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Promoting and Interpreting Geoheritage at the Local Level—Bottom-Up Approach in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes, Sudetes, SW Poland

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Promoting and Interpreting Geoheritage at the Local Level—Bottom-Up Approach in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes, Sudetes, SW Poland Geoheritage https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00357-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Promoting and Interpreting Geoheritage at the Local Level—Bottom-up Approach in the Land of Extinct Volcanoes, Sudetes, SW Poland Edyta Pijet-Migoń1 & Piotr Migoń2 Received: 5 November 2018 /Accepted: 10 April 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract This paper reviews recent developments focused on the promotion of geoheritage in the region of Kaczawskie Mountains and Kaczawskie Foothills in the Sudetes, SW Poland. Since ancient volcanic features are of primary interest, the brand name BLand of Extinct Volcanoes^ is consistently used in territorial marketing, although geoheritage values cover much wider spectrum of geology and geomorphology. The scientific understanding of Earth history was long realized by restricted academic circles only, but since the 1990s, increasing attempts to develop regional tourist product based on geoheritage have been observed. They intensified in the twenty-first century, with the bottom-up approach evidently taking over, although close, formalized collaboration with scientists is a distinctive feature. The long-term goal of the Local Action Group is to join the UNESCO Global Geopark network and step by step the relevant criteria are being fulfilled. The case of Land of Extinct Volcanoes illustrates the crucial role of local communities and local leaders in the long-term strategy of geoheritage promotion and geotourism development. Keywords Geotourism . Geoeducation . Geosites . Volcanic tourism . Sudetes Introduction are necessary to fulfill requirements to become a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks family. Observations from around Effective care about geoheritage requires, simultaneously, (i) the world show that various failures to establish or maintain good scientific understanding of geological past and geomorpho- geoconservation projects, including withdrawals from the logical diversity of an area, so that the significance of geoheritage Global Geopark Network (now UNESCO Global Geoparks), may be properly evaluated; (ii) solid legal framework of resulted from either lack of support at the top level or insufficient geoheritage conservation; and (iii) adequate awareness at the involvement at the local level. The aim of this paper is to review local level of both geoheritage itself, as well as of its potential achievements and experience in geoheritage promotion accom- as a catalyst of local and regional development, followed by plished at the local level, in a region in south-west Poland, brand- involvement of local communities in geoheritage matters. ed as the Land of Extinct Volcanoes. The core of geoheritage These three pillars converge within the idea of geoparks, but values is related to relicts of past volcanism, but the bottom-up the label of a UNESCO Global Geopark is not mandatory to activities are wider in scope. In this paper, we intend to show how develop these various, geoheritage-oriented activities. In fact, the local awareness has been built upon results of academic the presence of these three pillars and achievements in each field research and that maintaining links between the local communi- ties and external experts is crucial for success of geoheritage- oriented activities in the longer term. Thus, the paper is on one * ń Piotr Migo hand a case study, but illustrates several wider issues and may be [email protected] considered as a contribution to developacodeofgoodpracticein 1 Institute of Tourism, Wrocław School of Banking, Fabryczna 29-31, promoting geoheritage on the other one. For simplicity, the brand 53-609 Wrocław, Poland name BLand of Extinct Volcanoes^ will be used throughout the 2 Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of paper rather than local geographical names, as it is not equal to Wrocław, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland any of the geographical regions or administrative units. Geoheritage Area of Interest and Its Geoscientific importance were trachytic lava flows and subvolcanic intru- Understanding sions (Kryza and Muszyński 1992), which now form scenic tors and crags (Kasprzak and Traczyk 2009). The second vol- The Land of Extinct Volcanoes is an informal name used in canic period is causally related to the waning stages of territorial marketing, pertinent to the part of the Sudetes mountain Variscan orogeny in the early Permian. Volcanism was bimod- range in south-west Poland and the adjacent part of the lowland al, with rhyolites and trachybasalts as dominant rock types, (Chojnów Plain). The name has been chosen to unify 14 neigh- and lava domes and short flows as the main resultant surface boring administrative units at the local level (municipalities), manifestations. Pyroclastic deposits are sandwiched between associated in one Local Action Group (LAG) (Fig. 1). lava flows and sheets in certain localities (Awdankiewicz Geographically, it corresponds to the region of Pogórze 2006 ). Permian volcanic rocks are generally poorly exposed, Kaczawskie (Kaczawskie Foothills, or Bhilly land^) and adjacent but several abandoned quarries offer good insights into the areas, typified by low relief and extensive upland surfaces, local- anatomy of volcanic bodies, whereas crags and cliffs add to ly interrupted by residual hills, often of volcanic origin, and the scenery at the local scale. fluvial gorges (Fig. 1). Whereas geomorphology of the area is The third and most evident in terms of geomorphic expres- not very conspicuous, although not without various features of sion is Cenozoic volcanism, primarily basaltic. The oldest ba- interest, it is the geological heritage sensu stricto that makes the salts are K–Ar dated for c. 38 Ma and the youngest erupted c. region outstanding in Poland and possibly beyond. 21 Ma ago (Badura et al. 2005; Birkenmajer et al. 2007). Most Thegeologicalstructureoftheareaintegrateselementsofpre- common in the region are isolated, singular outcrops interpreted Variscan history such as submarine volcanism, limestone depo- as remnants of former volcanic conduits leading to the long sition, melanges, subsequent metamorphism of primary lavas, eroded volcanic cones, with some localities considered as plugs and amalgamation of terranes by the time of Variscan orogeny or probable subaerial flows (Birkenmajer 1967). More extensive (Baranowski et al. 1990; Aleksandrowski and Mazur 2002), with lava flows occur beyond the geographical limits of Kaczawskie the sedimentary record of geological evolution in the late Foothills, further to the east, on the Chojnów Plain, but still Paleozoic, most of the Mesozoic and part of the Cenozoic within the informal limits of the Land of Extinct Volcanoes. (Solecki 1994, 2011;Chrząstek and Wojewoda 2011). Within Due to their quality, many basalt outcrops were quarried in the the latter, deposition of gold-bearing sands and gravels in the past, or they are still quarried. The former quarries expose in- Pliocene and early Pleistocene (Grodzicki 1972) is worth noting structive examples of columnar jointing, whereas some expo- for its relevance to the recent developments of geotourist product. sures are more complex and show various generations of lavas, Interestingly, the region was once thought as a classic example of contacts with country rock, and pyroclastic intercalations Caledonian structures in Central Europe, but extensive research (Birkenmajer 1967). In several places, columnar jointing is ex- in the 1970s and 1980s invalidated this view and provided a posed naturally, on crags and cliffs, supplying angular debris to cornerstone to revisit the Paleozoic history of the Sudetes the scree slopes below (Migoń et al. 2002;Migoń and Pijet- (Baranowskietal.1990). From a geomorphological point of Migoń 2016). It has to be underlined that nowhere else in view, the region is an excellent teaching ground to examine Poland products of Cenozoic volcanism are so widespread and relationships between lithology, rock strength and landforms so well exposed and likewise, there is no other area where the (Placek 2011), the legacy of glaciation, and periglacial processes legacy of three different volcanic epochs would be present. acting in the Pleistocene (Migoń et al. 2002;Migoń and Pijet- Thus, approximately one hundred years of geoscientific Migoń 2016). It also hosts some karst which is a largely unex- research helped to recognize the region as one of the key areas plored archive of environmental change, probably since the mid- to understand regional geological history and provided solid Cenozoic (Pulina 1977;Rogala2003). background for popularization of geoheritage and building of However, the most valuable component of regional geotourist product. Although this potential was realized at geoheritage is the legacy of three main volcanic periods, of least since the late 1960s (Birkenmajer 1967; Grocholski vastly different ages, geotectonic context, and the nature of and Jerzmański 1975), linkages between geoheritage and tour- volcanic products which survived until the present day. The ist use have begun to be explored only recently (Cedro et al. oldest volcanic period dates back to early Paleozoic 2009;Różycka 2014;Migoń and Pijet-Migoń 2016;Muszer (Cambrian–Silurian) and involved submarine effusions in an and Muszer 2017;Różycka and Migoń 2018). incipient rift setting, producing mainly seafloor basalts. These were subsequently changed in a low-grade metamorphic en- vironment into greenschists which now form extensive, rather Geoheritage and Tourism—Historical monotonous rock complexes in the Kaczawskie Foothills
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