DOCSLIB.ORG

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies (Euphorbiaceae) *

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies (Euphorbiaceae) * Original article Scanning electron microscopic studies on pollen from honey. IV. Surface pattern of pollen of Sapium sebiferum and Euphorbia spp (Euphorbiaceae) * JH Dustmann, K von der Ohe Niedersächsisches Landesinstitut für Bienenkunde, Wehlstraße 4a, D-3100 Celle, Germany (Received 19 March 1992; accepted 14 October 1992) Summary — Several species of Euphorbia and Sapium plants produce considerable amounts of nectar, which is collected by bees for honey production. In order to identify the nectar source spe- cies we used the usual method of melissopalynology (identification of pollen grains by light micros- copy) as well as scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Authenticated specimens of pollen were examined in a state of contraction as well as expansion. Four types of exine surface pattern could be distinguished by SEM. E Cœrulescens, E ledienii and E tetragona show the same 3 varia- tions in exine structure (type A, B, C). It was therefore not possible to distinguish between these 3 Euphorbia species. However Sapium sebiferum showed a specific pattern and uniformity of exine structure (type D). pollen / honey / Euphorbiaceae / light microscopy / scanning electron microscopy (SEM) INTRODUCTION or Ricinus in honeys from different coun- tries (Zander, 1941). The existence of The family Euphorbiaceae is one of the special honey sources with a large largest in the worlk, comprising > 300 gen- amount of nectar from Euphorbia species era (Heywood, 1982). Pollen of some gen- led us to investigate the possibility of iden- era gathered by honeybees are well- tifying pollen of different species within the known in melissopalynology and enable genus Euphorbia. These honeys are com- the botanical origin of honey specimen to monly known as ’noors-honeys’, which be identified. For example, it is possible to can cause acute burning in the mouth and identify pollen of different species of Eu- throat (Sosath et al, 1988). In addition we phorbiaceae such as Croton, Euphorbia wished to determine pollen characters via * These studies constitute part of a comprehensive research program led by E Hecker, Krebsfors- chungszentrum Heidelberg on several Euphorbiaceae. examination of pollen grains that would found in the LM glycerine jelly preparations, pol- distinguish Euphorbia honey from that of len grains were transferred into filtered honey Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae). Mi- for 48 h at 35 °C. After using Method I of Dust- mann and Bote (1985) — transfer to a wire as well as elec- croscopy (LM) scanning screen, removal of ’pollenkitt’ by ultrasonics, de- tron was therefore microscopy (SEM) hydration in acetone and a graded ethanol se- used. The melissopalynological study of ries, critical point drying (CPD) — pollen was the Euphorbia honeys was uninformative dusted onto an aluminum stub provided with because of the naturally low content of Eu- double-sided tape, and coated with a 20-nm phorbia pollen grains. Nevertheless these gold layer. All SEM specimens were examined at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. honeys contained high amounts of Eu- The was used: Photo- phorbia nectar, as confirmed by sensory following equipment III SEM ISI-Super-II; Sput- test and bee botanical observations. Low Microscope (Zeiss); ter-Coater ISI PS-2; Critical Point Drying Appa- pollen content is well-known for some oth- ratus E 3000 (Polaron). Nomenclature for de- er honey sources such as those of lime scriptions was according to Faegri and Iversen tree (Tiliaceae) and false acacia (Legu- (1964). minosae) (Zander, 1935; Louveaux et al, 1970, 1978). Based on these facts, we ex- amined authentic specimens of pollen RESULTS gathered in South Africa (Euphorbia) and Louisiana, USA (Sapium). To compare complete the results of the LM and SEM LM examination examination we used Method I of Dust- mann and Bote (1985) to obtain speci- Expanded pollen grains of Euphorbia coer- mens from similar honey of expanded pol- ulescens, E tetragona and Sapium sebifer- len grains for SEM study thus providing a um are tricolporate and characterized by possibility to transfer our results directly to the same spherical shape (equatorial melissopalynology. view). The ectexine includes the foot layer, columellae and a perforate tectum. The grains lack any supratectal sculpturing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Size varied from 32.5-42.5 μm within each species. In all pollen grains the character- istic contour of the cell could be ob- The Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg ob- living served a around the tained the following authenticated pollen sam- forming yard pores ples: 1) Euphorbia coerulescens: Jansenville / which depended on intine thickness, and Caroo, South Africa, 1980; 2) Euphorbia ledie- seen in polar view (fig 1). nii: Kleinpoort / Caroo, South Africa, 1980; 3) Euphorbia tetragona: Keiskama Valley, South Africa, 1980; 4) Sapium sebiferum: Louisiana, SEM examination USA, 1982. After degreasing in ether, pollen grains were prepared for LM and SEM examination. The Contracted pollen grains examined of the common palynological method of embedding in genera Euphorbia and Sapium were visible glycerine jelly (Erdtman, 1952) was used for only in equatorial view depending on their LM. Pollen grains were prepared in 2 ways for prolate-oval shape. Differences in size and SEM: 1) contracted pollen was directly dusted were The character- onto aluminium stubs provided with double- shape non-significant. istic was sided tape, then coated with a 20-nm gold margo along every colpus hardly layer; 2) for the expanded condition at onset of visible as the germination furrows were germination, ie the same condition and shape closed. Parts of the exine or single perfora- tened straight to the colpus margin, the apertural endexine shows a verrucate pat- tern; the exine structure is tectate-per- forate. Type A The exine pattern is regular tectate- perforate, the luminae are small and circu- lar. The diameter is frequently smaller (up to 0.2 μm) than the width of the muri (up to 0.7 μm). The muri are plain or slightly vaulted (figs 2a, b; 3a, b) Type B The exine pattern is regular tectate- perforate. The luminae vary in size (up to 0.7 μm) and shape (circular to oval). The muri are vaulted, with a width ≤ diameter of the luminae. The tectum pattern mainly at the intercolpium is partially striate- reticulate (figs 2c, d; 3d, c). Type C tions (luminae) of the tectum were covered with ’pollen kitt’. The exine pattern is irregular tectate- Expanded pollen grains of all speci- perforate. Most of the luminae are small mens allowed a more detailed study in the (≈ 0.2 μm), with irregular sometimes elon- polar as well as in the equatorial view. In E gated dimensions this possibly being de- coerulescens, E ledienii and E tetragona termined by compressed and partially in- we found the same 3 variations in exine complete muri. The width of the high pattern, designated as type A, B and C. vaulted muri measures up to 0.7 μm (figs Only Sapium sebiferum showed uniformity 2e, f; 3e, f). in pollen exine pattern, which as it differed from type A, B and C was termed type D. Type D exine Description of pollen pattern The exine pattern is tectate- in the different regular types perforate characterized by small luminae (diameter ≈ 0.2 μm). The muri are wide (up All pollen types are tricolporate; colpi are to 1.2 μm) and generally plain (figs 2g,h; surrounded by a smooth, wide margo, flat- 3g,h). DISCUSSION um sebiferum exhibited only 1 type of char- acteristic tectate pattern, type D, which was not found in any of the Euphorbia Pollen grains of Euphorbia coerulescens, species. E ledienii, E tetragona and Sapium sebif- erum exhibit similarities in size, overall The results of the present study show shape and exine structural pattern. Using that there are no microscopic characters of the 3 LM we were able to determine shape, con- that distinguish pollen grains spe- struction of the exine and contour of the cies of Euphorbia via analysis of the exine living cell. As volume of pollen grains structural pattern. However, it is quite pos- changes in particular and possibly also sible to find specific identifying marks in shape and surface pattern hydration of the different general of Euphorbiaceae via plasm (Blackmore and Barnes, 1985; SEM. Dustmann and Bote, 1987; von der Ohe and Dustmann, 1990) size cannot be a cri- terion in determining specific differences. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study of structural pattern of the ec- texine was not satisfactory due to the limit- We are very grateful to E Hecker and S Sosath ed depth of focus of the LM. SEM studies (Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg) for sup- were carried out without acetolysis, a plying us with samples of honey and pollen from method already used in identifying ultra- the different Euphorbiaceae. structures in the pollen surface of apple varieties (Dustmann and Bote, 1987; von Résumé — Étude en élec- der Ohe, 1991). microscopie tronique à balayage du pollen du miel. Besides this, the acetolysis method IV. Sculpture de l’exine des pollens de (Erdmann, 1960) causes damage and loss diverses espèces d’Euphorbiacées. De of single pollen grains. This would not al- nombreuses plantes de la famille des Eu- low the SEM method to be used for Eu- phorbiacées produisent des quantités which shows an ex- phorbiceae honey, considérables de nectar, que les abeilles treme of under-representation pollen. utilisent pour le miel. L’existence des The differences in structural pattern «miels de noors» ayant un fort pourcen- formed by a perforate tectum observed tage de nectar d’Euphorbia et de Sapium via SEM do not allow differentiation of the nous a permis de rechercher des moyens 3 Euphorbia species. Although 3 structural d’identification de ces pollens, afin de dé- pattern types (type A, B and C) were terminer sans ambiguïté l’origine botanique recognized, a reference to any species is des miels.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stillingia: a Newly Recorded Genus of Euphorbiaceae from China
    Phytotaxa 296 (2): 187–194 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.8 Stillingia: A newly recorded genus of Euphorbiaceae from China SHENGCHUN LI1, 2, BINGHUI CHEN1, XIANGXU HUANG1, XIAOYU CHANG1, TIEYAO TU*1 & DIANXIANG ZHANG1 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae) contains ca. 30 species from Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. We report here for the first time the occurrence of a member of the genus in China, Stillingia lineata subsp. pacifica. The distribution of the genus in China is apparently narrow, known only from Pingzhou and Wanzhou Islands of the Wanshan Archipelago in the South China Sea, which is close to the Pearl River estuary. This study updates our knowledge on the geographic distribution of the genus, and provides new palynological data as well. Key words: Island, Hippomaneae, South China Sea, Stillingia lineata Introduction During the last decade, hundreds of new plant species or new species records have been added to the flora of China. Nevertheless, newly described or newly recorded plant genera are not discovered and reported very often, suggesting that botanical expedition and plant survey at the generic level may be advanced in China. As far as we know, only six and eight angiosperm genera respectively have been newly described or newly recorded from China within the last ten years (Qiang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988
    - Annals v,is(i- of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988 # Volume 75 Number 1 Volume 75, Number ' Spring 1988 The Annals, published quarterly, contains papers, primarily in systematic botany, con- tributed from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Papers originating outside the Garden will also be accepted. Authors should write the Editor for information concerning arrangements for publishing in the ANNALS. Instructions to Authors are printed on the inside back cover of the last issue of each volume. Editorial Committee George K. Rogers Marshall R. Crosby Editor, Missouri B Missouri Botanical Garden Editorial is. \I,,S ouri Botanu •al Garde,, John I). Dwyer Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis ( niversity Petei • Goldblatt A/I.S.S ouri Botanic al Garder Henl : van der W< ?rff V//.S.S ouri Botanic tor subscription information contact Department IV A\NM.S OK Tin: Missot m Boi >LM« M G\KDE> Eleven, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Sub- (ISSN 0026-6493) is published quarterly by the scription price is $75 per volume U.S., $80 Canada Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Av- and Mexico, $90 all other countries. Airmail deliv- enue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Second class postage ery charge, $35 per volume. Four issues per vol- paid at St. Louis, MO and additional mailing offices. POSTMAS'IKK: Send ad«lrt— changes to Department i Botanical Garden 1988 REVISED SYNOPSIS Grady L. Webster2 and Michael J. Huft" OF PANAMANIAN EUPHORBIACEAE1 ABSTRACT species induded in \ • >,H The new taxa ai I. i i " I ! I _- i II • hster, Tragia correi //,-," |1 U !.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:24:23AM Via Free Access 2 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 26 (1), 2005: 1-68 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE SUBFAMILY EUPHORBIOIDEAE A comparison with subfamilies Crotonoideae and Acalyphoideae and the implications for the circumscription of the Euphorbiaceae Alberta M. W. Mennega Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 es Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy was studied of 82 species from 34 out of 54 genera in the subfamily Euphorbioideae, covering all five tribes recognized in this subfamily. In general the woods show a great deal of similarity. They are charac­ terized by a relative paucity of vessels, often arranged in short to long, dumbbell-shaped or twin, radial multiples, and by medium-sized to large intervessel pits; fibres often have gelatinous walls; parenchyma apotracheal in short, wavy, narrow bands and diffuse-in-aggregates; mostly uni- or only locally biseriate rays, strongly heterocellular (except Hippomane, Hura and Pachystroma). Cell contents, either silica or crystals, or both together, are nearly always present and often useful in distinguishing between genera. Radiallaticifers were noticed in most genera, though they are scarce and difficult to trace. The laticifers are generally not surrounded by special cells, except in some genera of the subtribe Euphorbiinae where radiallaticifers are comparatively frequent and conspicuous. Three ofthe five tribes show a great deal of conformity in their anatomy. Stomatocalyceae, however, stand apart from the rest by the combination of the scarcity of vessels, and mostly biseriate, vertically fused and very tall rays. Within Euphorbieae the subtribe Euphorbiinae shows a greater vari­ ation than average, notably in vessel pitting, the frequent presence of two­ celled parenchyma strands, and in size and frequency of the laticifers.
    [Show full text]
  • Sapium Sebiferum Triadica Sebifera Chinese Tallow Tree
    Sapium sebiferum Triadica sebifera Chinese tallow tree Introduction The genus Sapium consists of approximately 120 species worldwide. Members of the genus occur primarily in tropical regions, especially in South America. Nine species occur in the low hills of southeastern and southwestern China[16]. Taxonomy Order: Geraniales Suborder: Euphorbiineae Species of Sapium in China Family: Euphorbiaceae Scientific Name Scientific Name Subfamily: Euphorbioideae S. sebiferum (L.) Roxb. S. insigne (Royle) Benth. ex Hook. f. Tribe: Hippomaneae Reichb. Genus: Sapium P. Br. S. atrobadiomaculatum Metcalf S. japonicum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Pax et Section: Triadica (Lour.) Muell. S. baccatum Roxb. Hoffm.(Sieb.) Arg S. chihsinianum S. K. Lee S. pleiocarpum Y. C. Tseng Species: Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. S. discolor (Champ. ex Benth.) (=Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) S. rotundifolium Hemsl. Muell. Arg. Description Sapium sebiferum is a deciduous tree The petiole is slender, 2.5-6 cm long, the inflorescence. The female flower is that can reach 15 m in height. Most bearing 2 glands in the terminal. The borne on the pedicel, which is 2-4 mm parts of the plant are glabrous. The bark stem contains a milky, poisonous sap. long with 2 kidney-shaped glands in is gray to whitish-gray with vertical Flowers are monoecious, without petals the base. The flowers appear from April cracks. The alternate leaves are broad or flower discs, arranged as terminal through August. Fruits are pear-shaped rhombic to ovate 3-8 cm long and 3-8 spikes. The slender male flowers have globular capsules 1-1.5 cm in diameter. cm wide, entire margin, and a cordate- a 3-lobed cuplike calyx and 2 stamens Each fruit contains 3 black seeds that acuminate apex and a rounded base.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbiaceae – Spurge Family
    EUPHORBIACEAE – SPURGE FAMILY Plant: mostly herbs in N.A., often with an acrid milky sap, but also shrubs and trees in the tropics Stem: Root: Leaves: mostly simple, some compound, alternate, opposite or sometimes whorled; stipules often present, some reduced to glands, or none Flowers: mostly imperfect (monoecious or dioecious); (4)5(-7) or part calyx and corolla, usually small, or 1 or both absent; stamens 1 to several or absent; ovary superior, 1 pistil, 2(3) styles, carpels 2-4, usually 3 Fruit: capsule-like, 3-lobed, and several other types Other: very large family, many are poisonous or very irritating; Dicotyledons Group Genera: ~ 300-400+ genera; locally – Acalypha (3-seeded mercury), Croton, Euphorbia (spurge), and others WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Cyanthium structure (cup-like inflorescence) in the Euphorbia and Chamaesyce genera Ovary of female (pistillate) flower on extended pedicel from the cyanthium Pedicel Cyanthium Staminate flowers Male or staminate flower Nectar glands Appendage of nectar gland Bracts (cyanthium is underneath) (no sepals or petals present) Flower Morphology in the Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Examples of some common genera Common Threeseed Mercury Missouri Maidenbush Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Vente Conmigo [Sand or Tropic Croton] Leptopus phyllanthoides (Nutt.) G.L. Webster Croton glandulosus L. var. (Andrachne phyllanthoides) septentrionalis Müll. Arg. Prairie Sandmat Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Betonyleaf Noseburn Tinted Woodland [Wood] Spurge Tragia betonicifolia Nutt. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A. Gray Finger Rot [Tread-Softly; Spurge Nettle] Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur var. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts Chinese Tallow [Popcorn] Tree Snow-On-The-Mountain Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Introduced) Euphorbia marginata Pursh EUPHORBIACEAE – SPURGE FAMILY Slender Threeseed Mercury; Acalypha monococca (Engelm.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Climate Changes in the Forest of Campinas, Sao Paulo
    SILEIR RA A D B E E G D E A O D L E O I G C I A O ARTICLE BJGEO S DOI: 10.1590/2317-4889201920190040 Brazilian Journal of Geology D ESDE 1946 Vegetation and climate changes in the forest of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, during the last 25,000 cal yr BP Adriana Mercedes Camejo Aviles1* , Fresia Ricardi-Branco2 , Marie-Pierre Ledru3 , Luís Carlos Bernacci4 Abstract A paleoenvironmental reconstruction was performed in a Riparian Forest near Campinas to improve knowledge of paleoclimate and paleo- environment in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. A sediment core of 182 cm depth was collected in a swamp located within a Cerrado/Seasonal Semi-deciduous ecotone forest. The chronological frame is given by eight radiocarbon dating methods. Pollen and stable isotope analyses (δ 13C and δ 15N) were performed all along the core. Modern pollen rain is based on five surface samples collected along the Riparian Forest. Re- sults show a sequence of changes in vegetation and climate between 25 and 13 cal kyr before present (BP), and from 4 cal kyr BP to the present time, with a hiatus between 11 and 4 kyr cal BP. Drier climatic conditions characterized the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, although they had moisture peaks able to maintain an open forest. The Riparian Forest became fully installed from 4 cal kyr BP onward. Our results are in agreement with other regional studies and contribute to build a regional frame for past climatic conditions at the latitude of São Paulo. KEYWORDS: Quaternary; palynology; riparian forest; late glacial; Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Histochemistry of Leaves and Stems of Sapium Glandulosum
    Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 27 (2017) 282–289 ww w.elsevier.com/locate/bjp Original Article Anatomy and histochemistry of leaves and stems of Sapium glandulosum a b c Evelyn Assis de Andrade , Daniela Gaspardo Folquitto , Lívia Eidam Camargo Luz , d b b,∗ Kátia Sabrina Paludo , Paulo Vitor Farago , Jane Manfron Budel a Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil b Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil c Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil d Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil a r a b s t r a c t t i c l e i n f o Article history: Sapium belongs to Euphorbiaceae family and comprises 23 species. Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong is Received 10 August 2016 popularly known in Brazil as “pau-leiteiro” and “leitosinha” and it is used in traditional medicine to Accepted 10 January 2017 cicatrisation. Its leaf extracts have shown analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The Available online 16 February 2017 preliminary set of pharmacognostic tools used for quality assessment of medicinal plant parts is macro- and micro-anatomy and S. glandulosum has not anatomical and histochemical description. Thus the aim Keywords: of this study was to investigate the anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the leaf and stem Druses of S. glandulosum as a means of providing information for quality assessment of herbal industry. The Euphorbiaceae leaves and stems were investigated by employing field emission scanning electron microscopy, light Pau-leiteiro microscopy, and histochemistry techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Chinese Tallow (Triadica Sebifera) Invasion and Their MARK Management Implications – a Review ⁎ Lauren S
    Forest Ecology and Management 404 (2017) 1–13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Mechanisms of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) invasion and their MARK management implications – A review ⁎ Lauren S. Pilea,f, G. Geoff Wanga, , Jeremy P. Stovallb, Evan Siemannc, Gregory S. Wheelerd, Christopher A. Gablere a Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States b Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, United States c Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States d USDA ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States e School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, United States f High Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest, Prather, CA 93651, United States1 ABSTRACT Ecosystems are under increasing stress from environmental change, including invasion by non-native species that can disrupt ecological processes and functions. Chinese tallow [Triadica sebifera (L.) Small] is a highly invasive tree species in southeastern US forests, prairies, and wetlands, and effectively managing this invasive species is a significant challenge for scientists and land managers. In this review, we synthesize the literature on invasion ecology and management of Chinese tallow. Our review suggests that the invaded range of Chinese tallow is currently limited by dispersal in many areas and by low temperatures and low soil moisture, and by high soil salinity and frequent flooding in others, but these barriers may be overcome by increased dispersal, phenotypic plasticity, and/or rapid evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Claudia Luizon Dias-Lerne & Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 19 (3),1998: 279-283 INTRUSIVE CAVITIES IN EUPHORBIACEAE FIBRE WALLS by Claudia Luizon Dias-Lerne & Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso Botany Department, Biosciences Institute, Silo Paulo University, c.P. 11461, 05422-970, Silo Paulo-SP, Brazil SUMMARY Fibres with intrusive cavities were present in Alchornea sidifolia, Al­ chornea triplinervia, Croton floribundus, Sapium glandulatum, and Sebastiania serrata (Euphorbiaceae). These cavities are the result of an intrusive growth of fibres which detour when they encounter a cellular obstacle, form either a fork or a concavity around the obstacle, and sub­ sequently unite. The term 'intrusive cavity' is proposed for this struc­ ture. Key words: Intrusive cavity, fibre cavities, Euphorbiaceae, Alchornea, Croton, Sapium, Sebastiania. INTRODUCTION Xylem cavity elements were described for the first time by Gomes et al. (1988) in tracheids of Araucaria angustifolia and in fibre and axial parenchyma cells of Cabralea glaberrima. They called these elements, respectively, 'transpierced tracheids', 'transpierced fibres', and 'transpierced axial contact-parenchyma cells', and, accord­ ing to them, the presence of such cavities could possibly be formed either through the dissolution of the central core of a wide plant-like trabecula, or through the concur­ rent development of matching lateral piercing protuberances of two neighboring tracheids. Similar cavities also have been mentioned by Luchi and Mazzoni-Viveiros (1988), Luchi (1990), and Zhong et al. (1992). The Euphorbiaceae is one of the families in which fibre cavities have been ob­ served. This study provides additional information on the formation of the cavities in some species of the Euphorbiaceae. MATERIAL AND METHODS The following plant material was collected at the University of Säo Paulo's forest (Säo Paulo, Brazil): Alchornea sidifolia Muell.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Name Here
    INTEGRATING COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION TO DEVELOP A MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR CHINESE TALLOW (SAPIUM SEBIFERUM L. ROXB.) IN SOUTH GEORGIA by CHERYL MARIE MCCORMICK (Under the Direction of C. RONALD CARROLL) ABSTRACT Managing pernicious invasive plant species is an essential component of maintaining biodiversity and restoring natural ecosystem structure and function. Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum L. Roxb.) is recognized as one of the most aggressive invaders of southeastern US wetland and coastal habitats. However, effective management of S. sebiferum is often obstructed by a lack of scientific information for management strategies, conflicting objectives, and a paucity of funding. The first chapter is a comprehensive management plan for S. sebiferum, and includes a description of the biology and ecology of S. sebiferum and its history in the southeastern US. It provides a comprehensive overview of treatment methods for the species, including each method's advantages and disadvantages, timing, and case studies involving management of S. sebiferum on public lands. In Chapter Two, I analyze the effects of feral hog (Sus scrofa L.) rooting behavior on S. sebiferum seedling recruitment and survivorship in island vs. mainland habitats as a function of hog density. I discuss the implications of tallow population regulation by hogs, and associated challenges to agencies mandated to eliminate both of these deleterious exotic species. My analysis indicates that at high densities of feral hogs such as occur on Ossabaw Island, feral hog rooting significantly increases the mortality of Chinese tallow seedlings; whereas at low densities such as occur in mainland ecosystems, there is little impact. In Chapter Three, I present a scientific approach for prioritizing management objectives through the application of generalized linear models to predict seed crop quality based on morphological seed traits in 16 populations of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Tallowtree [Triadica Sebifera (L.) Small][Syn
    Chinese Tallowtree Rights of Way [Triadica sebifera (L.) Small] Victor Maddox, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Associate, Mississippi State University Randy Westbrooks, Ph.D., Invasive Species Specialist, U.S. Geological Survey John D. Byrd, Jr., Ph.D., Extension/Research Professor, Mississippi State University Fig. 1. Young Chinese tallowtree and leaf(inset). Fig. 2. Chinese tallowtree with yellow inforescences. Fig. 3. White fruit on Chinese tallowtree. Introduction Problems Caused Chinese tallowtree [Triadica sebifera (L.) Small][Syn. Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.; Stillingia sebifera Michx.] is a decidu- ous to evergreen tree introduced around 1850 as a seed oil crop. It is native to China, Japan, and Korea, but commonly grown in the U.S. as an ornamental for its yellow flowers, red fall foliage, and unusual white fruit, which gave it the name popcorn tree. Currently, it has escaped from cultivation in at least nine southern states. This invasive plant can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions from saline to freshwater flooding, shade to full sun, acid to alkaline soils, and from wet to droughty soils. It can establish dense, solid stands, crowding out native plant species and producing little food value for animals. Characterized by rapid growth and prolific seed production, it is an extremely competitive inva- sive plant. Regulations Chinese tallowtree is listed as a state noxious weed in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, but is not considered a federal noxious weed. It is possibly still planted in certain states as an ornamental or for honeybee pollen. Once intro- duced into a landscape and mature enough to produce seeds, it quickly spreads into surrounding landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Triadica Sebifera Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Triadica Sebifera. Available F
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Triadica sebifera Triadica sebifera System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Common name tallow tree (English), Chinese tallow (English), chicken tree (English), vegetable tallow (English), popcorn tree (English), Florida aspen (English), Chinesischer talgbaum (German), candleberry-tree (English), white waxberry (English), boiré (French), arbre à suif (French), árbol del sebo (Spanish) Synonym Triadica sinensis , Lour Croton sebiferum , L Stillingia sebifera , (L.) Michx Sapium sebiferum , (L.) Roxb Excoecaria sebifera , Müll. Arg Similar species Populus Summary Triadica sebifera is a tree in the Euphorbiaceae family which typically reaches a maximum height of 15m at maturity. It is adapted to a variety of disturbed sites and a wide range of soil conditions. Triadica sebifera aggressively displaces native plants and forms monospecific stands within decades of its appearance. It is also able to alter nutrient cycles by enhancing productivity in ecosystems by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorous from the rapid decay of its leaves which produce tannins. Triadica sebifera is shade, sun, drought, flood, freeze and salt tolerant and is also suspected of reducing nesting habitat for a variety of avian species. Management of this species is an arduous process and not suitable for all infested sites. view this species on IUCN Red List Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Triadica sebifera. Pag. 1 Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=712 [Accessed 07 October 2021] FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Triadica sebifera Species Description Bogler (2000) states that, \"T. sebifera is a tree in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). At maturity it typically reaches a maximum height of 15 m.
    [Show full text]