LAW in the ANCIENT WORLD Raymond Westbrook
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Art 258: Ancient and Medieval Art Spring 2016 Sched#20203
Art 258: Ancient and Medieval Art Spring 2016 Sched#20203 Dr. Woods: Office: Art 559; e-mail: [email protected] Office Hours: Monday and Friday 8:00-8:50 am Course Time and Location: MWF 10:00 – 10:50 HH221 Course Overview Art 258 is an introduction to western art from the earliest cave paintings through the age of Gothic Cathedrals. Sculpture, painting, architecture and crafts will be analyzed from an interdisciplinary perspective, for what they reveal about the religion, mythology, history, politics and social context of the periods in which they were created. Student Learning Outcomes Students will learn to recognize and identify all monuments on the syllabus, and to contextualize and interpret art as the product of specific historical, political, social and economic circumstances. Students will understand the general characteristics of each historical or stylistic period, and the differences and similarities between cultures and periods. The paper assignment will develop students’ skills in visual analysis, critical thinking and written communication. This is an Explorations course in the Humanities and Fine Arts. Completing this course will help you to do the following in greater depth: 1) analyze written, visual, or performed texts in the humanities and fine arts with sensitivity to their diverse cultural contexts and historical moments; 2) describe various aesthetic and other value systems and the ways they are communicated across time and cultures; 3) identify issues in the humanities that have personal and global relevance; 4) demonstrate the ability to approach complex problems and ask complex questions drawing upon knowledge of the humanities. Course Materials Text: F. -
Republic of Iraq
Republic of Iraq Babylon Nomination Dossier for Inscription of the Property on the World Heritage List January 2018 stnel oC fobalbaT Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 State Party .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Province ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Name of property ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical coordinates to the nearest second ................................................................................................. 1 Center ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 N 32° 32’ 31.09”, E 44° 25’ 15.00” ..................................................................................................................... 1 Textural description of the boundary .................................................................................................................. 1 Criteria under which the property is nominated .................................................................................................. 4 Draft statement -
Gilgamesh Sung in Ancient Sumerian Gilgamesh and the Ancient Near East
Gilgamesh sung in ancient Sumerian Gilgamesh and the Ancient Near East Dr. Le4cia R. Rodriguez 20.09.2017 ì The Ancient Near East Cuneiform cuneus = wedge Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi, Ankara Babylonian deed of sale. ca. 1750 BCE. Tablet of Sargon of Akkad, Assyrian Tablet with love poem, Sumerian, 2037-2029 BCE 19th-18th centuries BCE *Gilgamesh was an historic figure, King of Uruk, in Sumeria, ca. 2800/2700 BCE (?), and great builder of temples and ci4es. *Stories about Gilgamesh, oral poems, were eventually wriXen down. *The Babylonian epic of Gilgamesh compiled from 73 tablets in various languages. *Tablets discovered in the mid-19th century and con4nue to be translated. Hero overpowering a lion, relief from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad), Iraq, ca. 721–705 BCE The Flood Tablet, 11th tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Library of Ashurbanipal Neo-Assyrian, 7th century BCE, The Bri4sh Museum American Dad Gilgamesh and Enkidu flank the fleeing Humbaba, cylinder seal Neo-Assyrian ca. 8th century BCE, 2.8cm x 1.3cm, The Bri4sh Museum DOUBLING/TWINS BROMANCE *Role of divinity in everyday life. *Relaonship between divine and ruler. *Ruler’s asser4on of dominance and quest for ‘immortality’. StatuePes of two worshipers from Abu Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar), Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone, male figure 2’ 6” high. Iraq Museum, Baghdad. URUK (WARKA) Remains of the White Temple on its ziggurat. Uruk (Warka), Iraq, ca. 3500–3000 BCE. Plan and ReconstrucVon drawing of the White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk (Warka), Iraq, ca. -
Terms and Facts- Hierarchical Scale
Terms and facts- Hierarchical scale From the Prehistoric and Neolithic- Post and Lintel, Megalith, tumulus, henge From Mesopotamia- The Code of Hammurabi, Shamash, Lamassu, Ziggurat, load bearing architecture, The Sumerians, the Akkadians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, Stele or Stela From Minoa- Labrys, The myth of King Minos and the Minotaur From Mycenae- Corbelled vaults and domes, repousse, Tholos, Megaron, krater From Ancient Egypt- Ben-ben, mastaba, Imhotep, Ma’at, Canon (of artistic laws), cartouche, Canopic jars, Shabti or ushabti, the imagery of nine in connection to the pharaoh, the Amarna Period From Ancient Greece- Polykleitos, Humanism, contrapposto, Exekias, kouros and Kore, archaic smile, Praxiteles, some Greek mythology-especially the main gods and goddesses, meander (key design) Know the seven steps to lost wax casting Know the basic architecture of a Greek Temple-peristyle, the three column orders, (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), stylobate, cella, shaft, caryatids, pediment, capital The two styles of Greek vase painting-black figure and red figure-the basic differences in look You should look up exam one of these myths and know the basic story or the main story about the character listed: Prometheus and Fire Apollo and Daphne Pygmalion and Galatea Niobe Persephone and Hades Pandora Tantalus-Son of Zeus The Danaides Alcyone and Ceyx Idas and Marpessa The Fall of Icarus Theseus and the Minotaur Perseus and the Medusa Jason and Medea Hercules and the Stymphalian Birds Chapter 2.9 Sculpture PART 2 MEDIA AND PROCESSES Seven steps in the lost-wax casting process Build and armature, sculpt the piece (clay), cover with ½ “ layer of wax, cover the entire piece with debris mixture, heat the entire work to melt out the wax through pre-drilled hole, pour the molten metal into the work through pre-drilled holes, break away the debris layer, clean and polishGateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. -
Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST
Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6 -
The Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi The Original Version of this Text was Rendered into HTML by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society Converted to PDF by Danny Stone as a Community Service to the Constitution Society The Code of Hammurabi 1 The Code of Hammurabi hen Anu the Sublime, King of the Anunaki, and Bel, the lord of Heaven and earth, who Wdecreed the fate of the land, assigned to Marduk, the over-ruling son of Ea, God of righteousness, dominion over earthly man, and made him great among the Igigi, they called Babylon by his illustrious name, made it great on earth, and founded an everlasting kingdom in it, whose foundations are laid so solidly as those of heaven and earth; then Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well- being of mankind. Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase, enriching Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, sublime patron of E-kur; who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E- apsu; who conquered the four quarters of the world, made great the name of Babylon, rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil; the royal scion whom Sin made; who enriched Ur; the humble, the reverent, who brings wealth to Gish-shir-gal; the white king, heard of Shamash, the mighty, who again laid the -
Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia Zchapter ONE JUSTICE in ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia zCHAPTER ONE JUSTICE IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Introduction Any study of justice in the Bible must begin with ancient Mesopotamia be- cause the concept and the vocabulary of biblical justice are rooted in that culture. To uncover these roots, this chapter will explore justice in ancient Mesopotamia from the Sumerian culture to the Neo-Babylonian. Although the scope of this chapter seems ambitious, its purpose is limited. The structure of judicial power and the general administration of justice in these cultures will not be treated here.1 This chapter restricts itself rather to the analysis of certain aspects of justice: the problem of the poor and the oppressed, the action of the government in response to them, and the reflection of such a problem in popu- lar piety.2 The concept of justice in ancient Mesopotamia embraces a broader meaning than our concepts of commutative, distributive, or social justice. It is not enough for the governor to promulgate good laws and supervise the keeping of these laws; in order for justice to have its place in the Mesopotamian world, he must also issue decrees of mercy that allow the restoration of a destabilized equality. This chapter studies the texts in chronological order. After an overview of early social and economic development in ancient Mesopotamia, it analyzes the first of social reforms undertaken there. It then goes on to consider the various Mesopotamian law codes, the decrees of mercy (“justice”), and the religious texts that reflect the situation facing the underclasses of Mesopotamia.3 1 For a study of the characteristic structures of judicial power as well as the adminis- tration of justice in general within the societies of ancient Mesopotamia, see Hans J. -
The Code of Hammurabi: an Economic Interpretation
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 8; May 2011 The Code of Hammurabi: An Economic Interpretation K.V. Nagarajan Department of Economics, School of Commerce and Administration Laurentian University, Sudbury Canada E-mail: [email protected], Fax: 705-675-4886 Introduction Hammurabi was the ruler of Babylon from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C1. He is much celebrated for proclaiming a set of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi (The Code henceforward). The Code was written in the Akkadian language and engraved on black diorite, measuring about two-and-a-quarter meters. The tablet is on display in the Louvre, Paris. The stone carving on which the laws are written was found in 1901-1902 by French archeologists at the Edomite capital Susa which is now part of the Kuzhisthan province in Iran. The Code was determined to be written circa 1780 B.C. Although there are other codes preceding it2, The Code is considered the first important legal code known to historians for its comprehensive coverage of topics and wide-spread application. It has been translated and analyzed by historians, legal and theological scholars (Goodspeed, 1902; Vincent, 1904; Duncan, 1904; Pfeiffer, 1920; Driver and Miles, 1952). The Code is well- known for embodying the principle of lex talionis (“eye for an eye”) which is described as a system of retributive justice. However, The Code is also much more complex than just describing offenses and punishments and not all punishments are of the retributive kind. The Code has great relevance to economists. However, very few studies have been undertaken from an economic or economic thought point of view. -
The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity
THE SLAVE SYSTEMS OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITY WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN THE SLAVE SYSTEMS OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITY Memoirs of the AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge Volume 40 THE SLAVE SYSTEMS OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITY WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN Professor Emeritus of History Columbia University THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY INDEPENDENCE SQUARE PHILADELPHIA 1955 Copyright 1955 by the American Philosophical Society Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 54-9107 ISBN 0-87169-040-3 Reprinted 1984 TO THE MEMORY OF MICHAEL IVANOVICH ROSTOVTZEFF CONTENTS PAGE Prefatory Statement and Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xi I. Greek Slavery from Homer to the Persian Wars 1 II. From the Persian Wars to Alexander. Slave Supply and Slave Numbers 5 III. From the Persian Wars to Alexander. Slave Employment and Legal Aspects of Slavery . 12 IV. From the Persian Wars to Alexander. The Social Setting of Polis Slavery 22 V. The Eastern Mediterranean Lands from Alexander to Augustus. Recruitment of Slaves and Numbers 28 VI. The Eastern Mediterranean Lands from Alexander to Augustus. The Delphic Manumissions: Slave Origins, Economic and Legal Approaches 34 VII. The Eastern Area from Alexander to Augustus. Basic Differences Between Pre-Greek and Greek Slavery 39 VIII. Slavery in Hellenistic Egypt. Pharaonic Tradition and Greek Intrusions 46 IX. War and Slavery in the West to 146 B. C 57 X. The Roman Republic. Praedial Slavery, Piracy, and Slave Revolts 63 XI. The Later Republic. The Slave and the Roman Familia 69 XII. The Later Republic. Social and Legal Position of Slaves 77 XIII. Slavery Under the Roman Empire to Constantine the Great. -
Ancient Near East Art
ANCIENT NEAR EAST ART ANCIENT NEAR EAST ANCIENT NEAR EAST IRAQ ANCIENT NEAR EAST “Some Apples, Bananas And Peaches…” -- Mr. Curless ANCIENT NEAR EAST City of UR (first independent city-state) – Anu and Nanna Ziggurats – developed 1st writing system – VOTIVE SUMERIAN FIGURES – Cylinder seals for stamping – EPIC OF GILGAMESH – invention of the wheel Sargon I defeats Sumerians – Stele of Naramsin – AKKADIAN heiratic scale – brutality in art Neo-Sumerian – Gudea of Lagash United Sumer under Hammurabi (1792 – 1750 BCE) BABYLONIAN – Stele of Hammurabi with his Code of Laws – Creation Myths Took control around 1400 BCE – King Assurbanipal – kept library, ziggurat form & Sumerian texts – Human-head lion LAMASSUs ASSYRIAN guard palace Neo-Babylonian – Nebuchadnezzar II PERSIAN Cyrus & the citadel at Persepolis (built between 521-465 BCE) ANCIENT NEAR EAST Sumerian Art White Temple and its ziggurat at Ur. Uruk (now Warka, Iraq), 3500-3000 BCE. Sun-dried and fired mudbrick. SUMERIAN The temple is named after its whitewashed walls and it stands atop a ziggurat, a high platform. Sumerian builders did not have access to stone quarries and instead formed mud bricks for the superstructures of their temples and other buildings. Almost all these structures have eroded over the course of time. The fragile nature of the building materials did not, however, prevent the Sumerians from erecting towering works, such as the Uruk temple, several centuries before the Egyptians built their stone pyramids. Enough of the Uruk complex remains to permit a fairly reliable reconstruction drawing. The temple (most likely dedicated to the sky god Anu) stands on top of a high platform, or ziggurat, 40 feet above street level in the city center. -
The Extent and Significance of Debt Slavery
R. franc, social, 43, Supplement, 2002, 173-204 Alain TESTART The Extent and Significance of Debt Slavery Abstract The phenomenon of debt slavery has either been greatly underestimated or, on the con trary, overestimated through confusion with other ways of dealing with the debtor, like pawn ing, for instance, or the possibility of reimbursing debt through labor. After carefully defining debt slavery, the article shows how widespread it has been, and explains its social- significance as follows: inequalities between rich and poor, already present in most primi tivesocieties, may be redefined in terms of masters and slaves. The transformation, or threa tened transformation, of a debtor into a slave considerably strengthens the power of the dominant. The article concludes with a hypothesis about the origins of the state. For reasons that will not be elucidated here, the extent of debt slavery, par ticularly in primitive societies, has been seriously underestimated. (1) We much too readily take for granted the idea that war was the main, if not exclu sive, source of slaves, and slavery. The following two examples should enable us to free ourselves of this notion. In the case of the Yurok Indians living in what is now northwestern California, war slavery was so infrequent that Kroeber himself, our main authority on this population, denied its existence. (2) He did point out another type of "slavery" (further on I shall examine whether this is the appropriate term), well-known among these people, and resulting from insolvent debt. After application of a highly developed system of fines, whoever had broken a taboo, especially rel ative to mourning, or offended a man, accidentally caused a fire, or destroyed wealth, had to provide compensation in the form of appropriate payment; if he was unable to do so, he was put into a form of bondage to the injured party. -
Early Sumerian Cities
Y 28 NEAR EASTERN, EGYPTIAN, AND AEGEAN CITIES enjoyed more starus, privileges, and possesions than orhers. Evenrually hierarchy would prevail- CHAPTER 2 Managemenr of food sources seems ro have been responsible for rhis, with excess production, which en be stored and sold or traded, providing accumulared wealch and power for some. Religion may have offered an ideological justification For such inequaliry. These periods were Early Sumerian cities marked in addi¡ion by innovations in technology (wheelmade pottery, sheer meral), rrans- ponarion (boats wirh sails), and agriculture (tree crops). Trade neworks conrinued, as rhe broad distribution of Hdaf and Ubaid pottery indicates, from Medirerrmean Turkey to Inn. Litrle by linle rhe rechnologiel, commerciel, and social wo¡ld of rhe Ancienr Near Easr wæ preparing irself for rhe rise of full-fledged ciries. The Sumerians (firsr period of dominarion): Ubaid period: a. 5000-3500 Bc Proroliterare (Uruk) period: ca.3500-2900 ¡c Early Dynasric period: ca. 2900-2350r;c The Êrs¡ ciries in the Near Easr-Mediletranean basin appeared in souchern Mesoponmia, or Sumer, rhe crearion of a people we call rhe Sumerians (Figure 2.1). \Ve have seen that environrnental changes in south-west fuia during rhe previous 5,000 years led to human control over food production; with this masrery came major social changes, including Êxed setdemen¡s. The socio-economic developmenr of these towns and villages is marked by the gradual appearance ofthe ten criteria proposed by Childe as a mark of rhe rrue ciry. AII ten factors finally emerge in Sumer during the later fourth millennium Bc. This chapter will explore early Sumerian ciries.