Bamboo for Nutrition and Health Bamboo As a Natural Resource for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of North-East Region: Bamboo Shoot As Food
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Bamboo for Nutrition and Health Bamboo as a Natural Resource for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of North-East Region: Bamboo shoot as Food M. S. BISHT, Professor DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, NORTH-EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY, SHILLONG – 793 022, MEGHALAYA, INDIA [email protected] ; Phone: 9436769172 Origin and evolution of bamboo The studies indicate that woody bamboos have evolved in lowland tropics of Gondwanaland during the tertiary period (Clark, 1997) and Bamboos dispersed to Asia from India after the land connection was established between the Indian and Eurasian plates (Srivastava et al 2018). વાંસ Vānsa ಬಿದಿರಿನ Bidirina बांबू Zhu Siet Bāmbū Bamboo बांस Take बाँसको Wa Bām̐sakō A simple grass The word “Bamboo” No one knows for sure how bamboo became “bamboo”. There are two primary speculations. One is that the origin is from the ancient Indian name for bamboo, "mambu". The other speculation is that it is Malayan in origin and comes from the sound bamboo makes when it burns. "Bam-Boom". “Mambu” to “bamboo” The earliest mention of the word from which the present word, “bamboo” has come, is in the book ‘Canon’ by Avicenna in 11th century. Here author refers to a medicine called “Tabaxir”which in Arabic means milk, juice or a liquid in condensed form. In this book a word, “mambu” was also mentioned which is taken by later authors for the origin of the present word “bamboo”. Garcia da Orta described many plants from India in his book, ‘Coloquis dos Simples Drogas da India’ in 1563 and also mentioned about “Tabaxir”. According to Garcia da Orta the local people around Goa at that time called this medicine ‘saccar mambu’ (Saccar in Portuguese is sugar and mambu in Goan language is cane or branch of a tree). Gaspard Bauhin or Caspar Bauhin (Swiss Botanist) used the word “Arundo” for reed grass of India in his book, ‘Phytopinax’. Arundo arbor was a reed described by Bauhin as a woody or tree like reed. Bauhin mentions that the substance derived from Arundo was called “Tabaxir” by Avicenna and Arabs and that the plant producing Tabaxir was called “mambu” by Indians. This “mambu” became, “Bambusa” the basis of genus “Bambusa” of Linneaus (1753)and “Bamboo” in English. Bamboo in our past Lord Indra was advised to propagate bamboo for his armory. Bamboo flute (ban-suri) for soothing music is known since the time of Shri Krishna Bamboo for sports and games Bamboo rhizome ball in the Polo game (Sagol Kangjei) Sagol Kangjei or Polo is the game of Gods originated around 3100 B.C. or according to Guinness Book of Records around 525 B.C. in the state of Manipur. Polo was also played in China and Persia but now it is settled the present day Polo game was originated from Sagol Kangjei (oldest one) the Manipuri version of Polo. The origin of Polo (Sagol Kangjei) is attributed to King Kangba who ruled the region around 5000 to 3100 B.C. The Polo match of 48 AD is famous which was played on the occasion of the marriage of King Pakhangba and King Poireiton’s sister Laisana. The description of the match is given in the book “Kangjeirol Puya” (Book of Polo). Sagol Kangjei is is played sitting on horseback (Sagol) and hitting a ball (of bamboo rhizome) with stick again of bamboo. Bamboo symbolized as deity Auspicious decorations from bamboo Bamboo as food and medicines to the animal and man North-East,the bamboo paradise of India Bamboo is a complete food Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has 99 % of bamboo in its diet A giant panda eats 42 to 64 kg of bamboo per day Giant panda is carnivore with a digestive system of carnivore animals, so most of the bamboo goes undigested in the digestive track. To get sufficient nutrient a giant panda forage for 10 to 16 hours a day and rest of the time sleeping or taking rest Red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is also herbivorous carnivore bamboo eater Red panda has a diet of 77 to 90 per cent of bamboo, mainly Thamnocalamus sps I will also be finished if bamboo is gone please save me Golden bamboo lemur (Hepalemur sps and Prolemur sps) endemic to Madagascar are also exclusive bamboo eaters. These lemurs eat different species or eat different parts of bamboo Some species of lemur have the ability to digest very high amount of cyanogenic glycoside Bamboo as partial diet Animals and curiosity have taught man to eat bamboo Tortoise story of Mizoram for eating bamboo shoots Bamboo for Human Nutrition and Health Development of novel shoot processing technologies due to an accident Bamboo as food, medicine and health food in our ancient literature Bhavpraksh Nighantu: 153-154 Use of bamboo (banslochan) since centuries in health products Chyawanprash I. Pradhan (main) ingredients- Amla 5kg II. Sansadhan ingredients- 1. Bidrikhand, 2. Safed Chnadan, 3. Vasaka, 4. Akarkara, 5. Brahmi, 6. Bitva, 7. Chhoti Harr, 8. Kamal Kesar, 9. Jatamansi, 10. Gokhru, 11. Bel, 12. Kachoor, 13. Nagarmotha, 14. Laung, 15. Dushkarmoola, 16. Kakadsinghi, 17. Dushamoola, 18. Jiwanti, 19. Punarnava, 20. Anjeer, 21. Ashwagandha, 22. Giloya, 23. Tulsi leaves, 24. Meetha neem, 25. Saunth, 26. Munakha, 27. Mulathi (All ingredients in 50 g each). III. Yamak ingredients- 1. Ghee 250 g, 2. Til oil 250 g IV. Samvahak ingredients- 1. Sugar 3 kg V. Prekshap ingredients- 1. Pippali 100 g, 2. Banslochan 150 g, 3. Dalchini 50 g, 4. Tejpatra 20 g, 5. Nagakesar 20, 6. Chhoti illaichi 20 g, 7. Keasr 2 g, Shahad 250 g Traditional methods of getting the health benefits of bamboo, Assam Wine seasoning in bamboo culms, South Korea Seasoning of wine and getting the health benefits of bamboo, China Green bamboo leaf tea in South Korea, a source of antioxidants Bamboo Tea : Polyphenols Antioxidant Constipation Weight loss Relaxing and soothing to stomach Respiratory problems Panda Dung Tea £ 46,000 per kg, £ 152 for a cup of tea!! Ya’an Sichuan Province of China Fertilized by the dung of Pandas who feed only on bamboos The tea is considered healthy as Pandas absorb only 30% of the Nutrients from the eaten bamboo Excrement is rich in fibers and nutrients and it has anti-cancerous property INVENTOR: An Yanshi, a panda enthusiast from Sichuan and a lecturer at Sichuan University Bamboo shoots as nutritious health food Fresh Bamboo Shoots in the Market Processed bamboo shoots in the market of NE India Processed bamboo shoots in the market of NE India Processed bamboo shoots in the market of NE India Processed bamboo shoots in the market of NE India Bamboo shoot fermentation and processing in NE India Fermented bamboo shoot Tribe and state Process of fermentation products Soibum Meetei, Manipur Fermentation in pots or bamboo basket Soijin Meetei, Manipur Boiled and fermented in basket Soidon Meetei, Manipur Fermented in earthen pots Hikhu Apatani, Arunachal Fermented in banana leaves Pradesh Hiring Apatani,Arunachal Fermented in bamboo cylinders Pradesh Ekung Adi, Arunachal Pradesh Fermented in ekkam (Phrynium leaves) Edung Adi, Arunachal Pradesh Fermented in bamboo cylinders Eup Nyishing, Arunachal Fermented in bamboo basket Pradesh Mesu Limboo, Sikkim Fermented in green bamboo cylinders Rawtuai rep Mizo, Mizoram Sun dried (partial fermetation) Moiya-Koshak Debbarma, Tripura Fermented in banana leaves Midukye Chakma, Tripura Fermented in banana leaves Moiya-Pangsung Uchoi, Tripura Fermented in water Padem Khasi, Meghalaya Fermented and stored in water Bamboo shoot eating countries (traditionally) China -(Tang Dynasty 618-907- Treasure dish, “there is no banquet without bamboo shoot”) Japan- Bamboo shoot is the “king of forest vegetables” Korea (North and South) Indonesia Thailand Taiwan India Myanmar Bhutan Philippines Nepal Bangladesh Bamboo shoots for food Country Bamboospecies for shoot consumption Australia B. oldhamii, D. asper, D. brandisii, D. latiflorus, B. arnhemica, G. atter, P. pubescens Bhutan D. giganteus, D. hamiltonii, D. hookrii, D. sikkimensis China B. oldhamii, D. asper, D. brandisii, D. latiflorus, P. praecox, P. iridescens, P. nuda, P. makinoi, P. pubescens, P. viridis, Pleioblastus amarus, Thyrsostchys siamenisis India B. balcooa, B. bambos, B. kingiana, B. nana, B. nutans, B. pallida, B.polymorpha, B. tulda, B. vulgaris, Chimonobambusa hookeriana, D. asper, D. giganteus, D. hamiltonii, D. hookerii, D. longispathus, D. membranaceus, D. sikkimensis, D. strictus, Gigantochloa rostrata, Melocanna baccifera, P. bambusoides, Schizostachyum capitatum, Teinostachyum wightii, T. siamensis, T. oliverii, Schizostachyum dullooa Japan B. oldhamii, D. asper, P. edulis, P. bambusoides, P. pubescens, P. mitis Nepal D. giganteus, D. hamiltonii, D. hookerii, D. sikkimensis Korea P. pubescens, P. nigra, P. heterocycla Taiwan B. edulis, B. oldhamii, B. multiplex, B. pallida, D. asper, D. latiflorus, P. makinoi, P. pubescens, Th. siamensis Thailand B. edulis, B. oldhamii, B. pallida, D. asper, D. latiflorus, Th. siamensis United States P. dulcis, P. edulis, P. bambusoides, P. pubescense, P. nuda, P. viridis Bamboo shoots packed for sale Traditional Bamboo Shoot cuisines of North East India Kangsoi OOti There are more than 100 different ways of bamboo shoot consumption in NE Indias Traditional bamboo shoot recipes in NE India Recipes Tribe and state Method of preparation Rawtuai-bawl (non-veg) Mizo, Mizoram Boiled shoots with fermented pork Rawtuai-rep Mizo, Mizoram Sun dried shoots with fermented pork Usoi-ooti Meetei, Manipur Shoots with dried pea with a pinch of sodium bicarbonate Usoi-kangsu Meetei, Manipur Shoots with fermented fish Soijin-eromba Meetei, Manipur Fermented shoots with dried fish, potato, etc. Mia-gudong Jamatia, Tripura Shoots