DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversity in Fruit and Seed Characters of Chamaelirium and Chionographis (Melanthiaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversity in Fruit and Seed Characters of Chamaelirium and Chionographis (Melanthiaceae) Taiwania 62(1): 67‒74, 2017 DOI: 10.6165/tai.2017.62.67 Diversity in fruit and seed characters of Chamaelirium and Chionographis (Melanthiaceae) Noriyuki TANAKA 98-11 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0352 Japan. Email: [email protected] (Manuscript received 22 August 2016; accepted 26 January 2017; online published 22 February 2017) ABSTRACT: Phenotypic characters of fruits and seeds of two closely allied genera Chamaelirium and Chionographis (Melanthiaceae) are reexamined. The results show that the two genera differ mainly in the number of ovules per locule, the shape of seeds, and the arrangement of seeds within the locule and of a seed body within the testa. Evidence also shows that in Chionographis a Chinese species (C. chinensis) significantly differ from three species from Japan and Korea (e.g. C. japonica) chiefly by the seeds acutely beaked proximally and in the narrowly obovoid, proximally cuneate fruits (capsules) that ripen in May to June (vs. autumn) and have a carpo-gynophore and locules mutually free, acute, and indehiscent in the proximal part. Data obtained is discussed from taxonomical and evolutionary aspects. KEY WORDS: Carpo-gynophore, Chamaelirium, Chionographis, Fruits, Diversity, Evolution, Melanthiaceae, Seeds, Taxonomy. INTRODUCTION length, and accordingly, they are taxonomically inseparable in this respect. Chionographis Maxim. (Melanthiaceae) is a genus of As for their fruits and seeds, the two genera approximately eight species distributed in Vietnam, Laos, reportedly differ in the number of ovules per locule and China, Japan and Korea (Tanaka, 2016a, b; Wu, 2016). It in the shape of seeds, as aforementioned. Previous is regarded as most closely allied to a monotypic genus reports also indicate that the size of capsules and the Chamaelirium Willd. of eastern North America (Miquel, arrangement of a seed body within the testa differ 1866, 1867; Maximowicz, 1867; Hara, 1968; Kawano, between the two genera (Yatabe (1893) for 1976; Dahlgren et al., 1985; Tanaka 1985, 2003; Takhtajan, Chionographis; Gleason (1952) for Chamaelirium; 1997, 2009; Utech, 2002; Wu et al., 2016). Recent Hara (1968) for Chionographis). Further, Hara (1968) analyses of the matK gene region of chloroplast DNA in reported that the capsules and seeds of Chionographis many genera of monocots support this view, showing that are different in shape between species from China and the two genera are sister groups in the monophyletic clade species from Japan and Korea. Thus the information of the family Melanthiaceae (Fuse and Tamura, 2000). hitherto available implies that the two genera are not a The closest group of the two genera was supposed to be little diversified in fruit and seed characters. Helonias L. and its closely allied genera (e.g. Tanaka, For the elucidation of taxonomic and evolutionary 1997; Tamura, 1998), which is also later supported by aspects of the two genera, it is necessary to accumulate chloroplast DNA sequence data (Fuse and Tamura, 2000). sufficient data on various characters. Among others, Chionographis is distinguished from Chamaelirium having ample data on their fruits and seeds is crucial for usually by its zygomorphic flowers (vs. actinomorphic achieving this purpose, because these characters are flowers), unequal tepals (vs. equal tepals), fewer ovules markedly diversified in them, according to previous per locule (2 vs. 6–12), fusiform seeds tailed at the ends reports. However, our knowledge on these characters (vs. oblong-elliptic seeds winged around), and still seems insufficient. For instance, we have no hermaphroditic or gynodioecious populations (vs. information on the arrangement of ovules (seeds) dioecious populations) (Maximowicz, 1867; Baker, within the locule in Chamaelirium. To complement this 1879; Bentham, 1883; Baillon, 1894; Krause, 1930; insufficiency, the present work was undertaken. Hara, 1968; Tanaka, 1985, 2003, 2013, 2016a, b; Maki, In this study, fruits and seeds of the two genera are 1993; Tamura, 1998; Utech, 2002; Wu et al., 2016). closely reexamined with the aim of clarifying their Regarding their floral morphology, recent studies diversity. The results of comparative observations on revealed that two species of Chionographis, C. them will be described here with illustrations, and shiwandashanensis Y.F. Huang et R.H. Jiang (Huang et discussed from taxonomical and evolutionary aspects. al., 2011) from southern China and C. actinomorpha Aver. et N. Tanaka (Averyanov and Tanaka, 2014) from MATERIALS AND METHODS Vietnam and Laos, have actinomorphic flowers with six equal tepals. This finding indicates that the two genera Plants examined in this study are Chamaelirium share the same floral trait as to symmetry and tepal luteum (L.) A. Gray (distributed in U.S.A.) and four 67 Taiwania Vol. 62, No. 1 Table 1. Comparison of several characteristics (other than those of ovary-fruit and ovule-seed) in species of Chamaelirium and Chionographis. Character Cha. luteum Chi. hisauchiana Chi. japonica Chi. koidzumiana Chi. chinensis (Range: USA) (Japan) (Japan, Korea) (Japan) (China) Inflorescence rachis Color 1) white (male) or white white green white (sexual type) green (female) (all sexual types) (all sexual types) (all sexual types)2) (all sexual types) Flower Direction1) ascending or horizontal horizontal or sl. sl. descending sl. descending sl. descending descending Symmetry actinomophic zygomorphic zygomorphic zygomorphic zygomorphic Base shortly pedicellate sessile sessile sessile sessile Tepal Lower tepal as long as upper shorter than c.1/2 vestigial or vestigial or shorter than c. 2/3 (length) tepal of upper tepal lacking lacking of upper tepal Shape spatulate spatulate spatulate filiform spatulate Anther bilocular bilocular bilocular unilocular bilocular 1) At early and middle stages of flowering; 2) Other than female which is not found; Abbreviation: sl., slightly. species of Chionographis, C. chinensis Krause (including RESULTS C. merrilliana Hara; China), C. hisauchiana (Okuyama) N. Tanaka (Japan), C. koidzumiana Ohwi (Japan), and C. Several characters of flowers and inflorescences are japonica (Willd.) Maxim. (Japan and Korea). compared among five species of Chamaelirium and Living plants of Chamaelirium were introduced from Chionographis in Table 1. As evident from this table, U.S.A. through a botanical garden or nurseries, and those they are variable among the species, and the respective of Chionographis in Japan were collected myself in their species are highly distinctive for their own features. habitats. They were/are cultivated at Hachioji, Tokyo, and The results of observations on their fruits, seeds and studied from morphological and phenological aspects. relevant floral characters (such as ovaries and ovules) Dried herbarium specimens kept at A, BM, GH, K, KYO, are described below. Those characters which show KANA, MAK, TI, TNS, UC and my own herbarium were variation among the species are outlined in Table 2. also examined to grasp the range of variation in characters here concerned. Several representative specimens 1. Basic features in flowers, fruits and seeds of examined are cited at the end of this text. Obsevations and Chamaelirium and Chionographis. measurements of characters were made under a zoom All the species examined has a tricarpellary pistil stereomicroscope equipped with an eyepiece micrometer. with a superior, syncarpous (Chamaelirium and Descriptions of characters are based on both living plants Chionographis excluding C. chinensis) or semicarpous and herbarium specimens except C. chinensis of which the (C. chinensis) ovary, and three, free, linear or ligulate, living plants were unavailable. Drawings were made from ventrally stigmatic styles. The styles, tepals and materials in List 1. stamens are persistent in fruit (Fig. 4A). The ovaries develop into capsules that are antrorse, loculicidal and List 1. Sources of material used for drawing. trivalvate (Figs. 1–4). Their pedicels are short and Chamaelirium luteum antrorse in fruit (Figs. 1–3, 4A). L-1: U.S.A. West Virginia. Fruits harvested on 28 Sept. – Within an ovary, ovules are pendent from axile 13 Dec. 2008 by Noriyuki Tanaka (s.n.). placentae, nearly hemitropous (Chionographis) or L-2: U.S.A. Precise locality unknown. Fruits harvested on 19 Oct. 2015 by Noriyuki Tanaka (s.n.). intermediate between anatropous and hemitropous Chionographis chinensis (Chamaelirium), and have a negligibly short funicle at C-1: China. Guangdong. Tsengshing District, Naam Kwan the adaxial middle (Chionographis) or middle to Shan, 30 Apr. 1932, W. T. Tsang 20386 (UC). subdistal portion (Chamaelirium), a relatively large Chionographis japonica J-1: Japan. Toyama Pref., Uozu-shi, Kosuganuma, 19 July micropyle in the adaxial upper portion above the funicle, 1980, Noriyuki Tanaka s.n.; Infructescences and a raphe situated along the adaxial lower portion of harvested on 8 Nov. 2013 and 12 Nov. 2015 by the nucellus. These features of ovules, as to the Noriyuki Tanaka (s.n.). arrangement within an ovary and the relative position of a funicle, micropyle, raphe and nucellus, are more or less Terms “carpophore”, “gynophore” or “carpopodium” retained in mature seeds (Figs. 1–4). The body of a seed followed the respective definitions in Harris and Harris is (sub)ellipsoid, pale to medium brown, and clothed (1994). The term “carpo-gynophore” used in the present with a scarious testa (seed coat) (Figs. 1–4). A tiny, paper refers to an elongate axis of receptacle that not only narrrowly ellipsoid embryo is embedded in copious
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Revised February 24, 2017 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- LILIACEAE
    Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- LILIACEAE LILIACEAE de Jussieu 1789 (Lily Family) (also see AGAVACEAE, ALLIACEAE, ALSTROEMERIACEAE, AMARYLLIDACEAE, ASPARAGACEAE, COLCHICACEAE, HEMEROCALLIDACEAE, HOSTACEAE, HYACINTHACEAE, HYPOXIDACEAE, MELANTHIACEAE, NARTHECIACEAE, RUSCACEAE, SMILACACEAE, THEMIDACEAE, TOFIELDIACEAE) As here interpreted narrowly, the Liliaceae constitutes about 11 genera and 550 species, of the Northern Hemisphere. There has been much recent investigation and re-interpretation of evidence regarding the upper-level taxonomy of the Liliales, with strong suggestions that the broad Liliaceae recognized by Cronquist (1981) is artificial and polyphyletic. Cronquist (1993) himself concurs, at least to a degree: "we still await a comprehensive reorganization of the lilies into several families more comparable to other recognized families of angiosperms." Dahlgren & Clifford (1982) and Dahlgren, Clifford, & Yeo (1985) synthesized an early phase in the modern revolution of monocot taxonomy. Since then, additional research, especially molecular (Duvall et al. 1993, Chase et al. 1993, Bogler & Simpson 1995, and many others), has strongly validated the general lines (and many details) of Dahlgren's arrangement. The most recent synthesis (Kubitzki 1998a) is followed as the basis for familial and generic taxonomy of the lilies and their relatives (see summary below). References: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998, 2003); Tamura in Kubitzki (1998a). Our “liliaceous” genera (members of orders placed in the Lilianae) are therefore divided as shown below, largely following Kubitzki (1998a) and some more recent molecular analyses. ALISMATALES TOFIELDIACEAE: Pleea, Tofieldia. LILIALES ALSTROEMERIACEAE: Alstroemeria COLCHICACEAE: Colchicum, Uvularia. LILIACEAE: Clintonia, Erythronium, Lilium, Medeola, Prosartes, Streptopus, Tricyrtis, Tulipa. MELANTHIACEAE: Amianthium, Anticlea, Chamaelirium, Helonias, Melanthium, Schoenocaulon, Stenanthium, Veratrum, Toxicoscordion, Trillium, Xerophyllum, Zigadenus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • Chionographis Nanlingensis (Melanthiaceae), a New Species from China
    Pak. J. Bot., 48(2): 601-606, 2016. CHIONOGRAPHIS NANLINGENSIS (MELANTHIACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM CHINA LEI WU1, YI TONG2, RUI-YA YAN3 AND QUAN-RU LIU3* 1College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China. 2South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China 3College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, CN-100875 Beijing, P.R. China *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Chionographis nanlingensis (Melanthiaceae), a new species from northern Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated, and its affinity is also discussed. In addition, a distribution map and a key to species of Chionographis are provided. Key words: New species, Melanthiaceae, Chionographis, China. Introduction During a botanical survey of Nanling National Nature Reserve in 2013, a new species of Chionographis, also Chionographis Maximowicz is a small genus of family having nearly actinomorphic flowers and regular tepals, Liliaceae (Engler, 1888; Hutchinson, 1934; Chen, 1980; Maki & Masuda, 1993; Chen & Tamura, 2000), but was collected, it is now described and illustrated below. recently it is placed in the family Melanthiaceae (Tamura, 1998; Anon., 2009; Huang et al., 2011). Four species, C. Chionographis nanlingensis L. Wu, Y. Tong & Q. R. Liu, japonica (Willd.) Maximowicz (from Japan), C. sp. nov. koidzumiana Ohwi (from Japan), C. chinensis Krause (from China) and C. merrilliana Hara (from China), were Type: China. Guangdong: Ruyuan County, Nanling recognized by Hara (1968). Chionographis merrilliana was National Nature Reserve, under dense forests on hill reduced to the synonymy of C. chinensis (Chen, 1980). slopes, alt.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Plants of Louisiana
    Rare Plants of Louisiana Agalinis filicaulis - purple false-foxglove Figwort Family (Scrophulariaceae) Rarity Rank: S2/G3G4 Range: AL, FL, LA, MS Recognition: Photo by John Hays • Short annual, 10 to 50 cm tall, with stems finely wiry, spindly • Stems simple to few-branched • Leaves opposite, scale-like, about 1mm long, barely perceptible to the unaided eye • Flowers few in number, mostly born singly or in pairs from the highest node of a branchlet • Pedicels filiform, 5 to 10 mm long, subtending bracts minute • Calyx 2 mm long, lobes short-deltoid, with broad shallow sinuses between lobes • Corolla lavender-pink, without lines or spots within, 10 to 13 mm long, exterior glabrous • Capsule globe-like, nearly half exerted from calyx Flowering Time: September to November Light Requirement: Full sun to partial shade Wetland Indicator Status: FAC – similar likelihood of occurring in both wetlands and non-wetlands Habitat: Wet longleaf pine flatwoods savannahs and hillside seepage bogs. Threats: • Conversion of habitat to pine plantations (bedding, dense tree spacing, etc.) • Residential and commercial development • Fire exclusion, allowing invasion of habitat by woody species • Hydrologic alteration directly (e.g. ditching) and indirectly (fire suppression allowing higher tree density and more large-diameter trees) Beneficial Management Practices: • Thinning (during very dry periods), targeting off-site species such as loblolly and slash pines for removal • Prescribed burning, establishing a regime consisting of mostly growing season (May-June) burns Rare Plants of Louisiana LA River Basins: Pearl, Pontchartrain, Mermentau, Calcasieu, Sabine Side view of flower. Photo by John Hays References: Godfrey, R. K. and J. W. Wooten.
    [Show full text]
  • SWAMP PINK Scientific Name: Helonias Bullata Linnaeus Other
    Common Name: SWAMP PINK Scientific Name: Helonias bullata Linnaeus Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Heloniadaceae (swamp pink), Melanthiaceae (bunchflower), or Liliaceae (lily) Rarity Ranks: G3/S1 State Legal Status: Threatened Federal Legal Status: Threatened Federal Wetland Status: OBL Description: Perennial herb often forming dense patches of large basal rosettes connected by underground stems. Leaves 3½ - 12 inches (9 - 30 cm) long and up to 1½ inches (4 cm) wide, glossy, evergreen, widest above the middle with pointed tips and tapering bases. Stem 1 - 2 feet (30 - 60 cm) tall while flowering, taller during fruiting, rising from the center of each rosette, stout, hollow. Flowers about inch (1 cm) wide, with 6 pink tepals (3 sepals + 3 petals) and six blue stamens, in a dense spike of 30 - 50 fragrant flowers at the top of the stem. Fruit inch long, 3-lobed, heart-shaped, papery, with many winged seeds. Similar Species: In flower, swamp pink is unmistakable. Fly poison (Amianthium muscitoxicum), which produces basal rosettes in the same habitats as swamp-pink, has white flowers and stiff, dull green leaves less than 1 inch (2.8 cm) wide, with conspicuous veins. Related Rare Species: None in Georgia. Habitat: Shady seepage swamps and sphagnum bogs with continually saturated, though not flooded, soils; often occurs with red maple, purple pitcherplant, mountain laurel, rosebay rhododendron, and tag alder. Life History: Swamp pink is a perennial herb that overwinters as a rosette of reddish-brown leaves. New leaves appear in the early spring, shortly before the flowering stalk elongates, and continue to enlarge during the spring and summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Botany for the Herbalist Common Plant Families 7Song, Director Northeast School of Botanical Medicine 7Song.Com
    Botany for the Herbalist Common Plant Families 7Song, Director Northeast School of Botanical Medicine 7Song.com This handout describes common plant families in the US and Canada. Each family segment contains general characteristics of the family as well as some of the more commonly known species within. In some families such as the Liliaceae, the genera of the plants are still in transition and being placed in newly created families. In other families such as the Scrophulariaceae, some of the former genera have been placed into different already existing families. Within this handout they are generally kept in the older family grouping with the new family identified next to the genus. Field botany is the study of identifying plants and grouping them into categories based on shared anatomical characteristics. Much of this is based on their reproductive parts, especially their flowers. One of the most useful starting points to identify specific plants in the field is by knowing their plant families. Families are a useful category to understand, as plants within them may share obvious traits both botanical (anatomical similarities) and other qualities such as aromatics. As far as medicinal characteristics within a family, there are generally more exceptions to shared traits than similarities in uses. An example showing both sides this is the Apiaceae. This family includes many aromatic, flavorful plants such as Dill, Fennel, and Angelica but also Poison hemlock (Conium), a notoriously poisonous plant. Another example is the Liliaceae with edible foods such as garlic, onion and asparagus but also the toxic Veratrum and Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria).
    [Show full text]
  • Chamaelirium Viridiflorum (Melanthiaceae), a New Species from Jiangxi, China
    Phytotaxa 357 (2): 126–132 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.357.2.5 Chamaelirium viridiflorum (Melanthiaceae), a new species from Jiangxi, China ZHONG-CHENG LIU1,2, LU FENG2, LEI WANG 1* & WEN-BO LIAO2* 1College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat- sen University, Guangzhou510275, China *Corresponding authors: Wang Lei, [email protected]; Liao Wenbo, [email protected] Abstract Chamaelirium viridiflorum (Melanthiaceae), a new species from southern Jiangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to C. koidzumiana in their ellipitic or ovate leaf blade and slender petiole, but differs by its zygomorphic flowers and unequal tepals. Besides Chamaelirium viridiflorum is also similar to C. shiwandashanensis in their actinomorphic flowers, but distinguished by its spatulate to obovate leaf blade, distinct petiole and 0.8–1.1 cm long tepals. This new species has an obvious feature that the color of tepals is still greenish at the end of the flowering period. Keywords: China, Chamaelirium, Melanthiaceae, New species, Taxonomy Introduction Chamaelirium Willdenow (1808: 18) (Melanthiaceae Batsch; APG IV, 2016) is distributed in eastern North America and also in eastern Asia including Laos, Vietnam, China, Korea, and Japan (Tanaka 2017a, Averyanov & Tanaka 2014, Utech, 2002). Tanaka (2017a, b) recently assessed Chionographis Maximowicz (1867: 435) which was comprised of 8 species, and the monotypic Chamaelirium and found them to be synonyms based on morphology (direction and symmetry of the perigone, the number, length and shape and color of the tepals, seed shape and arrangement within testa of seeds, and their chromosome number), and phenological characters.
    [Show full text]
  • Chamaelirium Final Article 2012.Pub
    False Unicorn or Fairy Wand (Chamaelirium luteum) Introduction Botanical Information False unicorn or fairy wand [Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray], member of the Liliaceae family, is native to North America with a natural range stretching from Florida north to New York and west to the Mississippi River. Most of the significant wild populations of this plant exist in the southern portion of its range. An herbaceous perennial, its leaves form a M ARCH 2012 basal rosette with an emerging flower stalk that bears either a male or fe- JEANINE DAVIS, EXTENSION male flower spike about two feet tall. Flowering occurs from May to HORTICULTURE SPECIALIST; ALISON DRESSLER, June. False unicorn likes to grow in moist, acidic soil located in partially RESEARCH ASSISTANT to fully shaded areas in meadows, thickets, and rich woods. Harvesting DEPARTMENT OF of the roots usually occurs in autumn, after flowering is complete, and HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, when plants are about four to eight years old. NC STATE UNIVERSITY REVISION OF ARTICLE WRITTEN BY JACKIE False unicorn is known by many common names, including: fairy wand, GREENFIELD AND JEANINE star grub root, devil’s bit, false unicorn, and blazing star. DAVIS MOUNTAIN HORTICULTURAL Bioactive Componentsvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv CROPS RESEARCH & EXTENSION CENTER, The main bioactive components of false unicorn are a mixture of steroidal 455 RESEARCH DR. saponins, including chamaelirin and aglycone diosgenin. The effects of MILLS RIVER, NC 28759 these bioactives include acting as an emmenagogue, diuretic, and emetic. HTTP://NCHERB.ORG Uses and Treatmentsvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/ False unicorn is widely used by North American Indians as a woman's JEANINENCSU herb.
    [Show full text]
  • An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This Page Intentionally Left Blank an Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials
    An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This page intentionally left blank An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials W. George Schmid Timber Press Portland • Cambridge All photographs are by the author unless otherwise noted. Copyright © 2002 by W. George Schmid. All rights reserved. Published in 2002 by Timber Press, Inc. Timber Press The Haseltine Building 2 Station Road 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450 Swavesey Portland, Oregon 97204, U.S.A. Cambridge CB4 5QJ, U.K. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmid, Wolfram George. An encyclopedia of shade perennials / W. George Schmid. p. cm. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 1. Perennials—Encyclopedias. 2. Shade-tolerant plants—Encyclopedias. I. Title. SB434 .S297 2002 635.9′32′03—dc21 2002020456 I dedicate this book to the greatest treasure in my life, my family: Hildegarde, my wife, friend, and supporter for over half a century, and my children, Michael, Henry, Hildegarde, Wilhelmina, and Siegfried, who with their mates have given us ten grandchildren whose eyes not only see but also appreciate nature’s riches. Their combined love and encouragement made this book possible. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Allan M. Armitage 9 Acknowledgments 10 Part 1. The Shady Garden 11 1. A Personal Outlook 13 2. Fated Shade 17 3. Practical Thoughts 27 4. Plants Assigned 45 Part 2. Perennials for the Shady Garden A–Z 55 Plant Sources 339 U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone Map 342 Index of Plant Names 343 Color photographs follow page 176 7 This page intentionally left blank Foreword As I read George Schmid’s book, I am reminded that all gardeners are kindred in spirit and that— regardless of their roots or knowledge—the gardening they do and the gardens they create are always personal.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Profile: Swamp Pink (Helonias Bullata)
    Species Profile for Swamp pink (Helonias bullata) Page 1 of 3 Species Profile Environmental Conservation Online System Swamp pink (Helonias bullata) Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Liliales Family: Melanthiaceae Listing Status: Threatened Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND Quick links: Federal Register Recovery Critical Habitat Conservation Plans Petitions Life History Other Resources This species is listed wherever it is found, but States/US Territories in which the Swamp pink is known to or is believed to occur: Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , New Jersey , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia US Counties in which the Swamp pink is known to or is believed to occur: View All USFWS Refuges in which the Swamp pink is known to occur: CAPE MAY NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, EDWIN B. FORSYTHE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Current Listing Status Summary Status Date Listed Lead Region Where Listed http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=Q2B8 03/12/2014 Species Profile for Swamp pink (Helonias bullata) Page 2 of 3 Status Date Listed Lead Region Where Listed Threatened 09/09/1988 Northeast Region (Region 5) » Federal Register Documents Most Recent Federal Register Documents (Showing 4 of 4) Date Citation Page Title Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of 5-Year Reviews of Nine Species: Purple Bean, Clubshell, Roanoke Logperch, Swamp Pink, Northern Riffleshell, 06/08/2011 76 FR 33334 33336 Flat-spired Three-toothed Land Snail, Puritan Tiger Beetle, Dwarf Wedgemussel, and Bog Turtle Initiation
    [Show full text]
  • Additions to the Flora and Natural Heritage of Fort A
    Banisteria, Number 45, pages 57-60 © 2015 Virginia Natural History Society Noteworthy Plant Records from Fort A. P. Hill, Caroline County, Virginia Brian W. Josey1, Stefanie Ferrazzano2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at Fort A. P. Hill, VA P.O. Box 1220, Bowling Green, Virginia 22427 Robert H. Floyd3 Colorado State University Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands at Fort A. P. Hill, VA P.O. Box 1220, Bowling Green, Virginia 22427 Jason R. Applegate Directorate of Public Works Environmental & Natural Resources Division, Fort A. P. Hill, VA P.O. Box 1220, Bowling Green, Virginia 22427 ABSTRACT Since 2013, 14 new discrete locations of state- and/or federally-listed vascular plants have been documented on Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia, including seven new sites of Helonias bullata, six of Juncus caesariensis, and one of Panax quinquefolius. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data were used to effectively predict habitat for the protected wetland species Helonias bullata and Juncus caesariensis. In 2014, 16 new vascular plant records were documented for Caroline County, Virginia, eight of which were non-native and/or invasive species; Liparis loeselii was the rarest of the 16 new records. Key words: Fort A. P. Hill, Helonias bullata, Juncus caesariensis, Panax quinquefolius, county records, Caroline County, Virginia, Liparis loeselii. INTRODUCTION Act, and Fort A. P. Hill’s Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan, Fort A. P. Hill manages threatened U.S. Army Garrison, Fort A. P. Hill occupies and endangered species to ensure no net loss in military 30,673 ha of the inner Coastal Plain within Caroline readiness and to provide a conservation benefit to listed (99.8%) and Essex (0.2%) counties, Virginia.
    [Show full text]