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Farm Y Wiatrow E W Krajobrazie W Si Dolnośląskich Tomasz Malczyk

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Farm Y Wiatrow E W Krajobrazie W Si Dolnośląskich Tomasz Malczyk Problemy Słowa kluczowe: krajobraz, farma strefom wietrzności, wśród których wiatrowa, teren otwarty, wieś dominuje strefa północna obejmu- jąca głównie: pobrzeża i pojezierza oraz w mniejszym stopniu wyżyny Wprowadzenie i tereny górzyste [IMGW 2001]. Zainteresowanie produkcją Krajobraz jest jednym z waż- energii z wiatru na szeroką skalę roz- niejszych elementów, które ze szcze- poczęło się w latach 80. XX wieku. gólną wnikliwością powinny być Światowymi liderami w produkcji brane pod uwagę w procesie decy- tego rodzaju energii są Chiny, USA zyjnym, zmierzającym do wyznacze- i Australia, a w Europie Niemcy, nia lokalizacji pod farmę wiatrową Dania i Hiszpania [Pasqualetti 2002, [Pasqualetti, Gripe i righter 2002, AusWeA i ACNT 2004, Flaga 2008, Malczyk 2013]. W wielu dokumen- yuanchang, Zhi i Sha 2011, eWeA tach, w tym w raportach określa- 2011, Mceowen 2011]. lokalizacja jących wpływ danej inwestycji na farm wiatrowych jest pochodną wie- środowisko [rooNŚ 2007–2011, lu czynników, które bezwzględnie Stryjecki i Mielniczuk 2011, Malczyk warunkują ich lokalizację. Jednymi 2013], poruszany jest problem krajo- z kluczowych są: strefy wietrzno- brazu. Jednak, z uwagi na szczególny ści, szorstkość terenu, dostatecznie wymiar inwestycji, jej krajobrazo- duży obszar pod pojedyncze elek- wą apokryficzność i amorficzność trownie, techniczne możliwości ich w otwartym, naturalnym terenie oraz wybudowania (onshore i offshore, wielokilometrową strefę oddziaływa- teren równinny i górzysty, gęstość nia, opracowywane analizy powinny zabudowy i rozmieszczenie dróg) itd. ewoluować i wnosić nowe parametry [radomski 1987, Kondracki 1994, wymagające zbadania i ocenienia IMGW 2001, radziewicz 2009, Dil- [Malczyk 2013]. Związane jest to lon Consulting limited 2009, lUC z terenem otaczającym farmę, któ- krajobrazie wsi wsi krajobrazie 2010, yuanchang, Zhi i Sha 2011, ry ukształtowany jest przez formy PWe 2012] oraz aspekt ekonomiczny środowiskowe, zwłaszcza o dużych zwłaszcza w wymiarze obecnych wartościach krajobrazowych, jak Farmy wiatrowe wiatrowe Farmy w dolnośląskich Malczyk Tomasz i przewidywanych możliwości roz- i tereny zabudowane, najczęściej woju obszarów wiejskich [oeCD zajmowane przez wsie. Z uwagi na 2012]. Pierwsze farmy wiatrowe to, że w Polsce istnieje wiele farm Wind Farms w Polsce rozpoczęły swoją działal- wiatrowych oraz ze względu na bo- ność na początku XXI wieku [PWe gate doświadczenie zdobyte przez in the Landscape 2012]. rozmieszczenie krajowych światowych liderów w produkcji farm wiatrowych odpowiada przede energii z wiatru należy kompleksowo of Lower Silesian wszystkim obliczonym (kilkudzie- usprawniać metody oceny oddziały- Villages sięcioletnie obserwacje) i przyjętym wania farm wiatrowych na otoczenie. 4 1/2013 Key words: landscape, wind farm, be at a certain location, which usu- open area, village ally turns out to be in the northern Materials and methods hemisphere, especially in coastal and Introduction lake regions and, to a lesser extent, Research methods highlands and mountainous areas This study adopts the fundamen- Interest in the production of [IMGW 2001]. tal approaches of several methods energy from wind on a large scale The landscape is another criti- used to evaluate the impact on en- began in the 1980s. The world lead- cal element that also needs to have vironmental and landscape values, ers in producing this type of energy particular attention paid during the including: a) bajerowski’s method of are China, the USA and Australia, process of determining the location matrix valorization which analyzes and in europe: Germany, Denmark for a wind farm [Pasqualetti, Gripe maps on a grid to define quantities and Spain [Pasqualetti 2002, Aus- and righter 2002, Malczyk 2013]. expressing a certain value of a par- WeA and ACNT 2004, Flaga 2008, Many documents, including reports ticular location of farms, important yuanchang, Zhi and Sha 2011, eWeA measuring the impact of a given areas and geographical points [ba- 2011, Mceowen 2011]. There are investment on the environment jerowski et al. 2007, litwin, bacior many factors involved in determining [rooNŚ 2007–2011, Stryjecki and and Piech 2009]; b) Wejchert’s the location of a wind farm. Some of Mielniczuk 2011, Malczyk 2013] impression curve method relying the key issues are: zones of windi- deal with the issue of the landscape, on defining emotional experiences ness; the roughness of the terrain; however, due to the large scope of constituting the result of a purposeful a sufficiently large enough area for the investment, the destructive impact observation of a designated space in the technical requirements of erecting on an open landscape for a range of a given period [Senetra 2010]; c) the turbines in a particular place, like: many kilometers, the analyses that are Visual Impact Assessment method onshore or offshore, flat or mountain- done need to be improved and take (VIA) with regard to visual perception ous terrain, the density of surrounding into account new evaluation param- of farms at different distances from buildings and the local road system, eters [Malczyk 2013]. More in-depth the buildings, open areas, natural etc. [radomski 1987, Kondracki analysis should be done on the areas preservation areas, etc., aided by 1994, IMGW 2001, radziewicz surrounding a wind farm in terms of an analysis of photographic materi- 2009, Dillon Consulting limited the value of the landscape and the als [buchan 2002, lothian 2007]; 2009, lUC 2010, yuanchang, Zhi supporting infrastructure that must be d) Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) to and Sha 2011, PWe 2012]; and eco- built, usually in a neighboring village. evaluate the theoretical and actual nomic concerns, especially in light of Since there are already many wind visibility of a wind farm area [Uni- the present and future opportunities farms in Poland and extensive experi- versity of Newcastle 2002, Grimm for developing rural areas [oeCD ence has been acquired by world and 2009]; e) Viewpoints (as a part of the 2012]. The first wind farms in Poland European leaders in energy produced Visual Impact Assessment) based on began operations at the beginning from wind, a comprehensive method defining possible or representative of the 21st century [PWe 2012]. should be developed to evaluate the locations under prevailing condi- The most important consideration impact on the landscape. tions [Horner & Maclennan, envision is the degree of windiness which is 2006, lUC 2010]. estimated after several dozen years The first part of the paper pre- of observation and then presumed to sents the analysis of the visual impact 1/2013 5 W pierwszej części pracy wy- (ryc. 1). Farmy zlokalizowane są na Materiał i metody konano analizy widoczności z farm pograniczu równiny Chojnowskiej W przeprowadzonych bada- wiatrowych w stronę południowo- i Pogórza Kaczawskiego. od strony niach posłużono się podstawami -wschodnią, południową i południo- północnej przebiega autostrada A4 metodologicznymi, które celują wo-zachodnią z uwzględnieniem z kierunku północno-zachodniego w ocenie wartości środowiskowych wybranych miejscowości znajdu- w stronę południowego-wschodu. i krajobrazowych, w tym: a) metoda jących się w polu największego Wysokość terenu przeznaczonego macierzy wartości bajerowskiego, oddziaływania wizualnego farm. pod farmy wynosi od ok. 190 do umożliwiająca analizę map pod W tej części zobrazowano kalkula- 210 m n.p.m. kątem wyznaczenia izarytmicznej cję absorpcji krajobrazowej farmy siatki o zdefiniowanych wielkościach wiatrowej na przykładzie panoramy wyrażających określoną wartość, wybranej miejscowości. Następnie Wyniki i omówienie ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wykonano analizę możliwej widocz- Farmy wiatrowe zlokalizowane lokalizacji farm, ważnych obszarów ności zza farmy wiatrowej w kierunku są w województwie dolnośląskim, i punktów geograficznych [baje- obszarów o szczególnych walorach w powiecie złotoryjskim, gminie rowski i inni 2007, litwin, bacior środowiskowych i krajobrazowych. Zagrodno. Teren pod elektrownie i Piech 2009], b) metoda krzywej Uwzględniono przy tym osie wido- rozciąga się pomiędzy miejsco- wrażeń Wejcherta, opierająca się na kowe z: wyznaczonych punktów wościami: Modlikowice (strona zdefiniowaniu doznań emocjonal- obserwacji – poprzez elektrownie północno-zachodnia), Łukaszów nych stanowiących wynik celowej wiatrowe – w kierunku tła składają- (strona wschodnia), Zagrodno (stro- obserwacji wyznaczonej przestrzeni cego się z pogórza i gór. W tej części na zachodnia), brochocin (strona w określonym czasie [Senetra 2010], pracy również przedstawiono kalku- północno-wschodnia) i Nowa Wieś c) metoda Visual Impact Assessment lację absorpcji krajobrazowej farmy Złotoryjska (strona południowa) (VIA) w zakresie wizualnego postrze- wiatrowej, uwzględniając typową dla (ryc. 2). Farmy Wiatrowe Łukaszów gania farm w różnych odległościach przyjętego obszaru badań panoramę. i Modlikowice powstały w 2011 od zabudowy, terenów otwartych, roku. obiekty składają się z 29 turbin form ochrony przyrody itd., wspo- Charakterystyka o łącznej mocy 58 MW (FW Modli- magana analizą materiałów zdjęcio- obszaru badań kowice 12 turbin wiatrowych o mocy wych [buchan 2002, lothian 2007], 24 MW, a FW Łukaszów 17 turbin d) Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) o bszar objęty pracą zlokali- o mocy 34 MW). w zakresie wyznaczenia obszarów zowany jest na pograniczu Makro- obie farmy mają elektrownie możliwej i rzeczywistej widocz- regionów: Nizina Śląsko-Łużycka, tego samego typu, tzn. Vestas V90 ności farm wiatrowych [University Przedgórze Zachodniosudeckie
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