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Rrvrrw op CnoerreNHisronv 6lzoro,No.r,227- 25o From Bias to ErroneousConclusions The article by Nevenko Bartulin, "The NDH,as a'Central European Bul- wark againstItalian Imperialism': An Assessmentof Croatian-Italian Relations 'New Within the German Order'in Europe I94I-1945i'published in the Re- ,..view of Croatian History, the journal of the Croatian Institute of History,l has r,l,orrcemore sparkeddebate on an interestingtopic; Italian imper,ialismas one of the key reasonsfor: greater Croatian dependenceon the Third Reich in 1947- 1945, and the forms and extent of this dependence.Somewhat akin to Bartu- lin, I alsobelieve that this hypothesiscan be acceptedin a generalsense, since :i;Italian territorial pretensionsand attempts,lt political, economic and cultural ;, penetration of Croatia crucially influenced the strategicorienlation of official Zagrebat the time. : ' Illustrations of.Italian policy, and the Croatian attempts to avoid open .confrontation with its disproportionately more powerful Apennine neigh- bor, whibh was incomparably more important to Hitler in both the actual and symbolic,sensethan Croatia, are so numeious that - if nothing else,then not rentirely concealedtendencies - there is no need to resort to falsehoods,fab- rications and questionable assertions.This is why I believe Bartulin did not need fall back on unproven and unprovable claims, which are more at home , among wartime anti-Ustasha (and even general anti-Croatian) propaganda, rather than constituting irrefutable facts as he presentsthem. Such, for example, are the assertionson the regime'sinstrumentalization of the origin of the Croats,2on the Italian acceptanceof "a division of the Bal- kans into German and Italian'zones'of influence- in reality,occupation - on 2l-22 April I94l:' on the meeting betweenthe German and Italian foreign ministers,3or on the marching hymn Naprijed, mornari s plavogladrana ('On- 'bfficially ward, Sailorsof the Blue Adriatic') being banned in the NDH at the insistenceof the Italians."4 Bartulin offers no evidencefor any of theseor similar statements. For one cannot count as evidencehistoriographic, publicist or propagan- dist assessmentsthat all suffer from the sameailment: they are regularly based on unreliable sources.and most often basedon none at all. It is not true that the I N. Bartulin, "The NDH asa'Central EuropeanBulwark againstItalian Imperialism'l'Review of Croatian History, 3l 2007, I, 6l -70. , Ibid.,53-54. 3 Ibid.,56. 4 Ibid..65. REACTIONS. REAKIIONEN banned,s marchinghymn "Onward, Sailorsof the Blue Adriatic" wasofficially origin of nor is it tiue that there wasany offi.cial,legally-sanctioned view on the Germany the Croats.6It is also not true that any"zones of influence"between 22-22 April and Italy were negotiated,much less demarcated,in Vienna on and - all that *u, ,p.iified was a line of demarcationbetween the German a political Italian armed forces,which should be strictly distinguishedfrom concluded ur.u"g.-.nt on the allocation of spheresof influence,which was or the betwe'enBerlin and Rome earlier,*ith tto considerationfor the Croats IndependentState of Croatia. propagan- However,even more intriguing is Bartulin'sclaim that Ustasha for da, driven by anti-Italian motives' evenembraced the attributebarbarism' or in this way Croatian nationalism could more forcefully confront.Italian, "Latin tivilization'l'7As an argumentto back this hypothesis,Bartulin stresses 'wolves established that the descriptionof the Croatsas "a nation of andlions"' barbarism' a link betweenthe National Socialistunderstandings of the term for lion, He adds: "Interestingly,the ustasheliked to use the Turkish word ; 'lavl to the rrrtrr: rather than tf,e Croatian fot the former wasmore common Dinaric Croatsof the formerly Ottoman ruled areas'"8 the less Bartulin did not mention how often this metaphorwas used' so almost ev- informed readerwould be correct to think that it was a common' erydaycomponent of Ustashapropaganda' con- This procedureis illustrativeof the manner in which Bartulin reaches him by the clusionsand, I daresay,also revealsthe deepimpression Ieft upon allegedlydra- theoriesof sociologisiOinko Toma5i6and his epigoneson the matic d.ifferenceruttd divisionsbetween "Dinaric" and other croats' This is not the placeto discussthe roots and motivesunderlying Toma5i6's by the Ser- quasi-scientificurrl.rr-.rrts, nor the role playedin this motivation of his nonsense bian ethnographer|ovan cvijii and the political manipulation to hereunravel aboutthe ricial f.utrrr., of ttre "Yugoslavsl'Itis alsoimpossible and "na- the racialistand racistfoundation of Yugoslavismas a political,state, affairsin tional" notion. However,anyone who knows anything aboutcurrent "elementsi'in a some- Croatiawill know that theoriesof "Dinaric" and other that somethingdid not ex- t N.***, *"r-, be proved,because it is impossibleto prove claimsapositive, i'e',that'","fi::t,l;l-?:','"#::Tl'l ist.BuI when he ili:f'r11;#'r1 ilarly citesabsolutely no evidencefor this claim! ,. *iit., maytomorrow cite Bartulin asa reliable ..fesu i vlastiNezavisne DrZave Hrvatske 6 Cf.MarioJareb, li Hrvati postaliGoti? Odnos ustaSa dr' easopisza suvre- premaneslavenskim teorijama o podrijetluHrvatai' Spomenica IereJareba' menupovijest,40l2008, no. 3: 869-882' ..The ItalianImperialism'l' 6l-70' 7 N. Bartulin, NDH asa'Central European Bulwark against 8 Ibid., 68-70. 228 Rrvrew op CnoerreNHrsrony 6lzoro,No.r,2z7-25o what alteredand adaptedform (but again with a clear political undertone!), havebeen revived over the pastroughly two decades.Just as when thesetheo- ries werefirst devisedand their creatorsand advocatesignored or downplayed the significanceand consequencesof the powerful migratory waveswhich are a tragic constant of Croatian history, so too doesit proceed today: political motives dictateconclusions drawn on the basisof preconceivedbeliefi, preju- dicesand stereotypes. Another problematicaspect of Bartulin'shypothesis on the deliberateand systematicUstasha acceptance of "barbarism"is that it overlooksnot just one, but thousandsof examplesof prewar and wartime propagandaby Croatian nationalists(from Pilar and Lukas,through Sufflayto Pavelii and the Ustasha) in which the Croatsare extolledas a highly civilizedWestern nation with the historical task of defendingEurope and the Westfrom barbariansand barba- rism from the East. Never has any political force among the Croatian people,including the Ustasha,either invoked or desiredthe Croatsto be consideredbarbariani, for it was generally(partially even instinctively)known that this would be grist for the mill of foreign antagonists.For it wasnot only the colonial powersthat justified their imperialist campaignswith claimsthat the Atiican 'lbarbarians" oi American nativeswere or "savagesl'whocould neither survivenor organize a modern societywithout a foreign overlord.In the Croatian case,simiiar ar- guments were made by Vienna and Budapestand Rome. Italian imperialist ambitions in the First World War and the postwaritalian occupationof a not insignificantportion of Croatianterritory - which was grounded in the Trea- tiesof London and Rapallo,which in termsof extentand consequencesdo not lagfar behind the RomeTreaties of 1947,something that is so easilyignored - were justified by the claim that the "slavsl' that is the Croats and Slovenes. werelittle more than barbarians. Croatia'swriters also respondedto the imperialistdesigns of their more porwerfulneighbors, cloaked in - by the criteria of the duy- the moralist robes of allegedenlighteners and civilizers,who would bring the refined culture of Dante and Goetheto thesebarbarians. In this they undoubtedlymade use of the old, romantic notion of the Croatsas the "bulwark of Christianity" (Ante- murale Christianitatis).The Croatianbitterness over this notion was more a caseof reassuringthemselves than something actually acknowledgedby the West, and this can be followed in the works of Croatian writers from the Re- naissanceto the twentieth century,and particularly since the era of the na- tional awakening. Primary schoolliterature textbooks, for example,include the apparently- actually quite openly ironic exaltationof barbarismin the well-known poem 229 REACTIONS. REAKTIONEN iom 1878.eThis samepoet also ironi- ,rraround Baron Ftanzvon der Trenck 'bariansor a peoplewho evendevour ile bitternessover the two-facedstance almost emblematicverses of the EuropeanWest, which is mentioned in the should you be proclaimedbarbarians n thosebY one of the most renowned lom-loving' cycle(Slob o darka, Zagt eb, ir immensify,i Or the Frenchof their 'their invincible navy! / I enly not any I seeno beauty,/ I takepride in it, and 'barbarisml.l'12 its specifi-cally,almost This samepsychological and political problem is very th9 works of the most im- obsessively,treated in J considerableportion of KrleZa'particularly in portant leitist Croatianwriter, the communist Miroslav 'The God Mars' - Hrvatski bog his novellas(the .otl..tion entitled croatian of PetricaKerempuh ])' Mars)and poetry (BaladePetrice Kerempuha ['Ballads in Blithuanri), Zastave but also in his novels (e.g.Banket u Blitvi ['Banquet ['Flags']). Radi6 and his croatian The peacefulnon-violence preached by Stjepan not help overcome (Republican)Peasant Party afteiworld War I certainlydid feelingof belongingto the this croatian complex.This non-violenceand deep political and sociallife' west mad. u po*..fol mark on the entiretyof croatian and they were not limited to Radii and his party' than reliableevidence This is why there
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  • The Perception of Croatian Medieval History by Vladimir Nazor in Hrvatski Kraljevi (The Kings of the Croats)

    The Perception of Croatian Medieval History by Vladimir Nazor in Hrvatski Kraljevi (The Kings of the Croats)

    The Perception of Croatian Medieval History by Vladimir Nazor in Hrvatski kraljevi (The Kings of the Croats) Danijel Džino UDK: 821.163.42.09 Nazor, V. Macquarie University 94(497.5)”653” Sveučilište Macquarie, Australija Pregledni rad Refereed Article Summary This paper is focusing on the use of motifs from Croatian early medieval history in Nazor’s topical collection of poetry entitled Hrvatski kraljevi (The Kings of the Croats). Hrvatski kraljevi functions perfectly within its Zeitgeist, as Nazor’s way to re-create Croatian historical memory and distribute it as ‘poetical knowledge’ to the readers. The metaphor of blut und boden, strongly showing throughout this topical collection of poetry, constructs and embodies continuity with the past, and boosts the sense of national unity in Nazor’s present(s). For Nazor’s generation of Croatians, medieval Croats were tremendously important symbols used to draw and develop a Croatian historical ‘genealogy’ in order to position the Croatians amongst European nations of the time. Key words: Vladimir Nazor, medieval, The Kings of the Croats/ Hrvatski kraljevi Historical and mythological topics take a significant place in the opus of Vladimir Nazor, in both his prose and poetry. He used motifs and personalities from medieval Croatian history, and widely exploited a literary and ethnological discourse developing in the 19th century, known as ‘Slav mythology’.1 Working within the intellectual framework of romantic nationalism, and influential ideologies of his time, such as panslavism and yugoslavism, Nazor looked into the past to find inspiration for his art, but also to address his present. This paper will focus on the use of motifs from Croatian early medieval history in Nazor’s topical collection of poetry entitled Hrvatski kraljevi (The Kings of the Croats).2 Hrvatski kraljevi had a long and complex evolution, and Nazor worked on them for more than thirty years.