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And Critical Realism: the Role of Contradiction in Social Movement Activism 241 Durham E-Theses Against Morality: A Critical Realist Examination of a History of Western Sexual Normativity. An Appeal for Emancipation and Explanation through Emergentist Social Science BROCK, THOMAS,GEORGE,JAMES How to cite: BROCK, THOMAS,GEORGE,JAMES (2012) Against Morality: A Critical Realist Examination of a History of Western Sexual Normativity. An Appeal for Emancipation and Explanation through Emergentist Social Science, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3430/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 Abstract A model of reality derived from critical realism and historical sociology provides a sufficient account of Christian sexual morality and shows that powerful human agents are responsible for the normative regulation of non-procreative forms of sexual activity in the West. If we are to understand the sui generis powers of human agents, sociology must engage with a model of reality which adequately conceptualises an entwining synchronic and diachronic realm. It is only here, in a connexion of the theoretical and empirical, that an essential grasp of social phenomena at depth can be reached and a true appreciation of hegemony and resistance can be rendered explicit for the purposes of emancipatory social science. ‘Emancipation through explanation; explanation through emergence’ (Bhaskar, 2009, p.103); this model of reality shows that Christian sexual codes are based on an untenable moral positioning which confuses biological sequence with a social construction. Human dignity is not derived from procreative sex; social scientific inquiry shows that these moral truths are based on unsound normative avowals. Through a history of ‘norm circles’ (Elder-Vass, 2010, p.115), it is reasoned that the historical preservation of (hetero)sexuality is tantamount to the protection of Christian ecclesiastical norms. Morality should not be rendered on a biological sequence of occurrences and it is irresponsible to base human sexual codes on testimony that can be retroduced as a product of irrational human collectivities. There is nothing divine about the persecution on the basis of difference; it is the emergent consequence of a hegemonic history of ideas. This project traces that history and those groups whose normative proclamations break with prejudice and intolerance. Therefore, the power of political action must not be misjudged. If nothing else, it is where the sui generis powers of human agency are most lucid: a causal force which yields, in its own way, the argument that all forms of sexuality are moral. 2 Against Morality: A Critical Realist Examination of a History of Western Sexual Normativity. An Appeal for Emancipation and Explanation through Emergentist Social Science. Volume I Mr Thomas G.J. Brock PhD, Applied Social Sciences School of Applied Social Sciences Durham University 2012 3 Contents Volume I Statement of Copyright 6 Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 8 1. Realism, Emergence and Social Movements I 26 Introduction 26 Causal Powers and the Social World 30 A Model of Reality 32 The Problem of Structure and Agency 41 The Problem of Hermeneutics 46 Emergence 50 Norms Circles 54 Norms Circles (Boundaries) 56 Social Movements and Activist Experience 58 Summary 61 2. Critical Realism and History 63 Introduction 63 Historical Materialism 68 The Problem of Experience 81 Structuration and History 88 The Historical Event 93 Summary 96 4 3. Two Types of Intellectuals: Movement Activism and the Academy 99 Introduction 99 Traditional and Organic Intellectuals 105 The Problem of Academic Theorising 111 Regaining the Intellectual 119 A Possible Synthesis 125 Summary 130 4. A Western History of Norm Circles I 132 Introduction 132 The Doctrine of the Fall 136 Origins 138 The Making of Judeo-Christian Norms 141 The Early Christian Church 149 The Mediaeval Church 155 Church and State Law in England 163 Criminal Vice and Moral Contagion 167 Summary 174 5. A Western History of Norm Circles II 178 Introduction 178 Opposing Forces 182 Some Contradictions 188 Inter-War Morality and Purity 191 Post-War Delinquency 193 Keeping to the ‘Right’ Path 203 Summary 209 5 6. Resistance 211 Introduction 211 Early Resistance 213 ‘OutRage!’ and ‘Stonewall’ 217 Summary 238 7. ‘Outing’ and Critical Realism: The Role of Contradiction in Social Movement Activism 241 Introduction 241 A Brief History 244 ‘Outing’ and Critical Realism 253 The Ethics of ‘Outing’ 265 Summary 269 8. Realism, Emergence and Social Movements II 271 Introduction 271 Hegemonic Norm Circles I 276 Hegemonic Norm Circles II 286 Hegemonic Social Institutions 298 Norm Circles of Resistance 301 Concluding Remarks 311 Bibliography 313 Volume II Appendix A 3 Appendix B 73 6 Statement of Copyright “The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged.” 7 Acknowledgements This project has been taking shape for a number of years now and is the product of countless theoretical, empirical and ecclesiastical debates for which I owe many people a great debt of thanks. I must acknowledge each and every contributor, for their ideas, their thoughts and most importantly, their convictions, without which this project would have greatly suffered. Without question, it is to my doctoral supervisor, Mark Cresswell that I owe the greatest of debts. I cannot, in words, express the gratitude he deserves, other than to say that without his unshakable support and positive encouragement, my arguments would remain quite fragile. His constant reassurance has afforded me forms of advice and experience that can only come by way of an advisor who is both an enthusiastic teacher and an engaged academic. I must also recognise and thank the Economic and Social Research Council who funded this research as part of my doctoral candidacy. Taken in juxtaposition with the supportive environment that I have enjoyed in the School of Applied Social Sciences at Durham University, I feel particularly fortunate. I must pay special thanks to the Hall-Carpenter Archives at the London School of Economics for allowing me to access their archives. Over the years, I have also been afforded many great opportunities often on the basis of a ‘leap of faith’ and so I thank Jo Phoenix, David Wall, Ian Greener and Susan Frenk for their assurances. I must also say thanks to Dave Elder-Vass and Bob Carter as part of the BSA Realism Group. This project was only ever possible because of the compassion of those I love; each, in their own different way, offering me a rock on which to lean and, together, offering me a space in which to consider the importance of these moral arguments. I must thank all of them for their support and optimism which has given me the strength to complete this project. 8 Introduction “Society can and does execute its own mandates; and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it practices a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself”. (Mill, 2005, p.7) The social construction of sexual morality is one such mandate and this project is a critical realist investigation into the creation of sexual moral law. It is an inquiry which draws on a number of existing traditions of thought, most significantly the philosophical conceptualisations of emergent realism and causality. These traditions with respect to critical realism can provide a model for social reality if they are properly imbued with an empirical history. It is from this juxtaposition that a sociologist can elucidate the conditions for a science of social reality (Bhaskar, 1989). The arguments of a critical realist philosophy citing the work of Roy Bhaskar (1989, 1998; 2008; 2009; 2011) offer a plausible explanatory programme to sociological phenomena viz. the philosophical claims of emergence when combined with ‘historical sociology’ (Abrams, 1982). In particular, Dave Elder-Vass (2005; 2007a; 2007b; 2007c; 2010) has developed Bhaskar’s notion of ‘real causal powers’ to forward an ‘emergentist’ solution to the problem of structure and agency. This solution is significant for a social science of sexual morality, one which renders explicit the sui generis powers of human agency; that is to say, it can show how human agents can be causally effective. This is necessary for a project which is concerned with those practices or structural forces which give rise to hegemonic experiences (Cresswell, Karimova and Brock, forthcoming). For it offers a plausible means to answer some important sociological 9 questions, like ‘who is doing what to whom and when and why’ (Carter, 2002, p.138; emphasis added). It is also essential for a project which is interested in resistance and forms of social change. For it offers a means to conceptualise the causal powers of human agents – like social movement activists – who want to challenge oppressive systems of thought and practice.
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