense diplomacy between Indonesia conducted by the partnership in defense and India in the Indian Ocean. industry, transfer of technology, license purchase, and investment in defense The Concept of Defense Diplomacy industry (Multazam, 2010). According to Cottey and Foster, the defense diplomacy is “the peace time use of armed METHODS forces and related infrastructure (primarily This study uses the qualitative method, the defense ministries) as a tool of foreign and research is done through understanding the security policy and more specifically the individual and group meaning of the social use of military cooperation and assistance.” problems (Creswell, 2009). The author uses (Cottey & Forster, 2013) The form of the the data processing technique with NVivo defense diplomacy are :(a) bilateral and and the data analysis technique with Soft multilateral cooperation between senior System Methodology (SSM). The datas that

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7. Action to improve the problem situation

1. Situation considered 6. Changes: problematic systematically desirable culturally feasible 2. Problem situation 5. Comparison of expressed models and real world Real World

System 3. Root definition of 4. Conceptual models Thinking about relevant systems of systems described in Real World root definitions

Figure 2. Working Stage of SSM Source: Checkland, P., & Scholes, J. (1990). Soft System Methodology in Action. Chichester: John Willey & Sons, Ltd, p. 27. have been collected are then processed with 2010). These are the seven application the software application of NVivo. NVivos stages of SSM. The first stage of SSM , application is functioning to process and problem situation considered problematic organize the qualitative data efficiently and means, is the stage to describe the problems, effective (Bandur, 2016). The data as explained by the introductory part. The processing with NVivo application is second stage, problem situation expressed, started by grouping the sources such as is the stage to correlate the relations among book, document, journal, interview, and problems with actors and their interest, website. After that, the author would import consist of the first analysis, second analysis, the datas based on their sources. The next and the third analysis. First analysis consist process is the data coding, to classify the of Clients (C), Marina Ika Sari as the data based on the sub-themes in the writing. researcher, Practicioners (P) is the From the coding process, the analysis result researcher, and Owners (O) are Indonesia from the research question might be seen. and India. After the data processing, the datas are Second analysis consist of the role, analyzed using the Soft System norm, and value. In the arrangement of this Methodology (SSM). SSM is the qualitative article, Indonesia and India are the two method used to analyze the complex countries with the role to conduct the phenomenon, unstructured problems, and defense diplomacy by the representatives of the different views toward a phenomenon. the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of The approach is action research which the Defense, and the Navy of both countries. author might try to find the problem Related to the norm, the defense diplomacy situation and do the action to solve it of Indonesia and India is under the legal (Checkland & Poulter, 2010). Thus, SSM is basis of Laws No. 21 of 2006 concerning of an organized method to solve the social the Agreement on Cooperative Activities in problem situation and act based on the the Fields of Defense. Through this solution or to correct the problem. regulation, Indonesia and India are On the application of this writing, there are expected to improve the bilateral seven stages of SSM. On these stages, there cooperation in the field of defense to attain would be separated between the real world the national interest of each countries and and system thinking (Checkland & Poulter, the collective interest in Indian Ocean.

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Further, the value related to this article is foreign and security policy and that the defense diplomacy activity between more specifically the use of Indonesia and India in Indian Ocean as the military cooperation and part of Indonesia’s and India’s foreign assistance. policy implementation aim to attain the Owner : Indonesian Minister of national interest of each countries and the Defense, Indian Minister of collective interest in the region. Defense Third analysis consist of the disposition Environment: Bureaucracy of power and nature of power. Disposition Efficacy: Bilateral Agreement of the of power in this article means the Defense Cooperation Activity organization structure made hierarchially signed by both countries in from each institutions that having role in the 2001 and ratified by Indonesia defense diplomacy between Indonesia and in 2006. In December 2016, the India in Indian Ocean such as the Ministry validity has expired, so that it of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defense, needs to be renewed. and the Navy from both countries, the job Efficiency: Renewal process of Bilateral distribution from each of the institutions is Agreement of the Defense according to their field, the coordination is Cooperation Activity between needed among those institutions so that the Indonesia and India only policy might be aligned. Nature of power in involves the Ministry of this article is that each of the institutions Defense affect the defense diplomacy Effectiveness: Bilateral Agreement of implementation between Indonesia and Defense Cooperation Activity India in the Indian Ocean. between Indonesia and India The third stage of the SSM is the root could be used to extend the definition. Based on this focus study, root defense cooperation area definition is the activity of defense related to the Indian Ocean. diplomacy between Indonesia and India that The fourth stage of SSM is the could be improved by renewing the conceptual models of the system. The Bilateral Agreement of Defense formulation of the conceptual model is Cooperation Activity to extend the defense based on the root definition that has been cooperation area related to the Indian made previously. Root definition contains Ocean. Further, the root definition is about the system that should be made for the analyzed by Customers, Actors, transformation, meanwhile the conceptual Transformation process, Worldview, model contains about what to do with the Owner, Environment constrains system (Hardjosoekarto, 2012). There are (CATWOR) and 3E (Efficacy, Efficiency, seven activities in conceptual model, such dan Effectiveness). as: Customer : Indonesia, India Activities Actor : Indonesian Ministry of 1. Realizing that the Bilateral Agreement of Defense, Indian Ministry of the Defense Cooperation Activity Defense between Indonesia and India has expired Transformation: Bilateral Agreement of since December 2016. Defense Cooperation Activity 2. Realizing the urgency of Bilateral that has expired, so that it needs Agreement of the Defense Cooperation to be renewed. Activity renewal. Worldview: Defense diplomacy is the peace 3. Indonesia and India could extend the time use of armed forces and defense cooperation area related to the related infrastructure (primarily Indian Ocean. defense ministries) as a tool of

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4. Indonesia and India conducted the DISCUSSION defense diplomacy through the The Forms of Defense Diplomacy formulation negotiation of the new between Indonesia and India in Indian Bilateral Agreement of the Defense Ocean Cooperation Activity. 5. Indonesia and India sign and legitimize Biennial Defense Minister Forum the new Bilateral Agreement of the Biennial Defense Minister Forum is the Defense Cooperation Activity biannual meeting among the Ministers of 6. The implementation of Bilateral Defense. Indonesia and India have agreed to Agreement of the Defense Cooperation improve the defense cooperation through Activity could improve the defense the Biennial Defense Minister Forum or the diplomacy between Indonesia-India to biannual meeting between Indonesian attain the national interest of both Minister of Defense and Indian Minister of nations in Indian Ocean. Defense since October 16th 2012. This 7. The defense diplomacy activity meeting is the follow-up of the agreement Indonesia-India aims to increase the between the leaders of both countries on confidence building measures (CBM) January 2011, during the visit of President and the defense capability for both Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to India countries. (Kementerian Pertahanan, 2014). The fifth stage of SSM is the comparison In 2012, the Indian Minister of Defense, of models and real world or the conceptual Shri AK Antony visited Indonesia to model comparison with the real-world conduct a meeting with his partner, situaation. The conceptual model Indonesian Minister of Defense, Purnomo comparison in this article tries to compare Yusgiantoro as a good turning and starting the activities of the conceptual models that point. Through the first execution of the have been made previously to the real- Biennial Defense Minister Forum, world conditions. According to the Indonesia and India discussed about the activities from the conceptual models as effort to improve the bilateral cooperation explained earlier, the comparison in real on defense. Based on the statement from the world consist of the first until fourth expert Purnomo Yusgiantoro, through this activities that have been done by Indonesia forum, Indonesia and India discussed about and India. Meanwhile the fifth and sixth the cooperation related to the Indian Ocean. activity have not been done by India and Both parties shared their views on the issue Indonesia. The seventh activity is the goal related to the regional and global security, to be accomplished from the bilateral training, defense technology implementation of defense diplomacy production, government summits, between Indonesia and India in Indian terrorism, and the contestation in the Indian Ocean. Ocean (Institute for Defence Studies and The sixth stage of SSM, are changes: Analyses, 2012). systematically desirable, culturally feasible. The second Biennial Defense Minister This stage will determine the desired Forum has been executed in India on changes. The explanation about the desired January 2018. During this meeting, changes would be explained below. Indonesian and Indian Governmen have agreed to improve the defense cooperation through the joint-training among Air Force, Navy, and Army. Other than that, defense cooperation is also conducted in weapons industry and by intensifying the summits of both countries officials (Purwanto, 2018).

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Based on the defense diplomacy concept and development (Kementerian Pertahanan, by the Cottey and Foster, Biennial Defense n.d.-b). Minister Forum is the form of defense According to the data from the defense diplomacy, specifically the bilateral cooperation report of Indonesia-India cooperation among senior military officers received from the Sub Directorate of the and civil officers from the Ministries of Bilateral Cooperation Ministry of Defense, Defense. Biennial Defense Minister aims to during the first JDCC meeting in Jakarta, on build the Confidence Building Measures 11th-14th of June 2007, the delegations of (CBM) between the Indonesia and India by India led by the SecGen of Indian Ministry involving the Ministy of Defense from both of Defense, Shekhar Dutt and the countries. By the existence of the forum and delegations of Indonesia led by the LetGen discussion, both countries become more of National Army Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin. open and transparent in discussing about the Both parties conducted the meeting in the defense cooperation problems and the Indonesian Ministry of Defense and have issues that might be handled collectively. agreed to open the opportunity for the The second Biennial Defense Minister cooperation in defense production, the Forum should be executed immediately research related to the defense and scientist because of the postponement since 2012. training would be conducted in India. Biennial Defense Minister Forum is the Shekar Dutt stated that the dialogue marked high level forum among Ministers of the circumstances of hope, trust, and belief. Defense, so that it becomes very important JDCC produced a framework to extend the for the improvement of defense cooperation cooperation on defense between Indonesia between Indonesia and India. and India. One of the discussion was about the effort to handle the piracy through the Joint Defense Cooperation Committee coordinated patrols by the Navy of both (JDCC) countries. India aspires to have a role in maintaining the security along the trade Indonesia and India have agreed to improve the military-to-military cooperation through route of the Mallaca Strait. For Indonesian the establishment of Joint Defence government, external countries might Cooperation Committee (JDCC). JDCC is contribute to the security of Mallaca Strait the defense cooperation commitee in its by giving technical assistance implementation is the meeting between the (Suryanarayana, 2016). Secretary General of the Ministry of Later, the second JDCC meeting Defense of Indonesia and the Secretary conducted in New Delgi on June 17th-18th General of the Ministry of Defense of India 2010. During the meeting, Indonesia and (Jha, 2011). JDCC is the bilateral forum in India examined the urgency of both countries to promote the peace in the region the field of the defense on Secretary General level of both countries Ministry of and officially agreed on the annual India- Defense. Indonesia strategic dialogue (Ghoshal, 2011). The third JDCC conducted in Jakarta During the forum, the technical execution is divided into two of Joint on October 14th – 17th 2012. Indonesia was Working Groups, consist of the Joint represented by the SecGen of Indonesian Working Groups I and Joint Working Ministry of Defense, Mid-Marshal of the Groups II. Joint Working Groups I discuss National Army Eris Herryanto and India about the defense policy and the military was represented by the SecGen of the cooperation between Indonesia and Indian Ministry of Defense, Shri Shashi Indonesia. Meanwhile the Joint Working Kant Sharma. According to the second Groups II discuss about the military facility, meeting of JDCC in New Delhi on 2010, the logistics, defense industry, and the research third meeting should be conducted in 2011. However considering the position of

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Indonesia as the ASEAN leader on 2011, and civil officers of the ministries of the Minister of Defense should facilitate the defense, delegated by the Secretary General ASEAN Defense Ministerial Meeting of Indonesian and Indian Ministry of (ADMM) during the year of 2011, so that Defense. The fifth JDCC conducted in the third meeting of JDCC was postponed January 2017, is the form of the defense until 2012. During the third meeting of cooperation implementation between JDCC, both countries discussed about the Indonesia and India which was aligned with peacekeeping operation, counter terrorism, the result of the Indonesian President visit and the Indian role in the Indian Ocean. to New Delhi on December 2016. This meeting becomes a moment to improve the defense cooperation between Navy to Navy Talk Indonesia and India by exploring the Navy to Navy Talk is the forum to discuss possible activities in the future. Other than about the defense cooperation between the that, JDCC also gives the opportunity for Indonesian Navy and Indian Navy. Navy to the defense cooperation evaluation by both Navy Talk Forum is conducted biannually. countries (Kementerian Pertahanan, n.d.-b). Referring to the defense diplomacy concept Later, according to the defense by the Cottey and Foster, Navy to Navy cooperation report data of the Indonesia- Talk as the defense diplomacy of Indonesia India from the Sub Directorate of the and India is conducted by the contact Bilateral Cooperation Ministry of Defense, among the military personnels, especially the fourth JDCCconducted in New Delhi on the Indonesian and Indian Navy. The December 20th 2013. Indonesian contact or interaction between Indonesian delegations led by the Mayor General of Navy and Indian Navy could be seen as by National Army Sonny E.S.Prasetyo, the cooperation area of Navy to Navy Talk meanwhile the Indian delegations led by consist of the coordinated patrol, Smt. Smita Nagaraj. Based on the statement hydrography cooperation, education, from the Head of Sub Directorate of India, training, and information sharing. Directorate of the South and Middle Asia, During the implementation of Navy to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the fifth Navy Talk between Indonesian Navy and meeting of JDCC was postponed in 2016. Indian Navy conducted in New Delhi on The meeting was then conducted later in June 10th 2015, the activity was led by the January 2017. During the meeting, the Admiral Dhiren Vig and the First Admiral Indonesian delegations explained about the Didik Wahyadi. Some of the things being trilateral cooperation on Sulu Ocean, the discussed were the coordinated patrol, procurement process in the Ministry of joint-training, hydrography cooperation, Defense and the National Army, and and training cooperation (Indian Navy, National Defense Policy. Meanwhile the 2015). Indian delegations explained about the Thus, Navy to Navy Talk is the forum to logictics cooperation between India and the discuss about the implementation of US, and the borderline management and cooperation between Indonesian Navy and maritime security. The fifth JDCC was Indian Navy, how was the implementation closed by the signing of Minute of Meeting of coordinated patrol and what to evaluate, by the SecGen of Indonesian Ministry of and what needs to be prepared for the next Defense and the SecGen of Indian Ministry coordinated patrol. Later, there are of Defense (Kementerian Pertahanan, n.d.- education cooperation and the training a). through the military personnels exchange, According to the defense diplomacy and the warships visit of Indonesia to India concept by Cottey and Foster, JDCC is the and vice versa. form of the defense diplomacy as the The cooperation of Indonesian Navy and bilateral cooperation among senior military Indian Navy through the Navy to Navy Talk

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Sari, M., Hutabarat, L., and Octavian, A./Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) pp. 77-88 is the form of the most advanced and piracy, illegal migrant, drugs trade, and significant defense diplomacy. Through this human trafficking.The objective of the forum, Indonesia could improve the CBM Navy joint-training is to improve the by the interaction of Indonesian and Indian relations between Indonesian Navy and Navy to share the information, Indian Navy in promoting the maritime communication, and coordination for the security in Indian Ocean (Brewster, 2010). security of Indian Ocean. Other than that, Ocean. In Andaman Ocean, there are Navy to Navy Talk could improve the Andaman and Nicobar Islands which lie defense capability of Indonesia especially 1,200 kms from the Mainland of India and the Navy through the education and 160 kms from the Aceh Province, training. Indonesia. Andaman Island is located near to the entry gate of Mallaca Strait where the India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind- route is the strategic choke point for the Indo Corpat) international trade and shipping India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind- (Mukherjee, 2016). Indo Corpat) is the defense cooperation of Principals of the coordinated patrol Indonesia and India in the form of implementation would be different with the coordinated patrol between Indonesian joint-patrol. Coordinated patrol is Navy and Indian Navy, conducted twice a conducted in the borderline of each year for the duration of two until three countries, both countries will coordinate to weeks along the maritime border of both report the condition during the operation. Ind-Indo Corpat is executed in Andaman Meanwhile the joint-patrol is conducted by countries in Andaman Ocean (Supriyanto, entering the specific area and conduct the 2016). Coordinated patrol is conducted to patrol altogether. Ind-Indo Corpat is secure the maritime borderline of both conducted in the jurisdiction areas of each countries. Maritime security is related to the countries by implementing the preventive operation or the early detection towards the threats of transnational crimes such as threats and inspection to the marine-users.

Figure 3. Indonesian and Indian Vessels during the Ind-Indo Corpat Source: Indian Navy. “CORPAT- India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol”, in

https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/corpat -india-indonesia- coordinated-patrol retrieved January 18th 2017.

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Other than that, they also conduct the Indian government in conducting the search, arrestment, and investigation the defense diplomacy in Indian Ocean. legal-breaker marine-users and will be The forms of the defense diplomacy proceeded according to the implemented conducted by Indonesia and India in Indian laws (TNI AL, 2011). Ocean is based on the defense diplomacy Ind-Indo Corpat was conducted for the concept of Cottey and Foster such as the first time in 2002. It was because of the bilateral cooperation between senior anxiety that the Andaman Ocean might military and civil personnels from the become the communication route for the Ministry of Defense, the placement of the extrimist and separatist groups (terrorist and defense attaches in friendly countries, separatist group of Aceh). Indonesia and contact and the exchange of the military India had agreed to conduct the coordinated personnels, the warship visit, and the patrol in the entry gate of North Mallaca bilateral military training. The defense Strait. Until 2016, it was conducted for 28 diplomacy of Indonesia and India in Indian times. During the operation, Indonesia and Ocean aims to buld the Confidence India used the weapons of a warship and an Building Measures (CBM) and improve the airplane from each countries. Warship and defense capabilities for both countries. airplane conducted the patrol in each of the To improve the defense diplomacy areas of borderline of both countries to between Indonesia and India in Indian prevent the illegal activities, share and Ocean, both countries need to renew the coordinate the information about the Bilateral Agreement on the Defense condition in patrol areas (Brewster, 2010). Cooperation Activity to extend the area of The implementation of Ind-Indo Corpat cooperation between Indonesia and India aims to maintain the shipping security in the related to the Indian Ocean. Indonesia and area of Indian Ocean as the route for the India need to continue the negotiation of international shipping and trade (Indian bilateral maritime cooperation Navy, n.d.). Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to According to the concept of diplomacy initiate the non-existing cooperation such as by Cottey and Foster, Ind-Indo Corpat is the the joint-research to capitalize the natural the defense diplomacy between Indonesia resouces in Indian Ocean and logistics and India in the form of bilateral military cooperation in the coordinated patrol area. training. According to the author, Ind-Indo Corpat is the most advanced and significant REFERENCES form of defense diplomacy for Indonesia Bandur, A. (2016). Penelitian Kualitatif: since it was conducted for 28 times from Metodologi, Desain, dan Teknik 2002. The implementation of Ind-Indo Analisis Data dengan NVivo 11 Plus. Corpat aims to improve the CBM and Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media. Indonesian defense capability through the communication and coordination between Bappenas. (2014). Rencana Pembangunan Indonesian Navy and Indian Navy for Jangka Menengah Nasional 2015- preventing the threats of transnational 2019 [National Medium Term crimes in Indian Ocean. Development Plan 2015-2019] (2nd ed.). Jakarta: Bappenas. CONCLUSION Brewster, D. (2010). An Indian Sphere of This part is the seventh stage of the SSM, Influence in the Indian Ocean. Security action to improve the problem situation Challenges, 6(3), 1–20. means the stage to do the action to improve Checkland, P., & Poulter, J. (2010). Soft the existing problem situation. In this stage, Systems Methodology. In Systems explained about the action and Approaches to Managing Change: A recommendation for the Indonesian and

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