“The Tanner Manuscript – in the Right Place at the Right Time.”
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Our Position Was Finely Adapted to Its Use...”
"...Our Position Was Finely Adapted To Its Use...” The Guns of Cemetery Hill Bert H. Barnett During the late afternoon of July 1, 1863, retiring Federals of the battered 1st and 11th corps withdrew south through Gettysburg toward Cemetery Hill and began to steady themselves upon it. Following the difficult experiences of the first day of battle, many officers and men were looking to that solid piece of ground, seeking all available advantages. A number of factors made this location attractive. Chief among them was a broad, fairly flat crest that rose approximately eighty feet above the center of Gettysburg, which lay roughly three-quarters of a mile to the north. Cemetery Hill commanded the approaches to the town from the south, and the town in turn served as a defensive bulwark against organized attack from that quarter. To the west and southwest of the hill, gradually descending open slopes were capable of being swept by artillery fire. The easterly side of the hill was slightly lower in height than the primary crest. Extending north of the Baltimore pike, it possessed a steeper slope that overlooked low ground, cleared fields, and a small stream. Field guns placed on this position would also permit an effective defense. It was clear that this new position possessed outstanding features. General Oliver Otis Howard, commanding the Union 11th Corps, pronounced it “the only tenable position” for the army.1 As the shadows began to lengthen on July 1, it became apparent that Federal occupation of the hill was not going to be challenged in any significant manner this day. -
Course Reader
Course Reader Gettysburg: History and Memory Professor Allen Guelzo The content of this reader is only for educational use in conjunction with the Gilder Lehrman Institute’s Teacher Seminar Program. Any unauthorized use, such as distributing, copying, modifying, displaying, transmitting, or reprinting, is strictly prohibited. GETTYSBURG in HISTORY and MEMORY DOCUMENTS and PAPERS A.R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson In Campaign Of 1862,” Southern Historical Society Papers 40 (September 1915) The Situation James Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War (Philadelphia, 1879) 1863 “Letter from Major-General Henry Heth,” SHSP 4 (September 1877) Lee to Jefferson Davis (June 10, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt 3) Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War (Edinburgh, 1879) John S. Robson, How a One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War (Durham, NC, 1898) George H. Washburn, A Complete Military History and Record of the 108th Regiment N.Y. Vols., from 1862 to 1894 (Rochester, 1894) Thomas Hyde, Following the Greek Cross, or Memories of the Sixth Army Corps (Boston, 1894) Spencer Glasgow Welch to Cordelia Strother Welch (August 18, 1862), in A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife (New York, 1911) The Armies The Road to Richmond: Civil War Memoirs of Major Abner R. Small of the Sixteenth Maine Volunteers, ed. H.A. Small (Berkeley, 1939) Mrs. Arabella M. Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph: The Adventures of 1000 “Boys in Blue,” from August, 1862, until June, 1865 (Albany, 1870) John H. Rhodes, The History of Battery B, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union (Providence, 1894) A Gallant Captain of the Civil War: Being the Record of the Extraordinary Adventures of Frederick Otto Baron von Fritsch, ed. -
Battlefield Footsteps Programs Teacher and Student Guide
BATTL FI LD FOOTST PS Gettysburg National Military Park Preparation Materials for the Courage, Determination, and eadership student programs. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Battlefield Footsteps Programs Teacher and Student Guide The following lessons have been prepared for you to present over the course of one or two class periods and/or to send home as study guides for your students. They will prepare them for the trip as well as build their anticipation for the program. Please be sure to have the students wear a nametag with their FIRST NAMES ONLY in large letters so that we can get to know them quickly on Field Trip Day. Causes of the American Civil War a lesson for all programs page 3 What was the Civil War really fought over? Let the people who lived through this emotional and complex time period tell you what it was like, and why they became involved in a war that would ultimately claim 620,000 lives. th “Courage and the 9 Massachusetts Battery” July 2, 1863 page 6 “Retreat by prolonge, firing!” is the order as your unit is sacrificed to buy time for the infantry to plug the gaps along Cemetery Ridge. Follow in the path and harried activity of this courageous artillery unit. “Determination and the 15th Alabama Infantry” July 2, 1863 page 10 Climb Big Round Top and attack Little Round Top after a forced march, and without any water! This program illustrates the strength, stamina and determination of these Confederate infantrymen. “Leadership and the 6th Wisconsin Infantry” July 1, 1863 page 14 “Align on the Colors” with Lt. -
Gettysburg OOB Source
Gettysburg OOB Source: Gettysburg 1863 by Carl Smith (Copyright, Osprey Publishing Ltd, 1998) North Union Army of the Potomac (MG George G. Meade) 112,735 total, 95,799 engaged General HQ (Provost Marshal M. Patrick) 1528 Guards & Orderlies (Oneida NY Cav.) 42 93rd NY (detachments) 148 8th U.S. 401 2nd PA Cavalry 489 6th PA (cos. E & I) 81 Regular Cav. Det. From 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th U.S. 15 Signal Corps 51 Engineers (not present) ? 15th NY ? 50th NY ? U.S. Battalion of Engineers ? I Corps (MG John F. Reynolds) (MG Abner Doubleday) (MG John Newton) 12596 General HQ 1st Maine Cav. (Co. L) 57 B/121st PA 306 1st Division (BG James S. Wadsworth) 3860 1st (Iron) Brigade (BG Solomon Meredith) (Col. W.W. Robinson) 1829 2nd WI 302 6th WI 344 7th WI 364 19th IN 308 24th MI 496 2nd Brigade (BG Lysander Cutler) 2020 84th NY (14th Brooklyn Militia) 318 147th NY 380 76th NY 375 95th NY 241 56th PA 252 7th IN 437 2nd Division (BG John C. Robinson) 3027 1st Brigade (BG Gabriel R. Paul) 1829 94th NY 411 104th NY 309 11th PA 292 107th PA 255 16th ME 298 13th MA 284 2nd Brigade (MG Henry Baxter) 1198 12th MA 261 83rd NY (9th Militia) 215 97th NY 236 88th PA 274 90th PA 208 3rd Division (MG Abner Doubleday) (BG Thomas A. Rowley) 4711 Provost Guard 149th PA (Co. C) 60 1st Brigade (BG T. Rowley) (Col. Chapman Biddle) 1387 80th NY 287 121st PA 263 142nd PA 362 151st PA 467 2nd "Bucktail" Brigade (Col. -
The Gettysburg Campaign: a Contemporary Account by Whitelaw Reid
I The Gettysburg Campaign: A Contemporary Account by Whitelaw Reid Assignment 1863, June 18 From Philadelphia “Pennsylvania invaded!” “Harrisburg expected to fall!” “Lee’s whole army moving through Chambersburg in three grand columns of attack!” And so on for quantity. Such were the pleasing assurances that began to burst on us in the West on Tuesday morning. All Pennsylvania seemed to be quivering in spasms over the invasion. Pittsburgh suspended business and went to fortifying; veracious gentlemen along the railroad lines and in little villages of the interior rushed to the telegraph offices and did their duty to their country by giving their fears to the wings of the lightning. I was quietly settling myself in comfortable quarters at the Neil House to look on at the counterpart of last week’s Vallandigham Convention1 when dispatches reached me, urging an immediate 1 Reid’s reference is to the Ohio state Democratic convention, which convened in Columbus on June 11 and nominated Clement L. Vallandigham for the gover- norship. A leader of the northern Peace Democrats (often called Copperheads), Vallandigham had been arrested for treason on May 5, 1863, and, following banish- ment to Confederate lines, took up exile in Canada that July. The peace movement in the North gained thousands of adherents in the spring of 1863. 99781405181129_4_001.indd781405181129_4_001.indd 1 99/9/2008/9/2008 88:02:01:02:01 PPMM 2 Two Witnesses at Gettysburg departure for the scene of action. I was well convinced that the whole affair was an immense panic, but the unquestioned movements of Lee and Hooker gave certain promise to something; and besides, whether grounded or groundless, the alarm of invasion was a subject that demanded attention.2 And so, swallowing my disgust at the irregular and unauthorized demonstrations of the rebels, I hastened off. -
"Awful Beyond Description": the Ordeal of the Hudson Valley
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Devils Den, Gettysburg 58 The Hudson River Valley Review “Awful beyond description”: The Ordeal of the Hudson Valley Regiments in the Army of the Potomac in 1863 Mark James Morreale I While writing to his parents on May 9, 1863, Private Lewis Coe Bevier, a cook in the Third Corps Hospital, observed that “Their is an awful lot of wounded in the hospital now from that last battle in fredericksburg.”1 Indeed, the Battle of Chancellorsville, to which Bevier actually refers, had been a trying time for the regiments of Sickles’ Third Corps, including the 124th and Bevier’s own 120th. The campaign started off well enough. The troops were full of promise on April 28, when they broke camp along the banks of the Rappahannock River and began marching eastward while the Fifth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Corps trudged to the west along the northern bank of the river in an attempt to encircle Lee’s army. The Third Corps, along with the First and Sixth, were part of Hooker’s initial grand deception of Lee, pinning his Army of Northern Virginia in place while three of Hooker’s corps slipped around and behind the Confederate entrench- ments at Fredericksburg. Years later, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Weygant recalled this time when, as a captain in command of Company A of the 124th New York, his heavily laden men moved through a dense fog, carrying “in addition to…food, blankets, gun, and accoutrements; eighty rounds of ammunition, and a change of clothing.” He further commented that, “Just where we were going, or what was to be accomplished or attempted, were matters about which we could but specu- late.”2 The following day, the First and Third Corps countermarched in the oppo- site direction, following the rest of the army. -
Gettysburg As a Turning Point Joseph Griffith Cedarville University, [email protected]
Cedarville University DigitalCommons@Cedarville History Capstone Research Papers Senior Capstone Papers 4-22-2015 A Study of Civil War Leadership: Gettysburg as a Turning Point Joseph Griffith Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/history_capstones Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Griffith,os J eph, "A Study of Civil War Leadership: Gettysburg as a Turning Point" (2015). History Capstone Research Papers. 3. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/history_capstones/3 This Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Capstone Research Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Study of Civil War Leadership: Gettysburg as a Turning Point Written and Researched by Joseph Griffith Spring 2015 The Civil War was a pivotal and tragic period in our country’s history. The years that spanned from 1860-1865 were years that were paved with the blood of American men, and what determined whether these men lived or died was the men who led them. Civil War leadership on both sides of the battlefield was critical to the success of the Union and the failure of the Confederacy. Success did not happen overnight, however. The road for the Union was a long and frustrating one, with constant changes in leadership positions and a plague of poor generals. This was not the case for the whole war. The Battle of Gettysburg served as a turning point for the Union, and the Union rode this change to an eventual victory in the war. -
Collection 1805.060.021: Photographs of Union and Confederate Officers in the Civil War in America – Collection of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George Meade U.S.A
Collection 1805.060.021: Photographs of Union and Confederate Officers in the Civil War in America – Collection of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George Meade U.S.A. Alphabetical Index The Heritage Center of The Union League of Philadelphia 140 South Broad Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 www.ulheritagecenter.org [email protected] (215) 587-6455 Collection 1805.060.021 Photographs of Union and Confederate Officers - Collection of Bvt. Lt. Col. George Meade U.S.A. Alphabetical Index Middle Last Name First Name Name Object ID Description Notes Portrait of Major Henry L. Abbott of the 20th Abbott was killed on May 6, 1864, at the Battle Abbott Henry L. 1805.060.021.22AP Massachusetts Infantry. of the Wilderness in Virginia. Portrait of Colonel Ira C. Abbott of the 1st Abbott Ira C. 1805.060.021.24AD Michigan Volunteers. Portrait of Colonel of the 7th United States Infantry and Brigadier General of Volunteers, Abercrombie John J. 1805.060.021.16BN John J. Abercrombie. Portrait of Brigadier General Geo. (George) Stoneman Chief of Cavalry, Army of the Potomac, and staff, including Assistant Surgeon J. Sol. Smith and Lieutenant and Assistant J. Adjutant General A.J. (Andrew Jonathan) Alexander A. (Andrew) (Jonathan) 1805.060.021.11AG Alexander. Portrait of Brigadier General Geo. (George) Stoneman Chief of Cavalry, Army of the Potomac, and staff, including Assistant Surgeon J. Sol. Smith and Lieutenant and Assistant J. Adjutant General A.J. (Andrew Jonathan) Alexander A. (Andrew) (Jonathan) 1805.060.021.11AG Alexander. Portrait of Captain of the 3rd United States Cavalry, Lieutenant Colonel, Assistant Adjutant General of the Volunteers, and Brevet Brigadier Alexander Andrew J. -
Gettysburg 2013 X Ii
G E T T Y S B U R G | The Second Day [ PART II of III ] D A V E B O E C K H O U T Version 3: 2013 © Edited and revised for the 150th commemoration of The Battle of Gettysburg—July 1-3, 2013— as well as the 20th Anniversary of the trip that led to this narrative documentary. The original preface: Thursday July 1—Saturday July 3, 1993, marked the 130th commemoration of the Battle of Gettysburg. I spent these three days out in the fields, valleys, woods, along the creeks and runs and atop the ridges and hills where this battle took place. I mapped my movements, based on location and time, to coincide with the flow of battle. The following writings are the result ~ 2 D Boeckhout | InHeritage THE SECOND DAY Union troop deployment . The night of the 1st and early morning of the 2nd became a mad rush to field and place a defensive line for the U.S. Army of the Potomac. For just across the fields to their front, Robert E. Lee had both Hill’s III Corps and Ewell’s II Corps at full-strength, the predominant portion of Longstreet’s I Corps having encamped but a few miles west along the Cashtown-Chambersburg Pike. Meade knew that Lee would hit hard as soon as he was able and wanted adequate strength in place to meet the attacks. It had become a simple matter of time management: who could assemble their force first and use it most effectively. -
The Key to the Entire Situation1
The Key to the Entire Situation1 The Peach Orchard, July 2, 1863 Eric A. Campbell “The Peach Orchard is located at the junction of the Emmetsburg and the Wheatfield…roads, and is on a hill or high knoll… Many histories have been written; but, in all, the fighting at the Peach Orchard, which barely escaped bringing disaster to the Army [of the Potomac], has been hardly referred to, as of any importance.” 2 th Capt. John Bigelow, 9 Massachusetts Battery Of all the landmarks on the Gettysburg battlefield made famous by the fighting of July 2, 1863 (such as Little Round Top, Devil's Den, the Wheatfield, Culp’s Hill, and Cemetery Hill), the one that has received the least amount of attention is the Peach Orchard. This is somewhat puzzling, for not only was the combat that occurred there critical in the overall struggle that day, but it also involved some of the most well-known personalities of the battle: men such as James Longstreet, Daniel Sickles, George Meade, and William Barksdale. Even more surprising, two of the most hotly debated controversies of this historic engagement, the Meade-Sickles Controversy and the Longstreet Countermarch episode, are associated with the events surrounding the Peach Orchard. Despite this lack attention, it can be argued that no single area more heavily influenced the events of the second day of the battle than did the Peach Orchard. Indeed the orchard, and the surrounding terrain, affected nearly every phase of the battle, from the creation of the opposing battle lines and battle plans that morning, to the tactical level of troop movements and combat in the afternoon and early evening. -
Good Enough to Win: an Analysis of Federal And
GOOD ENOUGH TO WIN: AN ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL AND CONFEDERATE COMMAND SYSTEMS AT GETTYSBURG John D. Wedo and Terrence L. Salada In describing the Battle of Gettysburg, the shorthand “Meade versus Lee” is often used. Despite the shorthand of using the names of competing generals, battle is won by the totality of an army: its generals, combat arms, and support units. Therefore, battle is not a joust between two commanders, but between aggregations working in concert toward a common goal. Another word for such an aggregation is a system. The reasons for the battle’s outcome are sometimes hidden because labyrinthine analyses often concentrate on Confederate misfortune and ignore Federal proficiency. Although convenient and sometimes useful, it is insufficient to constrict an analysis solely to certain individuals with seemingly egregious performance; instead, one must analyze the Federal and Confederate commands as complete systems and compare them as such. This paper will analyze the battle of Gettysburg as an engagement between two systems. It will first define a system and show how previous authors have unknowingly, but presciently, ventured into the area of systems analysis to describe the battle’s result This paper will conduct such an analysis in three parts: 1) the selection of the major commanders within the armies, 2) summary of the two command systems in the battle, and 3) comparison of the two command systems. These appear in the three following sections. This paper will not specifically compare General George Meade and General Robert E. Lee for this reason: The Battle of Gettysburg was not a personal contest between the two 1 generals, both of whom were competent. -
A Most Desperate Hour: 6:45 P.M.-7:45 P.M
$0RVW'HVSHUDWH+RXUSPSP-XO\ 7KH)HGHUDO&RXQWHUDWWDFNDORQJWKH(PPLWVEXUJ 5RDG -RKQ0LFKDHO3ULHVW Gettysburg Magazine, Number 52, January 2015, pp. 2-24 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HEUDVND3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/get.2015.0008 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/get/summary/v052/52.priest.html Accessed 14 Oct 2015 15:31 GMT A Most Desperate Hour: 6:45 p.m.– 7:45 p.m. July 2, 1863 Th e Federal Counterattack along the Emmitsburg Road John Michael Priest Anyone who goes to Gettysburg knows the story Wright’s Georgians fi nished the formation farther of the First Minnesota and its fatal charge against to the north. Barksdale’s brigade late in the day on July 2, 1863. A tenuous Federal line, stretching from the Celebrated in a terrifi c painting by the renowned George Weikert orchard to the Copse of Trees, Don Troiani and perpetually commemorated by a prepared for the onslaught. Maj. Freeman McGil- magnifi cent monument along southern Hancock very formed an artillery line on the ridge imme- Avenue, the story recalls the raw courage and selfl ess diately north of George Weikert’s orchard, its left devotion to duty of a small western regiment as it fl ank anchored on the woods west of the house. Th e charged to its demise against a much larger Confed- badly mauled Battery B, First New Jersey, had the erate force. Th e First Minnesota rightfully deserves left , with the Sixth Maine and the battered Battery its accolades and as such has become part of the my- E, Fift h Massachusetts, continuing it to the right.