Similarity in Design: a Framework for Evaluation

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Similarity in Design: a Framework for Evaluation MASTER’S THESIS Similarity in Design: A Framework for Evaluation Master’s Educational Program __Space and Engineering Systems__ Student: Alsalehi, Suhail Hasan Hael Signature, Name Research Advisor: Crawley, Edward F. Signature, Name, Title Moscow 2019 Copyright 2019 Author. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to Skoltech permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole and in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. МАГИСТЕРСКАЯ ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ Сходство в дизайне: Структура для оценки Магистерская образовательная программа__ Космические и Инженерные Системы_ Студент: Аль Салехи Сухаиль Хасан Хаил подпись, ФИО Научный руководитель: Кроули, Эдвард Ф. подпись, ФИО, должность Москва, 2019 Авторское право 2019. Все права защищены. Автор настоящим дает Сколковскому институту науки и технологий разрешение на воспроизводство и свободное распространение бумажных и электронных копий настоящей диссертации в целом или частично на любом ныне существующем или созданном в будущем носителе. "Aim for the moon. If you miss, you may hit a star" W. Clement Stone i ABSTRACT Engineered systems are rapidly increasing in complexity. Complexity, if not managed properly, can lead to inefficient design, higher risk of failures, and/or unexpected costs and schedule delays. This is specifically true during early design. The early phase of design, conceptual design, is characterized by high levels of uncertainty and fuzziness. In this phase, designers rely mostly on expertise to evaluate solution variants. Although researchers have developed many tools for solution variants evaluation during conceptual design, these tools have some drawbacks. A major drawback is that existing tools do not account for the system architecture during evaluation. System architecture is crucial for the design process and can be captured by comparing the architectures of solution variants. Comparing architectures established the need to distinguish near and far architectures. In other words, we need to capture the similarity/distance between pairs or architectures. However, depending on the specific application, the notion of ‘similarity’ may greatly vary. The notion of similarity, in the design field, needs to be addressed and a general formulation for similarity in design will help in the evaluation process. This work started by reviewing the literature on evaluation methods and similarity. Next, we identified three main aspects of a system. The first is the architectural decisions which are usually addressed during conceptual design. The second and third aspects are the crisp features and relative features. The last two aspects deal with form and function attributes, and the relationship between them. Then, we chose suitable similarity measures for the purpose of comparing system architectures and showed how such measures can be combined with the existing evaluation methods. After that, we discussed the potential applications of our proposed framework. In general, the research was carried out by reviewing the existing literature, conducting case studies and a survey study. In addition, very valuable input and guidance were constantly received from professionals in the design field. In the thesis body, we included a brief review of the literature, presented a case study on commercial aircraft, and discussed the learning and outcomes of the survey study. To frame solution variants evaluation as a general problem, we described a framework that utilizes information about the three aspects of a system – architecture, crisp features, and relative features. First, we introduce the term "architectural distance" to reflect how different the architectures are. To calculate the architectural distance, we use binary similarity measure. Next, we demonstrated how information about architectural distance can be used along with other indicators that are calculated with evaluation methods for crisp and relative features. For crisp features, we introduced a general formulation to calculate "performance index". Performance index is an indicator that accounts for multiple form and function attributes. Next, we explained the application of fuzzy logic to evaluate relative features. The combination of these three tools makes up the proposed framework. In addition to solution variant evaluation, there is a wide range of applications for the framework. Applications can include clustering similar architectures in the design space, studying the history of innovation for a certain product, and design cataloging and documentation. ii To sum up, the research distinguished three aspects of a system and proposed a framework for solution variants evaluation by comparing their architectures. We demonstrated the work and applications of the framework with a case study. In addition, we carried out a survey study and discussed its results. The framework provides powerful insights about the architecture for both novice and seasoned designers. The notion of architectural distance has a wide variety of application that includes, but are not limited to, solution variants evaluation, reducing the size of design space, design documentation and cataloging, and studying the history of innovation for products. iii РЕФЕРАТ Инженерные системы быстро усложняются. Сложность, если не будет должным образом управляться, может привести к неэффективному дизайну, более высокому риску сбоев и / или неожиданным затратам и задержкам в графике. Это особенно актуально в ранней стадии разработки и дизайна. Ранняя фаза дизайна, концептуальный дизайн, характеризуется высоким уровнем неопределенности и нечеткости. На этом этапе дизайнеры полагаются в основном на опыт для оценки вариантов решения. Хотя исследователи разработали много инструментов для оценки вариантов решения во время концептуального дизайна, эти инструменты имеют некоторые недостатки. Основным недостатком является то, что существующие инструменты не учитывают архитектуру системы во время оценки. Архитектура системы имеет решающее значение для дизайна и может быть получена путем сравнения архитектур вариантов решения. Однако в зависимости от конкретного применения понятие «сходство» может сильно различаться. Понятие сходства в области дизайна необходимо рассмотреть, и общая формулировка сходства в дизайне поможет в процессе оценки. Эта работа началась с обзора литературы о методах оценки и сходства. Далее мы определили три основных аспекта системы. Первый — это архитектурные решения, которые обычно учитываются при концептуальном дизайне. Второй и третий аспекты - четкие черты и относительные черты. Последние два аспекта касаются атрибутов формы и функции и взаимосвязи между ними. Затем мы выбрали подходящие меры сходства с целью сравнения системных архитектур и показали, как такие меры можно комбинировать с существующими методами оценки. После этого мы обсудили возможные применения предлагаемой нами структуры. В целом исследование проводилось путем обзора существующей литературы, проведения тематических исследований и опроса. Кроме того, очень ценные материалы и рекомендации постоянно получали от специалистов в области дизайна. В теле диссертации мы включили краткий обзор литературы, представили тематическое исследование на коммерческом самолете и обсудили изучение и результаты исследования. Чтобы представить оценку вариантов решения как общую проблему, мы описали структуру, которая использует информацию о трех аспектах системы - архитектура, четкие черты и относительные черты. Во-первых, мы ввели понятие «архитектурное расстояние», чтобы показать, насколько разные архитектуры. Для вычисления архитектурного расстояния мы используем двоичную меру сходства. Далее мы продемонстрировали, как можно использовать информацию об архитектурном расстоянии вместе с другими показателями, которые рассчитываются с помощью методов оценки четкости и относительных характеристик. Во-первых, для четких характеристик мы ввели общую формулировку для расчета «индекса производительности». Индекс производительности — это один параметр, который может учитывать несколько характеристик формы и функции. Затем мы объяснили применение нечеткой логики для оценки относительных характеристик. Комбинация этих трех инструментов составляет предлагаемую структуру. В дополнение к оценке варианта решения существует широкий спектр применений для структуры. Приложения могут включать кластеризацию аналогичных архитектур в области дизайна, изучение истории инноваций для определенного продукта, а также каталогизацию и документирование систем. iv Подводя итог, исследование выделило три аспекта системы и предложил структуру для оценки. Мы продемонстрировали работу и применение структуры на примере. Кроме того, мы провели опросное исследование и обсудили его результаты. Структура обеспечивает мощные идеи как для начинающих, так и для опытных дизайнеров. Концепция архитектурной дистанции имеет широкий спектр применений, которые включают, но не ограничиваются, оценку вариантов решения, уменьшение размера пространства решений, проектную документацию и каталогизацию, а также изучение истории инноваций для продуктов. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is another milestone in my academic life. It marks more than 6 years since I first came to Russia from Yemen, where I grew up. Throughout these years, I have had many tough times. It is these tough times that turned out to be the most profound. I learned a big deal about engineering, life, and people. Every single moment in my life - the good ones and the bad ones - has added up to this moment. And
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