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Tolmeldajate Mõju Eesti Käokeelte Populatsioonidele the Effect of Pollinators on the Populations of Platanthera in Estonia

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Tolmeldajate Mõju Eesti Käokeelte Populatsioonidele the Effect of Pollinators on the Populations of Platanthera in Estonia EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut Marilin Mõtlep TOLMELDAJATE MÕJU EESTI KÄOKEELTE POPULATSIOONIDELE THE EFFECT OF POLLINATORS ON THE POPULATIONS OF PLATANTHERA IN ESTONIA Magistritöö Vee- ja maismaa ökosüsteemide rakendusbioloogia õppekava Juhendaja: vanemteadur Kadri Tali, PhD Tartu 2015 Lihtlitsents lõputöö salvestamiseks ja üldsusele kättesaadavaks tegemiseks Mina, Marilin Mõtlep, sünniaeg 26.03.1987, 1. annan Eesti Maaülikoolile tasuta loa (lihtlitsentsi) enda loodud lõputöö „Tolmeldajate mõju Eesti käokeelte populatsioonidele“, mille juhendaja on Kadri Tali PhD, 1.1. salvestamiseks säilitamise eesmärgil, 1.2. digiarhiivi DSpace lisamiseks ja 1.3. veebikeskkonnas üldsusele kättesaadavaks tegemiseks kuni autoriõiguse kehtivuse tähtaja lõppemiseni; 2. olen teadlik, et punktis 1 nimetatud õigused jäävad alles ka autorile; 3. kinnitan, et lihtlitsentsi andmisega ei rikuta teiste isikute intellektuaalomandi ega isiku- andmete kaitse seadusest tulenevaid õigusi. Lõputöö autor ______________________________ (allkiri) Tartu, 18.05.2015 Juhendaja kinnitus lõputöö kaitsmisele lubamise kohta Luban lõputöö kaitsmisele. Kadri Tali ______________________________, 18.05.2015 (allkiri) 2 Eesti Maaülikool Magistritöö lühikokkuvõte Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014 Õppekava: Vee ja maismaa ökosüsteemide Autor: Marilin Mõtlep rakendusbioloogia Pealkiri eesti keeles: Tolmeldajate mõju Eesti käokeelte populatsioonidele Pealkiri inglise keeles: The effect of pollinators on the populations of Platanthera in Estonia Lehekülgi: 75 Jooniseid: 18 Tabeleid: 5 Lisasid: 4 Osakond: Botaanika osakond Juhendaja: Kadri Tali, PhD Kaitsmise kuupäev: 28.05.2015 Lühikokkuvõte: Uurimistöö hüpoteesiks oli, et Eesti käokeelte tolmeldajate liigiline koosseis varieerub erinevates populatsioonides, tolmeldajad kujundavad taimede tolmeldamise seisukohast oluliste õietunnuste suurust ja viljumisedukust. Hüpoteesi tõestamiseks teostati 2014. a. su- vel kümnes populatsioonis üle Eesti valguspüügid tolmeldajate kohta andmete saamiseks, samades populatsioonides mõõdeti õite kannuste pikkused ja sügisel loeti viljad. Potentsiaalseid tolmeldajaid oli P. bifolia puhul 63 liigist ja P. chlorantha puhul 58 liigist. Pollinaariume kandvaid liike oli viis: S. pinastri, D. porcellus, D. stenochrysis, A. pulchrina, A. tripartita. Enamiku populatsioonide tolmeldajakoosseisude vahel ei olnud suuri erinevusi. Eristusid Kotka, Vana-Nurtu ja Vorbuse teeristi populatsioonid. Erisused võivad olla põhjustatud erinevatest asukohtadest ja biotoopidest. Seega võib öelda, et tolmeldajakoosseisud variee- ruvad, kuid mitte suures mahus. Imilondi ja kannuse pikkuse vaheline korrelatsioon osutus enamikel mudelitel nõrgaks, erandiks oli kannuse pikkuse tugev seos pollinaariumidega isendite imilontide pikkustega – mida pikem imilont, seda lühem kannus. Ilmnes P. bifolia kannuse pikkuse kahanemine ida suunas, kuid nõrga mudeli tõttu ei pruu- gi seos kehtida. Tolmeldajate osas selgus, et S. pinastri imilont kahaneb samuti ida suunas. Imilondi pikkuse erinevused võivad tuleneda toidutaimede erinevustest, mis võivad mõju- tada tolmeldaja suurust. Viljumisnäitajate põhjal oli P. bifolia viljumisedukus suurem P. chlorantha omast. Vilju- misedukus korreleerus nõrgalt tolmeldajate ohtruse ja elupaiga sobivusega, saadud tulemus ei vasta eeldusele. Siiski on tolmeldajate roll viljumisel oluline, kuna käokeeled ei ole või- melised tolmeldamiseta viljuma. Ebatavaliselt külmast käokeelte õitseajast tingitud andmete vähesus on ilmselt põhjus, 3 miks nõrgad korrelatsioonid mudelitel esinesid. Korduspüügid on vajalikud tulemuste võrdlemiseks. Märksõnad: Platanthera bifolia, Platanthera chlorantha, kannus, imilont, viljumine Abstract: The hypothesis of this study was that the species composition of pollinator communities of Platanthera in Estonia vary in different populations, pollinators shape the size of the spur and fruiting success. To determine which species pollinate Platanthera and to measure their proboscises, we used light traps in summer 2014 to capture moths. Spur lengths were measured and fruits counted. For P. bifolia there were 63 species of potential pollinators, for P. chlorantha 58 species. Species carrying pollinaria were: S. pinastri, D. porcellus, D. stenochrysis, A. pulchrina, A. tripartita. Most of the populations were similar in species composition. Populations that stood out were Kotka, Vana-Nurtu and Vorbuse. Differences in species composition may occur due to different locations and habitats. So pollinator communities do vary in species compo- sition but not extensively. The correlation between spur length and proboscis length was weak in most of the models with an exception of a strong correlation between spur length and the proboscis length of moths catched with pollinaria. But the correlation was alogical, showing that the longer the proboscis the shorter the spur. Fruiting success was higher in P. bifolia. No correlation between fruiting success and pollinator abundance and habitat suitability was found. The role of pollinators is yet consi- dered important, because Platanthera species are’nt able to produce fruits without polli- nation. The scarceness of data due to abnormally cold blooming period of Platanthera is assu- mably the reason for weak correlations in most of the models. Additional catches will be carried out to compare the results. Keywords: Platanthera bifolia, Platanthera chlorantha, spur, proboscis, fruit set 4 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ...........................................................................................................................6 1. TEEMA ÜLEVAADE ...............................................................................................................9 1.1 Perekond käokeel (Platanthera) ...........................................................................................9 1.2 Eestis kasvavad käokeeled .................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Käokeelte tolmeldamisest ................................................................................................... 15 2. MATERJAL JA METOODIKA ............................................................................................... 21 3. TULEMUSED ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Püütud tolmeldajaliigid...................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Tolmeldajakoosseisud, nendevahelised erinevused ............................................................ 28 3.3. Imilondi pikkuse liigisisene varieerumine .......................................................................... 30 3.4. Kannuse pikkused ............................................................................................................. 30 3.5. Kannuse ja imilondi pikkuste korrelatsioon........................................................................ 31 3.6. Kannuse ja imilondi pikkuste seos laius- ja pikkuskraadilise paiknemisega ........................ 32 3.7. Viljumisnäitajad, seos tolmeldajate ohtruse ja elupaiga sobivusega .................................... 34 4. ARUTELU .............................................................................................................................. 36 KOKKUVÕTE ............................................................................................................................ 40 KASUTATUD ALLIKAD ........................................................................................................... 42 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 45 LISAD ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Lisa 1. Populatsioonide kirjeldused .......................................................................................... 48 Lisa 2. Valguspüükide kirjeldused ............................................................................................ 55 Lisa 3. Püütud liikide, k.a. potentsiaalsete tolmeldajate nimekiri ............................................... 57 Lisa 4. Fotod pollinaariumidega isenditest ................................................................................ 72 5 SISSEJUHATUS Tolmeldajad mängivad katteseemnetaimede mitmekesisuses olulist rolli. Muutused tolmel- davate liikide koosseisus toovad endaga kaasa muutused taimetunnustes, mis viib koostöös teiste oluliste keskkonnafaktoritega uute liikide tekkimiseni ning seega suureneb õis- taimede liigirikkus ja mitmekesisus (van der Niet & Johnson 2012). Viimastel aastatel on taimede ja nende tolmeldajate vahelisi suhteid käsitlevate uurimistööde hulk hüppeliselt kasvanud (Armbruster 2014). Üks taimeperekondi, millega nii mikro- kui ka makro- evolutsioonilisel tasandil läbi viidud uurimused näitavad tolmeldajate rolli taimetunnuste lahknemises, on perekond käokeel (Platanthera) (van der Niet & Johnson 2012). Käokeel ehk Platanthera Rich. on käpaliste sugukonda kuuluv perekond. Eestis leidub kahte liiki käokeeli: kahelehine käokeel ja rohekas käokeel (Kuusk 1984). Kõnealused lii- gid on väga sarnased, peamiseks eristustunnuseks on polliiniumide ehk õietolmupakikeste asend õies. Eestis kuuluvad mõlemad käokeele liigid III kategooria kaitsealuste liikide hul- ka (Kull & Tuulik 2002). Juba Darwinile pakkusid käokeeled huvi. Muu hulgas
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