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Indonesia - India Defense Diplomacy in the Indian Ocean Sari, M., Hutabarat, L., and Octavian, A./Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) pp. 77-88 INDONESIA - INDIA DEFENSE DIPLOMACY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Marina Ika Sari1, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), [email protected] Leonard F. Hutabarat2, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republik Indonesia Amarulla Octavian3, School of Staff and Naval Command of Indonesia (SESKOAL) Article Info Abstract Article history: Received 23 August 2018 This study focuses on defense diplomacy between Indonesia and Revised 30 August 2018 India in the Indian Ocean. This study used defense diplomacy Accepted 30 August 2018 concept and qualitative method with Soft System Methodology (SSM) and NVivo for the analysis technique. The data was Keywords: collected through interviews and literature study. The results Confidence building measures, show that Indian Ocean has become important region in the Defense capability, geopolitic in the 21st century. Indonesia and India view the Defense diplomacy, Indian Ocean as their strategic environment. Diplomatic ties Indonesia-India, between Indonesia and India have built since 1951 and enhanced Indian Ocean with Strategic Partnership open the opportunity for both countries to conduct defense diplomacy in the Indian Ocean. Forms of defense diplomacy between Indonesia and India are through Biennial Defense Minister Forum, Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC), Navy to Navy Talk, India- Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind-Indo Corpat). The defense diplomacy activities aim to improve the Confidence Building Measures (CBM) and the defense capability. © 2018 Published By Indonesia Defense University INTRODUCTION and one third of the world population. Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the Indian Ocean is bordered by India on the world after the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean North, East African Coast and the Arabian with the total area of 73.33 million km2 and Peninsula on the West, Thailand, the Malay the coastline along 66,526 km. Indian Peninsula, Indonesia, and Australia on the Ocean covers 20 percent of the world ocean East (Michel & Sticklor, 2012). 1 Corresponding Author. She is an alumni of Defense Diplomacy Studies, Indonesia Defense University and currently works as an assistant for Policy Design & Research Department of Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). 2 He is a lecturer at Defense Diplomacy Studies, Indonesia Defense University and currently serves as Indonesian Consul General in Toronto, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republik Indonesia. 3 He is a Rear Admiral of TNI, a lecturer, and a professional in maritime affairs. He was a Dean of Defense Management Faculty of Indonesia Defense University, and currently serves as Commander of School of Staff and Naval Command of Indonesia (SESKOAL) 77 Sari, M., Hutabarat, L., and Octavian, A./Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) pp. 77-88 Indian Ocean has become a very Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar on 13th of important region for the geopolitics in 21st November 2014, these pillars are the century considering the potentials and the maritime culture, the management of strategic value such as the source of energy marine resources, maritime connectivity, and lanes for the world trade and shipping. maritime diplomacy, and maritime power Indian Ocean has the natural resources (Roza, 2015). potentials such as the 65 percent of the President Joko Widodo aims to direct crude oil, 53 percent of the natural gas, 80.7 Indonesia as the “power that wades through percent of the gold, and 55 percent of the tin the two Oceans.” To realize it, Indonesia in this region (Roza, 2015). In the area of needs to extend its involvement in Indian Indian Ocean there are some choke points and Pacific Ocean as the strategic such as the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el- environment for Indonesia in implementing Mandeb, Nine Degree Channel, Six Degree the Policy of World Maritime Axis Channel, Malacca Strait, Singapore Strait, (Limbong, 2015). If during the Sunda Strait, and Lombok Strait (Cole, administration of President Susilo 2013). Through these straits, Indian Ocean Bambang Yudhoyono, the foreign policy of plays significantly as the trade and Indonesia were focusing to the ASEAN and international shipping lanes because of its Pacific, during the administration of role as the main routes with 100,000 vessels President Joko Widodo, the coverage is in each year covering 30% of the world extended by involving the Indian Ocean as trade (Iram Khalid, 2013). the strategic environment for Indonesia. It Indian Ocean also becomes an important is reflected from the National Mid-Term region for Indonesia and India. For Development Plan/Rencana Pembangunan Indonesia, Indian Ocean is prioritized Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) through the Policy of World Maritime Axis 2015-2019, stating that the Indian Ocean since the administration of President Joko should receive more concern and serious response (Bappenas, 2014). Later, India as one of the great power in Asia that bordered directly to the Indian Ocean, reaffirming the important role of Indian Ocean because of 97% of their trade is done by the sea (Cole, 2013). The most important sea route for Indonesia lies on the Indian Ocean. Since 2014, the policy of Act East implemented by the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, India places the Indian Ocean as the first priority in their policy. Some of the principals of Indian policy toward the Indian Ocean are to make the Indian Ocean as a safe, peace, and stable Figure 1. The Map of Indian Ocean region; improving the security cooperation Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc, among with their partners in the region; 2012. strengthening the regional mechanism to secure the ocean; developing sustainable Widodo. The direction of Indonesia’s economy in the region; and opening up for development that previously depended to the cooperation with the external power in the land is changing to the maritime-basis. Indian Ocean (Cole, 2013). President Joko Widodo explained the five By placing Indian Ocean as the pillars of the Policy of World Maritime important region in the implementation of Axis during the 9th East Asian Summit in Indonesian and Indian foreign policy, the 78 Sari, M., Hutabarat, L., and Octavian, A./Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018) pp. 77-88 national interest of both countries would be military officers and the civil officers of the intersected each other. However, India ministry of defense; (b) the placement of the responding Indonesia not as their threat, but defense attaches in friendly countries; (c) the strategic partner for the cooperation in training to the military and civil officers managing the Indian Ocean. India is open to from the ministry of defense and armed strengthen the defense cooperation with forces; (d) the provision of expertise and other countries that having their interest in advice to the armed forces control Indian Ocean (Cole, 2013). democratically, defense management and Indonesia and India have been in military technical field; (e) contact and the diplomatic relations since the 3rd of March exchange of the military personnels and the 1951. The development of the bilateral units and visit to the warships; (f) placement relations between Indonesia and India of the military or civil personnels in the happened since 2005, marked by the sign of partner countries’ ministry of defense or the Strategic Partnership agreement by the armed forces; (g) appointment for the Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang training; (h) provision of the military Yudhoyono and the Indian Prime Minister, equipment and other military assistance; (i) Manmohan Singh. Strategic Partnership bilateral and multilateral training (Cottey & between Indonesia and Indonesia was Forster, 2013). improved in 2011. Later, in October 2013, The defense diplomacy has three main the Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan characteristics, the first one, defense Singh visited Indonesia to confirm five diplomacy for confidence building partnership initiatives aim to strengthen the measures, conducted to improve the good Strategic Partnership, consist of the relations among nations, reduce the tension strategic engagement, defense and security and misperception, openness and cooperation, comprehensive economic transparency in developing the military partnership, cultural and people-to-people capability so that other parties might not see links, dan cooperation in responding it as a threat and develop the trust among common challenges (Kemlu, n.d.). nations. The second one, defense diplomacy Strategic Partnership agreement between for defense capabilities aims to improve the Indonesia and India become the history defense capability of a nation in facing the milestone for the bilateral relations of both potential threats. It relates to the nations because each of them perceive the cooperation in the defense field such as the other as the strategic partner. It opens the joint-training, export-import of possibility for Indonesia and India to weapons,and military personnels education conduct the defense diplomacy in order to and exchange. The third one, defense attain their national interest in Indian diplomacy for defense industry aims to Ocean. This study focuses to discuss about develop the state defense industry. It is the defense diplomacy between Indonesia conducted by the partnership in defense and India in the Indian Ocean. industry, transfer of technology, license purchase, and investment in defense The Concept of Defense Diplomacy industry (Multazam, 2010). According to Cottey
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