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COMPORTAMIENTO DEPREDADOR EN MACHOS Y HEMBRAS DE Phoneutria Boliviensis (F

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COMPORTAMIENTO DEPREDADOR EN MACHOS Y HEMBRAS DE Phoneutria Boliviensis (F COMPORTAMIENTO DEPREDADOR EN MACHOS Y HEMBRAS DE Phoneutria boliviensis (F. O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE, 1897), BAJO CONDICIONES DE LABORATORIO FELIPE OSPINA FERNÁNDEZ UNIVERSIDAD DE IBAGUÉ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMÁTICAS ADMINISTRACIÓN AMBIENTAL IBAGUÉ, TOLIMA 2019 COMPORTAMIENTO DEPREDADOR EN MACHOS Y HEMBRAS DE Phoneutria boliviensis (F. O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE, 1897), BAJO CONDICIONES DE LABORATORIO FELIPE OSPINA FERNÁNDEZ Proyecto de grado para optar al título de administrador ambiental Dra. Lida Marcela Franco Pérez DIRECTORA MsC. Juan Carlos Valenzuela Rojas CO-DIRECTOR UNIVERSIDAD DE IBAGUÉ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMÁTICAS ADMINISTRACIÓN AMBIENTAL IBAGUÉ, TOLIMA 2019 CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................... 7 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA .................................................................. 11 1.1. FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ....................................................... 14 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN ............................................................................................ 15 3. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................... 17 3.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................................................... 17 3.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS .................................................................. 17 4. MARCO DE REFERENCIA ............................................................................ 18 4.1. MARCO CONCEPTUAL ......................................................................... 18 4.2. MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................................. 20 4.3. ESTADO DEL ARTE DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ..................................... 22 5. METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................. 24 5.1. Área de estudio y colecta de especímenes ......................................... 24 5.2. DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL ..................................................................... 27 5.3. TRATAMIENTO ESTADÍSTICO .............................................................. 30 6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ....................................................................... 32 6.1. TASA DE ACEPTACIÓN ........................................................................ 32 6.2. TIEMPO DE INMOVILIZACIÓN .............................................................. 35 6.3. COMPORTAMIENTO DEPREDADOR ................................................... 38 7. CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................................... 49 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................... 50 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Mapa del Municipio de Oporapa - Huila 24 Figura 2. Individuo de Phoneutria boliviensis hallado en los aludes de las carreteras 25 Figura 3. Individuo de Phoneutria boliviensis encontrado en pastizal 25 Figura 4. Individuo de Phoneutria boliviensis colectado en pastizal 26 Figura 5. Individuo de Phoneutria boliviensis encontrado cerca de cultivos de café 26 Figura 6. Tasa de aceptación de machos y hembras de Phoneutria boliviensis 32 Figura 7. Tiempo de inmovilización de presas de Phoneutria boliviensis 36 Figura 8. Macho de Phoneutria boliviensis alimentándose de Ctenus sp. 37 Figura 9. Diagrama de flujo de las conductas de captura de machos de Phoneutria boliviensis frente a arañas 41 Figura 10. Diagrama de flujo de las conductas de captura de machos de Phoneutria boliviensis frente a cucarachas 42 Figura 11. Diagrama de flujo de las conductas de captura de machos de Phoneutria boliviensis frente a gecos 43 Figura 12. Diagrama de flujo de las conductas de captura de hembras de Phoneutria boliviensis frente a arañas 44 Figura 13. Diagrama de flujo de las conductas de captura de hembras de Phoneutria boliviensis frente a cucarachas 45 Figura 14. Diagrama de flujo de las conductas de captura de hembras de Phoneutria boliviensis frente a gecos. 46 Figura 15. ACC de captura para hembras y machos de P.boliviensis: amarillo= sexo, rojo=presas, azul= actos comportamentales. 48 LISTA DE TABLAS pág. Tabla 1. Tamaño de las presas. Los resultados son mostrados como (Ẋ±DE) 35 Tabla 2. Repertorio conductual de Phoneutria boliviensis observado para las presas en experimentación. 38 Tabla 3. Valores de Pruebas de Chi2 y Valor P para cada presa aceptada por Machos y Hembras de Phoneutria boliviensis 39 INTRODUCCIÓN Las arañas son uno de los grupos más diversificados de depredadores terrestres y están presentes en una amplia variedad de ambientes naturales y agrícolas1. Son depredadores generalistas de artrópodos sin embargo, se conoce poco de la dieta de arañas en relación con su alta diversidad2. Recientes trabajos muestran que el comportamiento depredador de las arañas varía en relación con su dieta3, Como también en función de la disponibilidad de presas que fluctúan espacial y temporalmente en el ambiente4. Las arañas se consideran animales venenosos debido a que producen toxinas que utilizan para manipular, inmovilizar y matar a sus presas56. De esta manera, son capaces de ejercer una influencia considerable sobre las poblaciones de sus presas y por ende cumplir un rol de depredadores naturales principalmente de artrópodos7. Estos arácnidos se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos morfológicos, conductuales y fisiológicos que les confiere la denominación de depredadores exitosos. Estas estrategias están relacionadas con su comportamiento depredador, y se enfocan en la secreción de seda y la producción de veneno que permiten la manipulación, ingesta y en algunos casos la pre digestión de las presas8. Estos atributos convierten a las arañas en un grupo de gran interés a nivel mundial, siendo junto con los ácaros quienes ocupan la mayor atención en diferentes estudios9. Las arañas son depredadoras por naturaleza y de esto dependen aspectos de vital importancia como el desarrollo, la supervivencia, y su éxito reproductivo.1011. 1JACKSON, R. R.; POLLARD, S. D. Predatory behavior of jumping spiders. Annual review of entomology, 1996, vol. 41, no 1, p. 287-308. 2PEKÁR S, GARCÍA L. F, VIERA C (2017) Trophic niches and trophic adaptations of preyspecialized spiders from the Neotropics: a guide. En Viera C, Gonzaga M., O (Eds) 69 Behaviour and ecology of spiders: contributions from the Neotropical region. 1 ed. (pp. 247–274). London: Springer, Cham. 3(MICHÁLEK, O., PETRÁKOVÁ, L., & PEKÁR, S. (2017). Capture efficiency and trophic adaptations of a specialist and generalist predator: a comparison. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (8), 2756–2766. 4Blamires, S. J., Chao, Y. C., Liao, C. P., & Tso, I. M. (2011). Multiple prey cues induce foraging flexibility in a trap-building predator. Animal Behaviour, 81 (5), 955-961. 5 FOELIX, Rainer. Biology of Spiders. Third ed. [Oxfordshire, England] December 2010. 6 Ibid. 7 CLARKE, Raymond D.; GRANT, P. R. An experimental study of the role of spiders as predators in a forest litter community. Part 1. Ecology, 1968, vol. 49, no 6, p. 1152-1154. 8 FOELIX, Rainer. Op cit, 9 PERAFÁN, Carlos, et al. Diagnóstico del estado actual de la fauna de arácnidos y de su gestión en Colombia. Simposio 8. Aracnología. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología - Socolen. Julio, 2013. 479 p. ISSN: 2344-8849. 10 LITVAITIS, J. A. Investigating food habits of terrestrial vertebrates. Investigando hábitos alimentarios de vertebrados terrestres. En: Research techniques in animal ecology: controversies and consequences. 2000. Ed. Boitani L. & Fuller T. p. 165-183. Columbia University Press. No obstante la captura de sus presas puede presentar riesgos también para el depredador, por lo que la calidad de su técnica en defensa y apresamiento es fundamental12. Este orden es uno de los más diversificados de depredadores terrestres y la variación del consumo de sus presas se evidencia en sus estrategias de captura, ya sea la elaboración de sus telas o la captura directa mediante el uso de los quelíceros, pedipalpos y veneno, dominando así una amplia gama de estrategias depredadoras, las cuales varían en función de la morfología y estrategias de defensa de la presa131415. A excepción de unas pocas familias, la mayoría de arañas poseen glándulas de veneno16. De las cerca de las 47.772 especies de arañas descritas en el mundo17, solo 200 son consideradas peligrosas para los seres humanos por causar mordeduras potencialmente mortales, especialmente las pertenecientes a los géneros Atrax, Latrodectus, Loxosceles y Phoneutria. Entre estas, las especies pertenecientes al género Phoneutria (ej.: Phoneutria nigriventer, Phoneutria fera) son consideradas unas de las más venenosas y peligrosas en el mundo por su carácter agresivo y el grado de toxicidad de su veneno18. El género Phoneutria está distribuido desde la selva de Costa Rica hasta el norte de Argentina, incluyendo en su distribución a Colombia, Venezuela, Guayanas, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Brasil y Paraguay19. El veneno de esta araña tiene importancia médica dado que tiene acción neurotóxica20. Las investigaciones que se han desarrollado con arañas del genero Phoneutria por autores como Rezende 11 LOMBORG, P. y TOFT, S. Nutritional enrichment increases courtship intensity and improves mating succes in male spiders. El enriquecimiento nutricional aumenta la intensidad del cortejo y mejora el éxito de apareamiento en las arañas macho.Behavioral ecology: 2009. ISSN: 20:700-708
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