Agroforestry Potential on Household Lands Outside the Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve, Tanzania: Forest Conservation and Livelihood Implications
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Agroforestry Potential on Household Lands Outside the Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve, Tanzania: Forest Conservation And Livelihood Implications By Amy Kathryn Quandt B.S. University of Puget Sound, 2005 Professional Paper presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Resource Conservation, International Conservation and Development The University of Montana Missoula, MT Spring 2010 Perry Brown, Associate Provost for Graduate Education Graduate School Laurie Yung, Chair Department of Society and Conservation Steve Siebert Department of Forest Management Jeffrey Bookwalter Department of Economics Quandt, Amy K. M.S., Spring 2010 Resource Conservation Agroforestry Potential on Household Lands Outside the Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve, Tanzania: Forest Conservation And Livelihood Implications Chairperson: Laurie Yung Rural residents throughout Tanzania depend upon trees and other forest products for cash income, domestic consumption, and fuelwood needs. Increased tree harvesting has led to forest resource depletion and degradation throughout Tanzania and is a growing national concern. This research explores the interest in and potential of agroforestry on privately owned land to meet household domestic needs and generate cash income through timber, fuelwood and other forest products in the forest dependent- village of Barjomot and the potential of agroforestry to reduce tree harvesting in the adjacent Mt Hanang National Forest Reserve (HNFR). This study was conducted in Barjomot Village from August 2007 until July 2009 using participant observation, focus groups, and 40 household interviews. Firewood and large poles for home construction were the primary forest products collected from HNFR. Sixty five percent of villagers had planted trees, mostly Eucalyptus sp., Grevillea robusta, and fruit trees around their homes, in living fences, and on private cropland. Wealthier households were more likely to have planted trees, and tree planting varied by household location. Additionally, the vast majority of villagers would prefer to collect tree products on their own land, and not from the HNFR. This research suggests that the development of agroforestry on privately owned land could help meet household fuelwood and construction needs in Barjomot and reduce tree harvesting pressure in HNFR. However, individual household needs and interests in cultivating fuelwood and timber species in agroforestry- based systems varies, as does household access to land. Thus, agroforestry development projects should not pursue a ‘one size fits all’ approach even at the village level. 11 Dedication For my grandmother, Mary Quandt, whose spirit for adventure and love of life has undoubtedly shaped my own. For the people of Barjomot Village, who have touched my life and helped make Barjomot my home for two years, mtakiiwa kariba na moyo wangu daima. Ill Acknowledgements I want to start by thanking all the people of Baijomot Village, Tanzania. In particular I want to thank my research assistant and good friend Martin Beko and his amazing family. Without him this research would not have been possible, and without the support from him and his family life in Barjomot would not have been the same. Additionally, I need to thank villager, friend, and adopted mother Selina Danieli and her ten beautiful children for taking me in and making me a part of their family for two years. Other important villagers that deserve mention include: Mama Yona, Michael Baha, Safari Baha, Yaro, Mwalimu Bura, Mama Rebecca and her children Musa, Haibu, Rebecca, Raheli, Neema and Baraka, BabaNina, Stephano Bohay, my women’s group members, Pascalina, and last but not least little Russell. I also wish to extend my sincere appreciation to the United States Peace Corps and their staff in Tanzania. My fellow Peace Corps Volunteers also served as an invaluable source of strength and friendship. Thank you Stephanie, Jerusha, Steve, Carla, Tony, Jess, Charlie, Emma, and everyone else who spent two years in Tanzania with me. I want to express my gratitude to my advisor Laurie Yung. Without your guidance and support through the past 4 years this project would not have been possible. You have been a true joy to work with! Additionally, I want to thank the rest of my committee, Steve Siebert and Jeffrey Bookwalter. Thank you Steve for coordinating the International Conservation and Development graduate program, it has been a truly unique and fantastic graduate school experience studying in this program. Additionally, I am very grateful to John Chandler Pepelnjak- for assistance with statistical analyses. To all my fellow graduate students: your laughter, friendship and occasional study breaks at the Kettlehouse have made graduate school an incredible and fun time. And last, but not least, I need to thank my friends and family. My parents and grandmother have been incredibly supportive of my adventures and studies. My parents visit to Tanzania was a highlight of my two years there and I am sure a highlight of their lives as well. And as always, Emily Castor, whose trips to Tanzania and Missoula and countless letters provided laughter and friendship like she has since we became friends in 3rd grade. IV Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1. Development, Biodiversity, and Local Communities 1 2. The Potential of Agroforestry for Conservation and Livelihood 3 Improvement 3. The Knowledge Gap 5 4. Research Questions 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 8 1. Livelihoods 8 2. Agroforestry: Practices and Benefits 11 3. Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation 14 4. Challenges of Agroforestry 16 5. Agroforestry in Tanzania 23 Chapter 3: Methods 33 1. Study Area 33 2. Data Collection 40 Participant Observation 41 Focus Group Interviews 42 Household Interviews 44 3. Data Analysis 47 Participant Observation 47 Focus Group Interviews 48 Household Interviews 49 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 55 1. Barjomot Village Demographics and Context 55 2. Tree Product Collection from Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve 63 3. The Benefits Villagers Receive and Want to Receive from Trees on 67 Their Land 4. Agroforestry Practices and Trees 74 5. Tree Planting, Tree Product Collection, and Household Location 83 6. Tree Planting and Wealth 90 7. The Agroforestry Potential Outside Mt. Hanang National Forest 97 Reserve Chapter 5: Conclusions 106 1. Summary of Important Results 106 2. Recommendations for Agroforestry in Barjomot Village 108 3. Broader Implications 119 References 123 Appendix A: Sample Focns Gronp Interview Gnide 131 Appendix B: Sample Honsehold Interview Gnide 133 Appendix C: 16 Major Agroforestry Practices Gnide 138 Appendix D: Additional Tables and Fignres 142 Appendix E: Resnlts That Were Not Statistically Significant 144 VI List of Tables & Figures Table 1. Framework for assessing adoption potential of agroforestry practices 17 Table 2. Interview schedule and notes 47 Table 3. Tree products collected in Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve 48 according to focus groups. Table 4. Household crops 142 Table 5. Benefits received from trees 67 Table 6. Why households plant trees 68 Table 7. Why interviewees have not planted trees 71 Table 8. What is preventing interviewees from planting trees 72 Table 9. Agroforestry practices 75 Table 10. Tree product collection from Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve 89 Table 11. Where interviewees would prefer to collect tree products in the future 97 Table 12. Where interviewees would prefer to collect if they had an 100 agroforestry project ton their land Table 13. Reasons why interviewees want agroforestry education 104 Table 14. Reasons why interviewees would join a village agroforestry project 105 Figure 1. Relationship of agroforestry products and services 13 Figure 2. Approximate boundaries of Baijomot Village 33 Figure 3. Examples of the two main forest types 37 Figure 4. Photographs of Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve 39 Figure 5. Number of interviews in each sub village- 55 Figure 6. Household livestock 143 Figure 7. Wealth distribution of households 59 Figure 8. How households obtained farm and home plots 61 Figure 9. Households and tree products from Mt. Hanang National Forest Reserve 143 Figure 10. Photographs of illegal tree product harvesting 63 Figure 11. Household utilization of large poles and firewood 64 Figure 12. Benefits interviewees want to receive from agroforestry 70 Figure 13. Photograph of Grevillea robusta planted behind a house 75 Figure 14. Photographs of live fences 78 Figure 15. Photographs of alley cropping and intercropping 79 Figure 16. Approximate boundaries of 4 sub villages- 83 Figure 17. Logistic regression of sub village- and tree planting on home plots 86 Figure 18. Logistic regression of sub village- and tree planting on farm plots 88 Figure 19. Logistic regression of wealth and tree planting on farm plots 91 Figure 20. Logistic regression of wealth and tree planting on home plots 92 Figure 21. Logistic regression model of wealth, sub village,- and tree planting 94 on home plots Figure 22. Photos of poor farmer's land who have planted trees 96 Figure 23. Number of interviewees who would prefer to collect tree products 97 on ‘public’ or ‘private’ land Figure 24. Where interviewees would prefer to collect tree products if they 100 had an agroforestry project Figure 25. Collection of tree products in HNFR and on household land 103 Vll CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Development, Biodiversity Conservation, and Local Communities Worldwide, 1.2 billion people have consumption levels