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An Implementation of the Dry Removal Processes DRY Deposition and Sedimentation in the Modular Earth Submodel System (Messy) A

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An Implementation of the Dry Removal Processes DRY Deposition and Sedimentation in the Modular Earth Submodel System (Messy) A Technical Note: an implementation of the dry removal processes DRY DEPosition and SEDImentation in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) A. Kerkweg, J. Buchholz, L. Ganzeveld, A. Pozzer, H. Tost, P. Jöckel To cite this version: A. Kerkweg, J. Buchholz, L. Ganzeveld, A. Pozzer, H. Tost, et al.. Technical Note: an implementation of the dry removal processes DRY DEPosition and SEDImentation in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 2006, 6 (4), pp.6853-6901. hal-00302014 HAL Id: hal-00302014 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00302014 Submitted on 24 Jul 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 6853–6901, 2006 Atmospheric www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/6/6853/2006/ Chemistry ACPD © Author(s) 2006. This work is licensed and Physics 6, 6853–6901, 2006 under a Creative Commons License. Discussions Dry removal processes in MESSy A. Kerkweg et al. Technical Note: an implementation of the Title Page dry removal processes DRY DEPosition Abstract Introduction and SEDImentation in the Modular Earth Conclusions References Submodel System (MESSy) Tables Figures A. Kerkweg, J. Buchholz, L. Ganzeveld, A. Pozzer, H. Tost, and P. Jockel¨ J I Air Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, J I Germany Back Close Received: 8 June 2006 – Accepted: 30 June 2006 – Published: 24 July 2006 Full Screen / Esc Correspondence to: A. Kerkweg ([email protected]) Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion EGU 6853 Abstract ACPD We present the submodels DRYDEP and SEDI for the Modular Earth Submodel Sys- tem (MESSy). Gas phase and aerosol dry deposition are calculated within DRYDEP, 6, 6853–6901, 2006 whereas SEDI deals with aerosol particle sedimentation. Dry deposition velocities de- 5 pend on the near-surface turbulence and the physical and chemical properties of the Dry removal surface cover (e.g. the roughness length, soil pH or leaf stomatal exchange). The processes in MESSy dry deposition algorithm used in DRYDEP is based on the big leaf approach and is described in detail within this Technical Note. The sedimentation submodel SEDI con- A. Kerkweg et al. tains two sedimentation schemes: a simple upwind zeroth order scheme and a first 10 order approach. Title Page 1 Introduction Abstract Introduction Conclusions References The current knowledge about the dry deposition process is relatively poor (Wesely and Hicks, 2000), as dry deposition has only been measured for a relative small set Tables Figures of species (e.g., O3, NOx, HNO3, SO2 and sulphate) and that mostly in rather short 15 intensive field campaigns. In addition, identification and quantification of the role of J I the various controlling biological, chemical and physical processes poses large chal- lenges to the experimentalists. Consequently, a commonly applied approach to esti- J I mate the dry deposition velocities (needed to calculate the dry deposition flux) is that Back Close proposed by Wesely (1989): The solubility and reactivity of a tracer is used to estimate 20 its dry deposition velocity relative to those of ozone and sulfur dioxide which dry de- Full Screen / Esc position velocities are relatively well known. Our algorithm is adopted from prior work of Ganzeveld and Lelieveld (1995) and Ganzeveld et al. (1998). The latter already in- Printer-friendly Version cluded particle sulfate dry deposition based on a predefined particle distribution. This was expanded to deal with aerosol dry deposition for online calculated aerosol distribu- Interactive Discussion 25 tions (Ganzeveld et al., 2006). This approach was used for the first time by Ganzeveld et al. (2006). Often, publications illustrate only the idea of an approach for the im- EGU 6854 plementation of a distinct process, but crucial details of the technical realization are omitted. This Technical Note wants to clarify the details for the MESSy submodels ACPD DRYDEP and SEDI for the sake of reproducibility. Every mathematical relationship re- 6, 6853–6901, 2006 quired for the implementation is given in this article to set the reader into the position 5 to understand and modify the code, if needed. Section 2.1.1 describes the dry deposi- tion algorithm for trace gases, whereas Sect. 2.1.2 contains details about the aerosol Dry removal dry deposition scheme. The sedimentation process is often treated together with dry processes in MESSy deposition. But two major differences between these two processes render it useful to simulate them separately. A. Kerkweg et al. 10 1. Dry deposition is only applied in the lowermost model layer, whereas sedimenta- tion takes place within the whole vertical domain. Title Page 2. Sedimentation is a significant sink process for aerosol particles (as these carry Abstract Introduction enough mass), whereas sedimentation of trace gases is negligible. Conclusions References The MESSy coding standard presents an additional reason for the separation of these Tables Figures 15 two processes (Jockel¨ et al., 2005), as it implies the idea that every specific process is coded as a separate, independent entity, i.e. as a submodel which can be switched J I on/off individually. The calculation of the sedimentation velocities is based on an approach usually J I found in textbooks (see Sect. 2.2). The Subsects. 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 describe the zeroth Back Close 20 order and first order scheme, respectively. Section 2.3 focuses on the implementation of the two submodels into the MESSy system and Sect. 3 shows some examples. Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version 2 Submodel description Interactive Discussion DRYDEP and SEDI are implemented as independent submodels in adherence to the MESSy standard as described by Jockel¨ et al. (2005). This also implies a good porta- EGU 25 bility due to the coding in standard Fortran95 (ISO/IEC-1539-1). No compiler-specific 6855 language extensions are used. The code quality has been further checked by applica- tion of the Fortran analyser forcheck (http://www.forcheck.nl/). ACPD Applying the dry deposition and/or sedimentation process to additional tracers does 6, 6853–6901, 2006 not require any recoding, only the definition of the Henry’s law coefficient and a reac- 5 tivity factor is necessary. In the following the units of the variables in each equation within this Technical Note Dry removal are explicitly given, even if the physical correctness of the equation is not dependent on processes in MESSy the unit. This is because this Technical Note gives an overview of the implementation of the dry deposition and the sedimentation process within the MESSy submodels DRY- A. Kerkweg et al. 10 DEP and SEDI and thus the equations as implemented in these submodels (including unit conversions) are given. Title Page 2.1 DRY DEPosition (DRYDEP) Abstract Introduction The representation of the dry deposition process is based on the algorithm used Conclusions References for online calculation of dry deposition velocities according to the big leaf approach Tables Figures 15 in ECHAM3 and ECHAM4 (http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/wissenschaft/ueberblick/ atmosphaere-im-erdsystem/globale-klimamodellierung/echam.html) as published by Ganzeveld and Lelieveld (1995) and Ganzeveld et al. (1998). J I 2.1.1 DRY DEPosition of trace gases J I Back Close 2 The dry deposition flux Fdep(X ) (kg/(m s)) is given by Full Screen / Esc M(X ) ∆p F (X ) = µ (X ) × × × v (X ) (1) 20 dep g d Mair g ∆z Printer-friendly Version with µg(X ) being the gas phase mixing ratio of species X in mol/mol and M(X ) and Mair Interactive Discussion the molar mass of species X and dry air (in kg/mol), respectively. g is the gravitational −2 p z acceleration (m s ), ∆ and ∆ are the layer thicknesses in Pa and m, respectively. EGU 6856 The dry deposition velocity vd (X ) of a trace gas X (in m/s) depends on the aerody- namic resistance Ra, the quasi-laminary boundary layer resistance Rqbr(X ), and the ACPD −1 surface resistance Rs(X ) (all resistances are in units of s m ): 6, 6853–6901, 2006 1 vd (X ) = , (2) Ra + Rqbr(X ) + Rs(X ) Dry removal processes in MESSy 5 where Ra is a function of the physical state of the atmosphere, Rqbr(X ) is controlled by molecular diffusion and Rs(X ) depends on the chemical, physical and biological A. Kerkweg et al. properties of the surface. The resistances are given as follows: 1. The aerodynamic resistance Ra: Title Page 1 z Ra,t = log − Φh,t (3) Abstract Introduction u?,t κ z0,m Conclusions References 10 with u?,t being the friction velocity, κ=0.4 being the dimensionless von Karman Tables Figures constant, z the reference height, and z0,m the momentum roughness length (both in m). The dimensionless stability function Φh,t depends on the Monin-Obukhov- Length, and thus on the horizontal wind speed and the temperature profile. J I In this algorithm four different surface types (t) are distinguished: J I 15 – veg for vegetation Back Close – slsn for bare soil/snow Full Screen / Esc – ice for sea ice/snow and – wat for water. Printer-friendly Version 2. The quasi-laminar boundary layer resistance Rqbr: Interactive Discussion z 2/3 0,m 1 Sc EGU Rqbr,t(X ) = ln , (4) 20 z0,X u?,t κ P r 6857 where z0,m and z0,X are the surface roughness lengths (in m) of momentum and of a trace gas X, respectively, P r is the Prandtl number (here assumed to be 0.72), ACPD and Sc the Schmidt number, which is defined as the ratio of kinematic viscosity 6, 6853–6901, 2006 of air to the molecular diffusivity of a trace gas.
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