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Franciska Sundholm 3 | Suomalainen polaariretkikunta Lapissa 1882–1884 FRANCISKA SUNDHOLM WILHELM RAMSAY Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia FINSKA VETENSKAPS- SOCIETETEN 2020 SOCIETAS SCIENTIARUM FENNICA Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten, grundad 1838, är Finlands äldsta vetenskapsakademi, som publicerar forskning, utdelar stipendier och pris, tar initiativ och håller möten med föredrag. Societeten inledde 1996 ett publiceringssamarbete med syskonakademin Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Vuonna 1838 perustettu Suomen Tiedeseura on Suomen vanhin tiedeakatemia, joka julkaisee tutkimuksia, myöntää tutkimusavustuksia ja palkintoja, tekee aloitteita ja järjestää kokouksia. Seura aloitti 1996 julkaisuyhteistyön sisarjärjestönsä Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian kanssa. The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, founded in 1838, is the oldest scholarly academy of Finland. It publishes research, awards research grants and prizes, takes initiatives and organizes meetings. In 1996 the Society established cooperation with its sister organizarion the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk Serien, som grundades år 1857, publicerar undersökningar om Finlands natur, befolkning och samhällsförhållanden. Utkommer med oregelbundna intervaller. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk utges inom ramen för publiceringssamarbetet med Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Vuonna 1857 perustettu sarja julkaisee Suomen luontoa, väestöä ja yhteiskuntaoloja käsitteleviä tutkielmia. Ilmestyy epäsäännöllisin välein. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk julkaistaan osana Suomen Tiedeseuran ja Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian välistä julkaisuyhteistyötä. The series, founded in 1857, publishes monographs dealing with the nature, population and social conditions of Finland. Appears at irregular intervals. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk is part of the publishing cooperation between the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters and the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Redaktör – Toimittaja – Editor Stig-Olof Londen Institutionen för matematik och systemanalys Aalto universitetet PB 11000, FI-00076 Aalto [email protected] Försäljning – Myynti – Dealer Tiedekirja/Vetenskapsbokhandeln Snellmaninkatu/Snellmansgatan 13 Pärmens karta ritades 1909 av FI-00170 Helsinki/Helsingfors Karin Ramsay. [email protected], www.tsv.fi Bakpärmens bild Wilhelm Grafisk utformning och ombrytning: Minna Etsalo Ramsays samling. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 209 FRANCISKA SUNDHOLM WILHELM RAMSAY Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia Helsingfors 2020 Sundholm, Franciska, 2020. WILHELM RAMSAY Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 209, 163 pp. ISBN: 978-951-653-436-0 ISSN: 0067-8481 © Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten – Societas Scientiarum Fennica och Franciska Sundholm. Abstract WILHELM RAMSAY Lifelong wandering in Fennoscandia Wilhelm Ramsay, whose family originated in Scotland, was born in 1865 near Dalsbruk on the southwest coast of Finland, where his father was proprietor of the ironworks. Ramsay matriculated in 1882 and took his master’s degree in 1886. Between 1885 and 1887 Ramsay studied in Stockholm under W.C. Brøgger, where he finished his work for PhD in 1887. This same year he was invited by J.A. Palmén to participate as geologist in the great Kola expedition. From the expedition he brought home a rich collection of rocks, mostly from the great nepheline syenite massif, which he discovered in the western interior of the peninsula. He returned to the Kola peninsula several times and also trav- elled widely in the eastern parts of Carelia, until the borders were closed in 1914. In 1898 Ramsay introduced the term Fennoscandia for the geological-geographical re- gion of northern Europe consisting of Finland, Sweden, Norway, the Kola peninsula and parts of Russian Carelia. As Professor of Mineralogy and Geology of the University of Helsinki from 1899 he is remembered as an inspiring teacher, and in dynamic geology, in particular, he made a strong impression on his students. Ramsay reorganised the whole of the Department of Mineralogy and Geology, the research and teaching, and its collec- tions of stones and minerals. Ramsay also took part in the international discussion of orogeny and its influence on global climatic changes. He gave much thought to the eustatic changes in the level of the ocean, which depend on the quantity of continental ice during each period of glaciation. He dealt with this matter in the 1920´s, a comprehensive paper on this subject appeared two years after his death in 1928. Keywords: Fennoscandia, Kola peninsula, nepheline syenite, geology, mineralogy, orogeny, climatic changes, glaciation Franciska Sundholm [email protected] 6 Wilhelm Ramsay Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia Wilhelm Ramsay 1899, foto Ateljé Apollo, publicerad i GEISTIGE WELT, Galerie von Zeitgenossen auf dem Gebiet der Künste und Wissenschaften, Anton Mansch Ed., Adolf Eckstein Verlag, Berlin 1901 Kiitokset 7 8 Wilhelm Ramsay Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING Förord 10 Inledning 12 Föräldrar och barndom 14 Studier och första forskningsresan 21 Skolgång och studier 21 I Brøggers grupp 24 Palméns inbjudan till Kolaexpeditionen 27 Doktorsavhandlingen 30 Den första expeditionen till Kolahalvön 31 Efter den första Kolaresan... 41 Studier i München och Heidelberg 43 Rapporten från den första Kolaresan 44 Forskarkontakter och framtidsplaner 45 Kontakten med kemisten William Ramsay, Sir William 45 Geologiska Kommissionen blev inte Ramsays arbetsplats, han valde forskar- och lärarbanan 47 Akademisk lärare från hösten 1887 49 Innehållsförteckning 9 Sällskapet för Finlands geografi grundades 1888. ”Vad hade jag på galejan att göra?” 54 Flera resor till Kolahalvön 61 Andra och tredje resan till Kolahalvön 61 Samerna kring Imandra 66 Fortsatta studier utomlands 75 Undersökningar i södra och östra Finland 1894 – 1896 och på Kolahalvön 1897 76 Den stora geologkongressen 1897 82 Resan till Kolahalvön 1898 87 Familjen, resor i östra Fennoskandia, Geologins grunder 91 Karin von Born 91 Bjurbölemeteoriten 94 Resor i ryska Karelen 1901 och 1902 96 Familjen Ramsay växer; Karin Ramsays hälsa vacklar 101 Ramsays långa resa till Kaninhalvön 1903 104 Resor i Karelen 1905 och 1909. Geologins grunder utkommer 1909 113 De sista resorna till Kolahalvön, sorg på hemmafronten 117 Resor till Kolahalvön 1911 och 1914 117 Det ökande ryska förtrycket bekymrade Karin och Wilhelm Ramsay; barnen växer 123 Året 1918 blev fyllt av sorg för Wilhelm Ramsay, åren efter 1918 ägnades resor i västra Fennoskandia och Baltikum 130 De sista åren, forskningsresultaten 135 Promotionen 1927 135 Ramsays forskningsresultat är delvis aktuella än idag 143 Epilog 154 Kolleger, vänner och släktingar 156 Källor 162 10 Wilhelm Ramsay Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia FÖRORD Wilhelm Ramsay är en av vårt lands mest kända geologer. Över 150 år har förflutit sedan han föddes, och över 90 år sedan han avled. Han efterlämnade ca. 140 originalpublika- tioner, åtskilliga populärvetenskapliga uppsatser, talrika brev till släktingar, vänner och kolleger, anteckningsböcker samt en mycket stor samling negativ till fotografier han tagit under sina resor 1887 – 1914. Han hade en vid krets av släktingar, kolleger och vänner, i många fall höll han kontakt med dem hela livet. Man inser lätt sitt vetandes begränsning då man beskriver en människa man aldrig kände, man använder det material som gångna tider efterlämnat. Så gott det går har jag försökt placera Wilhelm Ramsay i sin samtid. Utan betänkande skulle jag beskriva Wil- helm Ramsay som vetgirig, noggrann, eftertänksam. Han kunde säkert också vara bitande ironisk, men aldrig elak. I flera avseenden var han före sin tid, hans elever har påpekat att han gärna också höll sina föreläsningar på finska, alls inte vanligt ännu på 1920-talet, långt före språkförordningen trätt i kraft. Betecknande är att han skrev inbjudan till pro- movendi 1927 på finska, inte på svenska. Avsikten med denna uppsats är att kort ge en uppfattning om omfattningen av hans vetenskapliga verksamhet och några av dess resultat, men framför allt att kort beskriva kretsen kring honom, utan vilken han säkert inte hade blivit den han var. Av sina fem barn beskrevs han som mycket snäll. Kollegernas omdömen finns samlade i ett flertal minnestal och artiklar. Han har själv i flera läsvärda uppsatser, och framför allt i den Förord 11 kända läroboken Geologins grunder, beskrivit metoder och resultat som uppnåddes inom geologi och mineralogi under hans livstid. Jag står i stor tacksamhetsskuld till flera personer för uppmuntran och hjälp med upppsatsen. Framför andra vill jag tacka Joakim Donner, som under flera års tid ivrigt uppmanat mig att skriva, och dessutom erbjudit hjälp och råd, och till slut också rättat mitt manuskript. Matti Saarnistos uppmuntran och kommentarer har glatt mig mycket, och med hans hjälp kunde jag också använda Geologiska Forskningscentralens bibliotek. Hari Adhikari har ritat kartorna i texten. Göran Sundholm har kommenterat uppsatsen så länge jag skrivit, dessutom rättat mina otaliga skrivfel och ologiskheter i texten. Sakna- dens tankar går till Leif Rantala som följde David Sjöstrands spår i norr. Redaktören för denna serie, Stig-Olof Londen, har med tålamod redigerat manuskriptet för tryckning. Helsingfors i september 2019 Franciska Sundholm 12 Wilhelm Ramsay Livslång vandring i Fennoskandia INLEDNING Samtidens bild av Wilhelm Ramsay (i fortsättningen Ramsay) var den av en praktiskt lagd realist och
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