giu AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE * * JOURNAL * *

VOL. XI MARCH, 1934 No. 3 7^ 17 C r rc

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CONTENTS PAGE COVER PICTURE: PORTO FINO, ITALY WOODWARD & LOTHROP

PROGRESS OF FOREIGN SERVICE LEGISLATION 10th, 11th, F and G Streets By Lowell C. Pinkerton 105

THE AZORES—A WORLD IN MID-ATLANTIC "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital’’ By William B. Douglas, Jr. 110

SECRETARY HULL’S VISIT TO SOUTH AMERICA: We invite you to use Pictures 115 our shopping service,

A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF: HUNTER MILLER’S created for Foreign TREATY EDITION—By Cyril Wynne 116 Service families.

TRANSPORT BY AIR IN THE UNITED STATES By Henry S. Villard 119 Surround yourself with the indispensable Ameri¬ can things through this service. Mrs. Marian Tolson will personally make your selections. TEN YEARS AGO 120 Address her at Woodward 8C Lothrop, Wash¬ NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT — 121 ington, D. C., U. S. A. Frances Denney THE COMMERCIAL OFFICE L —- 124 Flerbal Oil Blend Nourishing and softening NEWS FROM THE FIELD 126 for dry skins, #5.50. Home Made FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 130 Milk Chocolates BIRTHS AND MARRIAGES 135 Fruits, creams, caramels, marshmallows and nuts— covered with delicious IN MEMORIAM 136 chocolate, 80c pound.

COMPASSION (Poem)—By Thomas D. Bowman 138 "Jane Wandl” Silk Chiffon Hose COOK. THOMAS H., RESIGNATION OF 139 In the newest shades for daytime and evening, ON THE COURSE OF EVENTS #1.35 pair. By Henry L. Deimel, Jr 140 6 pairs #7.80 Men’s Fine VISA FRAUDS :— 142 Silk Socks "Interwoven” make; excel¬ INDEX SHEETS FOR CONSULAR REGULATIONS 148 lent quality silk. (Si pair.

NUTTING. ALFRED, FORTY YEARS’ SERVICE, .. 149 Men’s " Woodlothian” GOLFING AROUND THE WORLD. I: ECUADOR Broadcloth Shirts By Harold B. Quarton 150 Splendidly tailored, with a permanent and lustrous ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO THE AMER¬ finish. Neckband and col¬ ICAN CONSUL (Poem)—Anonymous .. 150 lar-attached styles, $2.50. Due to market conditions, prices quoted are subject THE COCKEYED WORLD (Poem)—By Clara M. 152 to change without notice.

LETTERS 156 101 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN ftERVICEJOURNAL

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INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

American Express Company — American Security and Trust Company Choiseul, Hotel de France et—Paris —- Thoughts of Continental Hotel—Paris Dunapalota, Hotel—Budapest - _ Federal Storage Company WASHINGTON Goodyear Tire and Rubber Export Company 134 Grace, W. R., and Company— 102 Gude Bros. Co. 151 Harris and Ewing — 152 F OREIGN Service Hungaria, Hotel—Budapest — — 155 Officers Have A Particular International Telephone and Telegraph Company 143 Interest In The Many Lafayette Hotel — 154 Activities of Government. Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company 132 Martinique Hotel - 141 • When next you visit Mayflower Hotel — 103 The Capital, stay at the insti¬ Merchants Transfer and Storage Company 151 tution where international per¬ Middleton, Mrs. Lewis 132 sonages reside and great events Munson Line I 132 occur. National Geographic Magazine 137 National Geographic Society — 151 Single Rooms from $4 New Yorker Hotel II Cover Pagani’s Restaurant—London — — 155 Double Rooms from $6 Palace-Amhassadeurs Hotel—Rome 155 Subject to a Diplomatic Pan-American Airways, Inc—_— 141 Discount Plaza Hotel . 139 Powhatan Hotel 152 Ritz Hotel—Mexico City 155 MR. R. L. POLLIO Rockefeller Center . , ,—-— HI Cover Manager Savoy-Plaza Hotel — ——— 139 Security Storage Company of Washington 131 Socony-Vacuum Corporation 104 Strasbourg, Restaurant Brasserie de—Marseilles 155 Terminus Hotel—Marseilles — 155 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 153 United Fruit Company 152 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company . - 102 United States Lines 133 Von Zielinski, Carl M. J. 102 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel - IV Cover Willard Hotel 133 Woodward and Lothrop 101 9%e.■ MAYFLOWER To patronize our advertisers is to WASHINGTON,DlC. insure a bigger and better Journal for our Service.

103 HE MER1CA UP T A N FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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104 THE

FOREIGN S JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

YOL. XI, No. 3 WASHINGTON, D. C. MARCH, 1934

Progress of Foreign Service Legislation By LOWELL C. PINKERTON, Department oj State

STATEMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE (From Christian Science Monitor. February 15, 1931) There is no getting around the fact that something must be done and done quickly to re¬ lieve the dire financial stress in which members of our Foreign Service find themselves today. Appropriations for the Department of State and its Foreign Service, comprised of our Dip¬ lomatic and Consular representatives stationed throughout the world, were reduced from about 19 million dollars in 1932 to some 11 million dollars in 1934. This, coupled with the fact that salaries of our men abroad have been reduced by some 40% because of the appreciation of foreign exchange, that these salaries in addition have been subject to the 15% cut in all government salaries, that the moderate rental allowances grant¬ ed to Foreign Service officers have been reduced by 60%, that post allowances formerly granted to men in countries where the cost of living was appreciably higher than in the United States have been entirely eliminated, and that during the past two years no promotions have been permitted, presents a picture too obvious in its detrimental effect to require further argument. These men, representing the United States in all foreign countries, from Finland to Siam, from Ethiopia to Chile, are the “shock troops” of our peace army, bearing the brunt of the efforts we are making toward peaceful solution of our problems abroad. We cannot —must not—permit the unbelievable personal distress into which they have been thrown be¬ cause of the shrinkage in their official incomes. This is an important and urgent matter of emergency which must be speedily adjusted.

THE above statement shows that Secretary Hull The force of his influence must be felt in the ulti¬ is not sparing himself in his efforts to secure mate accomplishments toward improvement. the enactment of legislation which he deems neces¬ The hopes of the Department for remedial legis¬ sary at this time. He has a very great interest in lation for the Service were set out fully in the last the individuals and the Service as a whole. During issue of the JOURNAL in a message from Mr. Carr, his time in London and Montevideo and throughout who is and has been throughout the growth of the South America he acquired a first hand knowledge Service constantly alert to improve conditions in of the hardships the officers are meeting and he has the field and to prevent, as far as he can, any hard¬ sponsored the cause of the officers with a sympa¬ ship on individual members of the Service. thetic understanding and interest which comes only The Service has probably never had such wide¬ from such intimate knowledge of actual conditions. spread or favorable press comment as it has had 105 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL within the past two weeks or so. The conditions tinued in effect. This bill has passed the House which officers abroad are having to meet have been and has been reported to the Senate with changes. brought to the attention of the country as news and The bill as reported to the Senate has been amended have received editorial attention from influential so as to provide for the immediate return of five editors generally. The Christian Science Monitor, per cent on the salary and allowance cuts and for a in its Weekly Magazine Section for February 14, further return of five per cent on July 1 with author¬ 1934, says: “Long conscious that the American For¬ ization for the President to make full restitution if eign Service was underpaid and in need of assis¬ he finds costs of living sufficiently advanced. It is tance, The Christian Science Monitor commissioned likely that an extended discussion, which promises Mr. Nicholas Roosevelt, former American Minister to be lively, will take place on the floor of the Sen¬ to Hungary, to investigate the present status of the ate and it is impossible to predict what action may Foreign Service. The conditions which he found in be taken on it. There was some discussion in the many cases are almost unbelievable but are vouched Committee, according to newspaper accounts, of for by actual records of the American government. the return of automatic promotions as provided by A bill promising some relief for these officials is the Moses-Linthicum Act, hut this return will have now pending in Congress. This is the first of nine to be made on the floor of the Senate if it is done articles by Mr. Roosevelt on the needs of the For¬ at all. There is an active difference of opinion as eign Service. His personal knowledge of the Serv¬ to what provisions of the Economy Act should be ice, coupled with his long training in newspaper continued and at this time no reliable prediction work, has enabled him to picture a situation that can be made as to what the bill will contain when has never before been brought to public attention.” it is finally passed. Practically every other influential newspaper or The provisions of the Bill designed to correct the news magazine has made comment regarding the exchange situation, which was favorably reported hardships officers are suffering in representing their by the Committee on Foreign Affairs, is printed in Government abroad. full because of the general interest it has to the There are at present in Congress under active Service and the erroneous impressions created by consideration three bills which are of general in¬ reports on its effect on the Service. No active op¬ terest to the Service and which are of considerable position to it has developed so far. It has been effect upon the Service, viz., the Department Appro¬ estimated that it will require seven million dollars priation Bill, the Independent Offices Appropriation to put the provisions in effect and it will cover ex¬ Bill, and the Exchange Bill. The Department Appro¬ penditures for all services abroad. A portion of priation bill has been passed by the House and sent the statement made by Mr. Carr before the Commit¬ to the Senate, where it is in Committee. There is tee on Foreign Affairs at the time they were con¬ no item in the hill as it passed the House which sidering the bill is given below to show how care¬ requires special comment, because the appropria¬ fully the situation has been watched and how com¬ tions were based upon existing legislation, although plete is Mr. Carr’s understanding and sympathy it contained appropriations for the establishment of with the Service. offices in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Provisions designed to correct the exchange situa¬ R. 7808 tion and the appropriation of seven million dollars 73d Congress, 2d Session proposed for that purpose were removed from the A BILL bill on the ground that they were new legislation. To authorize annual appropriations to meet However, the same provisions were taken up in the losses sustained by officers and employees of the Committee on Foreign Affairs which, after hearings United States in foreign countries due to apprecia¬ held on February 9 and 10, 1934, has reported fa¬ tion of foreign currencies in their relation to the vorably a bill making appropriations for relief American dollar, and for other purposes. possible. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep¬ The Senate Committee has not as yet considered resentatives of the United States of America in the bill and it is possible that considerable changes Congress assembled, That there are authorized to may be made in it there. Among the changes are be appropriated annually such sums as may be increased allowances for rent, heat, light and fuel, necessary to enable the President, in his discretion and making appropriations for post allowances, but and under such regulations as he may prescribe no prediction can be made as to changes that are and notwithstanding the provisions of any other probable or possible amounts to be appropriated. Act and upon recommendation of the Director of Tbe interest in the Independent Offices Appro¬ the Budget, to meet losses sustained on and after priation Bill arises from the fact that this bill con¬ July 15, 1933, by officers and employees of the tains the economy provisions which are to be con- United States in foreign countries due to the ap- 106 preciation of foreign currencies in their relation entered it and by the training received after entering, many to the American dollar, and to cover any deficiency men, regarding the situation as a temporary one brought on by a time of urgency and stress which would, in turn, in the accounts of the Treasurer of the United be remedied when the urgency showed signs of passing, States, including interest, arising out of the ar¬ have submitted themselves to privations of the most serious rangement approved by the President on July 27, character. Families have been separated; wives and chil¬ 1933, for the conversion into foreign currencies dren have been sent home to parents; children have been taken from schools; life or protection insurance policies of checks and drafts of officers and employees for have been dropped for lack of money to pay premiums; salaries and expenses: Provided, That such action necessary medical and dental care is being neglected, and as the President may take shall be binding upon general financial chaos is imminent. all officers of the Government; Provided further. Besides several cases of nervous break-down, one or more That no payments authorized by this Act shall be suicides are traceable directly to these conditions. Those members of the Service who were fortunate enough to have made to any officers or employees for periods dur¬ small savings or to have been beneficiaries of some inheri¬ ing which their checks or drafts were converted tances in money or property, have seen these sacrificed to into foreign currencies under the arrangement save the Government’s face abroad. The strain being placed hereinbefore referred to: Provided further, That upon the officers and employees of the Government on duty abroad at present is so heavy that we may confidently ex¬ allowances and expenditures pursuant to this Act pect that the time is not far off when many more will break shall not be subject to income taxes: And provided under it. further, That the Director of the Budget shall re¬ A failure to remedy the present situation will force good port all expenditures made for this purpose to men out of the Service. This is being borne out by letters indicating either definite resignation or contemplated resig¬ Congress annually -with the Budget estimates. nation. There is no doubt whatever that the only reason many officers have not already left the Service is due to the existing economic conditions at home and that, as soon STATEMENT OF HON. WILBUR J. CARR, ASSISTANT SECRETARY as improvement becomes evident, many will leave. And OF STATE those who leave first will he the most valuable officers in the MR. CARR. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: The distress Service, because they will be the officers who will be picked in the Foreign Service today is greater than at any time up by private enterprises. within the memory of those of us in the Department of There is no doubt whatever that we are at present headed State. One has only to cite specific cases shown by docu¬ away from most that the Congress has sought to accomplish ments in the Department of State to prove the accuracy of by the enactment of the Rogers and Moses-Linthicum acts, this statement. and other legislation relating to Government employees An ambassador writes of “a very sad case of mental abroad and that, unless a radical change takes place with¬ break-down” due, in part, to worries and privations brought out delay, the cost will be exceedingly heavy in distress to about by reductions in pay and allowances. individuals, in loss of trained personnel, in loss of efficiency, A consul general reports his American personnel as hav¬ and in sacrifices of faith in a Foreign Service organization ing to reduce their standard of living by more than 50 per which has been attracting young men of high quality and cent below that of December, 1931. on the building up of which the Government has spent An American minister, a man who has risen to his pres¬ much time, money, and effort. ent post after 28 years of service, reports his official income As to the causes of these conditions, it is a well-known as having suffered a reduction of 48 per cent, as a result fact that for many years the Foreign Service has been under¬ of which he has had to remove his children from school, paid. The newspaper and Government files are full of defer payments upon his life-insurance policy, and join descriptions of this condition. The Congress, in 1924, with his secretary in maintaining a common household in undertook a reorganization through the passage of the order to reduce expenses. Rogers Act. Only in small measure and principally in An American vice consul in Spain, no longer able to respect to one group of officers did the Rogers Act change support his wife and child, had to send them home at the an economic stress that had existed for many years. But expense of his wife’s parents. those increases did not go far enough, nor were they suffi¬ A married officer in Egypt, after paying his fixed charges, ciently general for the Service as a whole to escape the has remaining from his salary only $15 a month to meet the necessity for continued and steady economies among those expenses of clothing, doctor’s and dentist’s bills, insurance, in the Service who had no private means to augment their and other expenses. His wife had to return to her parents compensation from the Government. in the United States at the expense of those parents. Moreover, the Rogers Act provided for post and repre¬ An officer in Italy reports that he can no longer afford sentation allowances, but no appropriations were made. certain ordinary American articles of food, or new clothes, Dissatisfaction sprung up from various causes. The cul¬ and cannot attempt to reciprocate social attention of any minating point was reached several years later when a state kind. approaching demoralization was found to exist. The morale A consul general in a large South American city had to had sunk to such a low point in the autumn of 1929 that send his wife and baby to the United States, sell his auto¬ the then Secretary of State, with the approval of the Presi¬ mobile, and share household expenses with another officer dent, brought the situation to the attention of Congress and in order to bring his expenses within his income. urged as imperatively necessary that provision be made for An officer in Turkey developed insanity as a result of the promotions in order to encourage officers long without op¬ struggle to sustain himself and his invalid mother. portunity for advancement, for higher compensation of Sacrifices of the most serious character have been made subordinate employees, and for more generous allowances. by many employees abroad who were in no sense able to Those recommendations were adopted. The Senate also make sacrifices. Rather than give up the Service for which made an investigation into the matter, with the result that they have been trained, both by years of study before they the Moses-Linthicum Act was passed, providing automatic 107 increases in salaries within grades, cumulative leaves of The distress in the Foreign Service became so acute that absence, more liberal retirement provisions, more liberal the President directed the shipment of gold abroad to a and more orderly personnel management. Government depository to convert at mint par Government The response of the Service to these measures was im¬ salary and expense checks and drafts in countries in which mediate. Improved morale and activity was at once ap¬ the dollar had depreciated below par on the exchanges. parent. The whole attitude of the personnel changed from That plan was applied to some twenty-three countries and discouragement to enthusiasm. The quality of candidates saved the Service from collapse in those countries. In other for admission to the Service showed distinct improvement. countries where legally the plan was not applicable but The outlook for the future was the most favorable that had where living costs were relatively excessive, there has con¬ existed at any time in the history of the Foreign Service. tinued to exist great distress. Spain is one of those coun¬ Then came the economy legislation two years later, when tries. There are others. In some of these latter countries, the economic depression in the United States became acute. officers with private incomes are actually contributing to The Congress, in order to effect savings, enacted economy the support of their less fortunate colleagues who are de¬ legislation. The compensation of employees in the United pendent wholly upon their salaries. States was reduced 15 per cent, but the employee abroad I know, for instance, that the Ambassador in Japan is was not so fortunate. In the Foreign Service the Congress personally supporting or contributing to the support of not only reduced salaries 15 per cent, but, in addition, it certain subordinate employees in his embassy. I know the (1) abolished post allowances; (2) abolished representa¬ Ambassador in Madrid is personally supporting or contrib¬ tion allowances; (3) reduced rent, heat, and light allow¬ uting to the support of certain employees in his embassy, ances 65 per cent; (4) suspended all promotions within because their salaries were cut so low that they cannot live. grades and, by reducing appropriations, made promotions MRS. ROGERS. And that is true in Canada, also? between grades impossible because of lack of funds; and MR. CARR. And that is true in Canada, also, and true in (5) imposed income taxes upon official incomes of Govern¬ Barcelona and several other places. And the Ambassador in ment employees earned abroad, while exempting incomes Turkey just the other day reported that he personally, on of private individuals earned abroad. the one hand, and the counselor of the embassy personally, Thus there was a pyramiding of reductions in respect to on the other hand, had loaned money to employees of the the Foreign Service, unintentional, of course, on the part embassy and consular officers over there, to keep them going of the Congress; but a pyramiding of reductions that ap¬ until the Government could find some method of remedying plied to no other branch of the Government There was the conditions. thus suddenly snatched away from employees of the For¬ Then, on January 31, 1934, when the dollar was revalued, eign Service virtually all the benefits which had been pro¬ the whole mint par payment plan in the Foreign Service vided by recent legislation, and employees were left with ceased to exist and, since that time, the purchasing power smaller incomes than they had in 1924, when the Rogers in foreign currency of salaries and allowances of employees Act was passed. of the Government abroad has been reduced in many parts *«$*$***$ of the world by over 50 per cent. That is to say that, since Now, in addition to the sudden cuts in salaries, allow¬ January 31, last, no employee abroad has been able to con¬ ances, and so forth, when those cuts took place, the officers, vert his dollar salary into foreign currency with which to on the basis of what they presumed was a policy laid down pay his bills, except at a loss of from 40 to 50 per cent below by law, both as to post allowances, rent, heat, and light the amount which Congress intended him to have when it allowances, and so forth, supposed their allowances were to fixed his salary. continue; consequently, they arranged their personal budg¬ THE CHAIRMAN. And that has no reference to the 15 ets accordingly. And when the reductions under the econ¬ per cent cut? omy legislation came, the officers were left with fixed charges MR. CARR. That has no reference to the 15 per cent cut in the way of leases for living quarters, contracts for the whatever. I am not here asking for the restoration of the schooling of their children, and other charges, innocently 15 per cent cut; it should be restored unquestionably, but entered into because of the expectation that the policy laid Congress, in all probability, will take care of that as a down by Congress would continue. matter of policy. Now, after all that, then came our going off gold on To be more specific, the question which concerns the April 20, 1933, and the decline of the dollar. The Presi¬ United States employee in France, for example, is not how dent foresaw what would probably occur—that the Service many dollars his pay check calls for, but how many francs would almost be wrecked—and he asked Congress to ap¬ it will buy, since it is with francs that his rent, clothes, food propriate a million and a half dollars to help reimburse and other expenses are paid. In March, last, each dollar those losses. But that was not done. The dollar dropped of his salary would purchase 25 francs; now it will pur¬ to less than 70 cents. That meant that employees who had chase only 15 francs. His living costs remain where they had their post and representation allowances swept away, were in March, when his pay was barely sufficient to meet their quarters allowances reduced 65 per cent, now had to them. He now cannot meet them and hence his present lose a further 35 per cent of their income through the de¬ distress and, for the same reason, the distress of his col¬ preciation of the dollar. leagues in France and other countries. For example, in March they could have sold their dollars Now, as to this bill: This bill is designed to remedy the for French francs with which to pay their bills in France at condition of Government employees abroad insofar as it the rate of SI for each 25.5 francs. I.ater the dollar went relates to exchange; that is, it relates to the loss due to the down in value and would only buy 16 francs—a decrease devaluation or decline in value of the dollar only. The bill in purchasing power of over 55 per cent. An employee had does not attempt in any possible way to restore allowances thus 9 francs less for every dollar with which to pay for his that I have talked about, although they should be restored food and clothing and other living expenses. And that without delay; nor does it attempt in any possible way to condition was true not only of France, but of every country change the amount of salary which the Congress has stipu¬ on the gold standard and, in countries not on the gold lated as being payable to each member of the Foreign Serv¬ standard, there was a similar decline in the purchasing ice. All it does is to attempt to give the salary, which you power of the dollar below what it had theretofore been. say an officer of a certain grade shall have, the purchasing 108 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

power which that salary had before we went off gold, before our dollar declined on the foreign exchanges.

Another matter of legislation which is of gen¬ eral interest is the practice, formerly almost uni¬ versal, of Congress to grant to the widows of For¬ eign Service officers one year’s salary. One of these relief bills has recently passed the Senate and has been submitted to the House, where it has been re¬ ferred to the appropriate committee. However, in the past year or so a number of such hills have passed the Senate only to fail of passage in the House, and it remains to be seen what action the present House will take with regard to them. The fact that provision for increased rent allow¬ ances has not yet appeared in bills presented to Congress does not mean that Congress and the De¬ partment are losing interest in this matter and it is hoped that favorable action on it will yet be taken. The estimates for increased rent allowances and for post allowances have been sent to the President by the Bureau of the Budget but sufficient time has not elapsed since then for the estimates to have been included in legislation. It will be seen that steps to accomplish these hopes for remedial legislation for the Service are being actively taken and the JOURNAL is following them with great interest. A POSSIBLE ADDITION TO THE LINE (with apologies to the New York Herald, Paris Edition) LATER DEVELOPMENTS A member of the Association (in Spain) has sent the The House of Representatives approved the Ex¬ above cartoon, which has been altered to include a For¬ change Bill on February 22 by a vote of 296 to eign Service officer. The sender said that his first thought was that the F. S. O. was entitled to a top hat, but more 53. There were no extensive amendments to the mature consideration convinced him that even in the mat¬ bill as printed above, and, as there has developed ter of clothing the picture was authentic, “the Service no serious objection or opposition to it, it is prob¬ here has indeed come down to a battered derby, not to able that its final enactment will not be long mention patched pants and a threadbare coat.” delayed. The Senate has approved certain provisions of the Senate on February 26, carrying an increase the Independent Offices Appropriation bill which of $954,000 in rent allowances and an increase of refer to automatic promotions and the elimination $300,000 in the post allowance fund. of pay cuts. As approved by the Senate, the Bill returns one-third of the cuts in salaries and allow¬ The Washington Star, commenting editorially ances from February 1, 1934, and provides for recently on the cost of living as the basis upon complete restoration of the cuts from july 1, 1934. which federal salaries shall be fixed, remarked: The complete restoration was adopted by the nar¬ “The difference between the cost of living in Wash¬ row margin of one vote, forty-one to forty, and ington and elsewhere should certainly be recog¬ there is still a distinct possibility that it may not nized in future legislation. If cost of living is to be finally enacted. No organized opposition to be made the basis of salary, it is palpably absurd the restoration of automatic promotions developed not to increase the salary of an employe because in the Senate and there is a strong probability somebody else’s cost of living is still low.” that it will be enacted. The amendments adopted by the Senate must be considered in Conference COVER PICTURE and it has been announced that the complete res¬ PORTO FINO, ITALY toration of salary and allowances will be brought A promontory and town of Italy 17 miles south¬ to a vote of the whole House. east of the city of Genoa, and near Santa Mar- The Senate subcommittee has been considering gherita and Rapallo. One of the loveliest spots on the Department Appropriation Bill and it is un¬ the Italian Riviera. Photograph was sent to the derstood that the committee will report the bill to JOURNAL by the Honorable Joseph C. Grew. 109 The Azores — A World in Mid-Atlantic

By WILLIAM B. DOUGLAS, Vice Consul, Malaga, Spain

IF you examine close¬ islands are composed, ly a good atlas you and their furniture of will, if your eyes are the wood that grows good, see in mid-Atlan¬ abundantly on the steep tic a group of specks volcanic slopes. They which, upon even clos¬ must depend on the out¬ er examination, you will side world for luxuries, discover to be the but these are few and Azores, nine little spots simple, and the Azor¬ of land in a waste of eans look toward the ar¬ sea, which the mother rival of the semi-month¬ country, Portugal, play¬ ly boat from Lisbon fully refers to as ‘"the with none of the eager¬ adjacent islands.” Just ness of the newly ar¬ what they are adjacent rived foreign resident, to, Heaven knows, un¬ who, perhaps, has not less it be to each other; yet learned to e n j o y and even then they are not very adjacent with the fully the blessings of isolation and to whom such tiny twins Flores and Corvo some 300 miles dis¬ baubles as mail from home, the newspapers and a tant from their big sister, St. Michael’s. Their adja¬ fresh supply of “Camels” still seem important. cency, either to each other or to the outside world, Size, of course, is only relative, and the Azores, is even less apparent when one is waiting for the which are pin points on a map of the world (the infrequent mail boat to put in an appearance. only kind of a map which bothers to show them The existence of a group of islands west of the at all) suddenly become a world of their own Pillars of Hercules was suspected by the earliest when the big Italian liner, which dwarfs the other¬ geographers and it was the determined effort to wise grand and imposing bell tower of the capi¬ locate them on the part of the intrepid Portuguese tal’s cathedral, disappears over the edge of the explorers that eventually led to their discovery, Atlantic. Then St. Michael’s puffs out her cheeks, just five hundred years ago. At that time they swells up and becomes important. With all re¬ were believed by many to be the mythical Atlantis minders of an outside world removed St. Michael’s of Plato. Tiny Santa Maria, the island nearest to seems gigantic—and is, too, compared with the Portugal, was the first to be discovered, and al¬ other eight even smaller islands that make up the though St. Michael’s is close enough to Santa Azorean archipelago. Maria for its peaks to he seen with the naked eye A resident of Ponta Delgada, St. Michael’s capi¬ on clear davs, it was not discovered until some tal and throbbing metropolis (though perhaps years later. The discovery of the other seven “throbbing” is an exaggeration of Ponta Delgada’s islands followed in short order. The British even languid heart action), looks upon his less for¬ discovered a tenth Azore and might have estab¬ tunate brother from, say, Pico Island with the lished a foothold there had not the sea taken a same sophisticated condescension that a New hand in the matter and swallowed up the British Yorker does upon anyone hailing from the un¬ island, Union Jack and all, before the discoverer chartered wastes west of Hoboken. Ponta Del¬ could return with colonists. The islands were un¬ gada is not only the seat of government, cultural inhabited upon discovery, hut the presence of center and fountain head of Azorean civilization, large numbers of a species of hawk, known in Por¬ but has more processions, more fiestas and fire¬ tuguese as “acores,” gave the archipelago its name. works, more Fords and radios, and more people The Portuguese were good colonists and the wearing shoes than all the rest of the Azorean Azores prospered in spite of such handicaps as towns put together. Ponta Delgada, in short, is earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Centuries of the heart of this mid-Atlantic world. isolation have made them economically, if not Behind Ponta Delgada on the southern coast of politically, independent. They raise or manufac¬ St. Michael’s island dazzlingly brilliant emerald ture nearly every necessity of life; they build hills roll upward into great green and brown vol¬ their houses of the volcanic rock of which their canic peaks. Here and there a peak will pierce 110 one of the while fleecy clouds that continually good behavior and now looks harmless and hurry across the Atlantic on non-stop flights and peaceful. Grass and trees have covered over hold it like a sugared doughnut on a big brown the hardened rivers of lava that once poured finger. These high hills conceal the opposite down its sides, and in the lap of the extinct vol¬ northern shore just seven miles distant from Ponta canic crater the little village of Seven Cities Delgada, but a quarter of an hour’s ride from the drowses on the shores of twin lakes. From the city is enough to reach the island’s back, and from crater’s rim the sea can be seen on three sides, its crooked spinal column of peaks and cones and while eastward stretches the crooked back of St. mountain ridges the blue Atlantic can be seen Michael’s, the high hills in the center sloping stretching away on either side. It is like strad¬ down to the sea on either side. Inside, the crater’s dling a dinosaur in mid-ocean. The island is wall drops abruptly a thousand feet to the fertile intensely cultivated and the high stone walls of floor of the volcanic cone where the two small black volcanic rock that divide the fields cut the lakes, one blue and the other green, lie blinking hillsides into green checkerboards. in the sun like the unmatched eyes of a cat. At the western extremity of St. Michael’s “the Toward the eastern end of St. Michael’s are the mountain whose top blew off” raises its headless island’s mountain resorts, most famous and inter¬ mass from the ocean two thousand feet into the esting of which is the valley of Furnas with its clouds. Five centuries ago when the Portuguese hot springs, mineral waters, woods and mountain first settled on St. Michael’s this mountain was no lake. A number of the residents of Ponta Del¬ different from other island peaks; but one night gada have summer homes at Furnas and it is a the early settlers were roused from their beds by fashionable resort during the hot summer months. a violent explosion accompanied by earthquake The valley is no more than thirty miles from the tremors and looking capital city (the from their windows whole island is only saw with astonish¬ forty odd miles long) ment that the neigh¬ but the curves and boring mountain had spirals, giddy des¬ become a gigantic cents and ascents of Roman candle throw¬ the winding road ing fire, ashes and make the distance burning lava far in¬ seem twice as great. to the air. That they There are two ap¬ all did not take to proaches to Furnas their heels and aban¬ from Ponta Delgada. don their new island By the north road home may have been the route leads di¬ due to their surpass¬ rectly across the is¬ ing bravery but was land to the opposite more than likely due shore and the town to lack of transpor¬ of Ribiera Grande. tation facilities, the It is a steep climb ship which brought over the central hills them from Portugal and not infrequently one encounter's fog having already re¬ and a chilling drizzle turned home for sup¬ scarcely ten minutes plies. The villagers after leaving the continued to be treat¬ warm and sunny ed to this display of southern coast. Ri¬ terrestrial fireworks biera Grande is the for a month or more, second largest city of and when the erup¬ St. Michael’s and in¬ tion finally ceased teresting chiefly for the mountain stood that reason. Much bare and beheaded. more picturesque is For the past few cen¬ Photo by W( B. Douglas the nearby whaling turies it has been on AMERICAN CONSULATE, PONTA DELGADA village of Capellas 111 which, after a whale has been caught, makes its realistic illustration of what the sinner may expect presence known even before it is sighted by the in the hereafter it is doubtless of great assistance to nauseating odor of boiling whale oil. the village padre in keeping his sheep off primrose Eastward from Ribiera Grande the road twists paths. through the mountains, becoming no more than a Beyond the town stretches a long narrow moun¬ narrow ridge in places with densely wooded slopes tain lake, which catches the reflections of the steep on one side and on the other a precipitous drop to green wooded slopes surrounding it. At the far the neatly cultivated fields below, until it reaches end of the lake a small gray stone chapel with a a flat plateau from which nothing can be seen of the sea in any direction. Through this open coun¬ single graceful spire stands quite alone, gazing in try the road lies broad and straight until it sudden¬ solitary meditation over the quiet water to the ly plunges downward and leaves one poised on the woods beyond. The chapel is perfect in the green brink of a steep wall of wooded slopes which en¬ setting of the valley, but its delicate beauty is not, close the valley of Furnas like the sides of a deep unfortunately, characteristic of Azorean churches. bowl. The village of Furnas lies far below with Part way up one of the wooded sides of the lake great waving plumes of steam issuing from the is a fine residence built by Thomas Hickling, the ground and rising up over the house-tops. Furnas first American consular officer at St. Michael’s, is the exhaust valve of the island, without which appointed vice consul during Washington’s admin¬ St. Michael’s probably would have blown up and istration. Although the residence with its beauti¬ disappeared long ago. The jets of steam, subter¬ ful gardens has long since passed out of American ranean rumblings, the hot, cracked, sulphurous hands, it has for many years been known as “Yan¬ crust of earth, stained and pungent, are uncomfor¬ kee House.” Thomas Hickling came to St. Mi¬ table reminders of a restless, powerful nature un¬ chael’s from Boston as a young man and was so derground, and give one a feeling of insecurity. charmed by the beauty of the island that he spent The valley abounds in hot and cold natural most of his life there. A large brown boulder springs and mineral waters of various composi¬ near one of the hot springs still bears his inscrip¬ tion, all supposed to be medicinally beneficial. tion: T. HICKLING—1770. One of the most villainous looking of the hot The road back to Ponta Delgada by the south springs is a runs along one side of the lake and winds round cave- like the mountains along the south shore. About half opening in way back to the capital the road passes through the earth Vila Franca, a smaller but older town than Ponta from which Delgada and very proud of its past glory and a boiling traditions. Vila Franca was the first capital of sulphurous St. Michael’s, but its susceptibility to volcanic and mixture of earthquake disturbances caused a prudent govern¬ nr u d and ment to remove itself to a more stable site. Al¬ steam with though the town lies directly on the coast, the a sharp un¬ hills traverse it to the water’s edge and the journey pleasant through it on the main highway is a succession of odor is hair raising plunges like those of a roller coaster. belched The natural beauty of St. Michaels is so superb forth upon that it is difficult not to feel a little disappointed in the capital city. It is picturesque enough viewed the stained yellow clay from the great hills that rise up everywhere about it, but the charm decreases with the distance. The a c compa- irregular little plaster front houses, which shelter nied by un- the human and a good part of the animal popula¬ derg r ound tion of Ponta Delgada, are saved from squalid¬ rumbling. ness only by the gay and brilliant colors in which This spring their dirty faces are calcimined. Looking down a is appro- residential thoroughfare the street resembles a 11 r i a t e 1 y Gargantuan tray of frosted cakes. The ginger¬ called “The bread houses that line the narrow streets in solid Photo by W. B. Douglas Devil’s rows almost flush with the roadway are distinguish¬ VIEW OF THE LAKE FROM THE Mouth,” able one from another by the different colors of CHAPEL AT FURNAS and as a their icings. Nearly all are pale tints—pinks, 112 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

blues, greens and gada and might have yellows — with bor¬ done considerable ders of contrasting damage had it not colors. The narrow, been for the presence ill-paved streets are of an American man- wretched, dusty on of-war, which drove fine days and muddy the daring attacker on wet ones, and the away. This incident sidewalks, where they aroused considerable exist at all, are one- indignation among man ones. Unfor¬ Azoreans, who pro¬ tunately few of the tested to the central many luxuriant gar¬ government at their dens are visible from defenseless state. The the street. Most of mother country, how¬ them are privately ever, presumably pre¬ owned and are jeal¬ fers her child to be ously shielded from unarmed, and it is the public gaze by reported that the sole high stone walls. remaining gun, which There are few pub¬ for years served only lic buildings in the to salute visiting city and those few warships and various are of little interest, saints on the latter’s architecturally or feast days, has now otherwise. The hos¬ been removed as a pital is a fine look¬ punishment for the ing structure from island’s participation the outside, but after in political disturb¬ an inspection of the ances. Whether or inside one comes not this is true, there away with a feeling is no doubt that the that the patients’ watch dog of Ponta comfort has been sac¬ iJnoto by W. B. Douglas Delgada, for all its rificed for the hand¬ PONTA DELGADA, AZORES fierce exterior, is a some Roman columns Entrance to the capital from the port toothless, harmless at the entrance. beast in senile decay. Commanding the water front is the old and The most imposing structure in the town is the useless fort of San Braz. It was built in 1552 to cathedral, officially called the Church San Sebas¬ repel the attacks of the corsairs and pirate ships tian, but popularly known as the Matriz. It is a that preyed upon the Portuguese fleets when the plain box-like building with straight rectangular latter put in at the Azores en route to and from lines, and there is nothing of distinction or beauty the Far East and Portugal’s American colonies. about it, despite the ornate bas-relief about the The fort occupies a strategic position at one side main entrance. As it was built as an offering to of the harbor where its guns, if it had any, could stay a plague that broke out in 1523, its lack of sweep the bay and entrance to the city. Unfortif- beauty may perhaps be due to the utilitarian mo¬ nately it has never proved a very efficient guard¬ tive that inspired it. Surmounting its rectangular ian. As early as 1572 a governor of St. Michael’s outlines at one corner rises a bell tower with a complained to the king that privateers had entered four-faced clock to mark the hours for Ponta Del¬ the port under the fort’s very guns and carried off gada. The clock tower is remarkable for the fact loot from the ships at anchor there. Complaints that it belongs to the municipality, whereas the were also made during the American Civil War that body of the church is the property of the ecclesi¬ ships of both belligerents violated St. Michael’s astical authorities. Hence it sometimes happens neutrality by staging battles just outside the port in that the church will be freshly calcimined while utter contempt of the fort’s feeble protest. In more the tower remains stained and soiled; or vice ver¬ modern times, during the World War, a German sa, depending upon whether the town’s spiritual submarine actually shelled the town of Ponta Del- or legal fathers happen to be the more public 113 spirited at the moment. The cathedral occupies an of Massachusetts and Rhode Island until there are entire block at the entrance to the city from the now probably more Azoreans living under the port, but the dignity of its setting suffers from two stars and stripes than in the Azores. These immi¬ gasoline pumps located conveniently, but hardly grants, many now American citizens, return from artistically, at opposite corners of the building. time to time to their native towns and bring with The style in Azorean churches was apparent¬ them customs and ideas from their adopted coun¬ ly set by the cathedral at Ponta Delgada, and all try. They are all proud of their American experi¬ of them on St. Michael’s, with the exception of ences, wear the newest Hollywood fashions, and the little chapel on the lake at Furnas, have the toss off the latest slang with all the fluency of the same straight, heavy lines. Some of the smaller native born. On fiesta days nearly as many Ameri¬ churches are picturesque because of their brightly can flags as Portuguese can be seen floating from calcimined exteriors, hut they have no architectural the houses, and the language of the sidewalks of merit. Nearly all of the churches, as well as other New York can be heard in the tiniest villages. buildings on the island, are constructed of dark It is fortunate for the foreign resident that the volcanic rock, which becomes black and pock¬ Azoreans are such a congenial people, for the so¬ marked with time and often gives the buildings a cial whirl of Ponta Delgada moves at an imper¬ sombre forbidding appearance. ceptible pace. There are no legitimate theaters If Ponta Delgada is lacking in architectural and the one moving picture theater has perform¬ beauty, the deficiency is more than made up by ances twice weekly—on Sunday and Thursday. the charm of its residents. The Azoreans are a The Sunday night performance is very popular friendly, hospitable people and the educated and is attended by most of Ponta Delgada’s “four classes are cultured and interesting. St. Michael’s hundred.” The young bloods crowd into the or¬ is also one place where the United States is held chestra seats and take advantage of the frequent in genuine affection. This popularity is doubtless intermissions (“One minute to change reels, due largely to the singularly close associations be¬ please!”) to ogle the town belles who sit in the tween the United States and the Azores. It has semicircle of boxes duly chaperoned by mothers, been said that Portugal’s principal exports are fathers, aunts, uncles, and miscellaneous relatives. peasants, and the Azorean crop did much to swell The monthly lecture and dance of the Club the figures before the United States immigration Michaelense, Ponta Delgada’s one social club, is laws restricted the flow. For years Azoreans the occasion for shaking the moth balls out of one's poured into the United States to fill the factories (Continued to page 146)

Photo from W. B. Douglas GROUP OF PEASANTS OF ST. MICHAEL’S, AZORES 114 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

SECRETARY HULL’S VISIT TO SOUTH AMERICA On the Secretary’s return Irom the Montevideo Conference, up the west coast of South America, he conversed with the Presidents of three of the American Republics. 1. In this group, Secretary Hull is shown with President Alessandri of Chile. Taken at La Moneda, Santiago, on January 4, 1934. 2. This group shows the Secretary calling upon President Benavides of Peru. Taken in Lima on Jan. 11,1934. 3. Secretary Hull in conversation with President Arias of Panama. Taken at Panama on January 17, 1934. 115 A Political Bookshelf

By CYRIL WYNNE, Department of State

Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Edited by Hunter Miller, Volume 3, 1933 (Washington, Government Printing Office, Pp. xxiv, 833, $5.00). WITH the publication of the third volume of rangement of the documents is chronological ac¬ this remarkable work on treaties and other cording to the date of signature; each document has international acts to which the United States is or a serial number, 1, 2, and so on, but the numbers was a party, the Department is answering the de¬ are merely for convenience and have no other sig¬ mand for an accurate and comprehensive “treaty nificance. All international acts of the United States edition” in a manner which will meet the most ex¬ which have gone into force are in general included, acting tests of scholarship and the even more exact¬ whether now’ in force or not, except postal conven¬ ing tests of the legal practitioner and the career tions and treaties with Indian tribes. Extrinsic and diplomat who must deal with international reali¬ related papers which are referred to in the docu¬ ties. The demand for a work of this nature from ments proper are also printed, so far as possible. lawyers, diplomats and The headnote to each professors of interna¬ document gives the rele¬ tional law and related vant dates, and the notes subjects has been very which follow the docu¬ great. This was due to ment contain what the the painful fact that a reviewer feels can be compilation of treaties justly described as a and international acts perfect mine of informa¬ of the United States con¬ tion on its textual and taining accurate texts of procedural history. The the official language of amount of work and the the documents in ques¬ erudition and knowl¬ tion, accurate transla¬ edge of international af¬ tions of those texts and fairs which their prep- supplementary notes on aration involved can their procedural, diplo¬ only be appreciated by matic and judicial his¬ reading the notes in tory, had never been question. published until Mr. Volume 2, which is Hunter Miller was per¬ the first volume contain¬ suaded to undertake the ing document texts, cov¬ formidable task of pre¬ ers the period from the paring and editing such Declaration of Indepen¬ a publication. Howr w’ell HUNTER MILLER Bacnrac" dence through the year he is performing this Historical Adviser and Editor of The Treaties, Department 1818. The first forty task may be judged by of State. treaties or international the fact that the first acts of the United States two volumes of his treaty edition have been highly are published in this number. praised by such men as Mr. Chief Justice Hughes, Volume 3. the second volume of document texts, Mr. Justice Brandeis, Mr. Justice Cardozo, Colonel contains thirty-nine documents and covers the pe¬ House, Senator Hiram Johnson, Mr. John W. Davis, riod from 1819 to 1835, inclusive. Many of these Professor Manley 0. Hudson and the historian, Dr. papers are of great importance in making up the J. F. Jameson. record of our diplomatic history. The volume A few words may be said regarding these first proper begins with the usual headnote followed by tw'o volumes, which were published in 1931. Vol¬ the original texts in English and Spanish of the ume 1, which was issued in the form of a prelimi¬ Treaty of February 22, 1819, with Spain ceding the nary print, contains a description of the scheme of Floridas to the United States. With that scholar¬ the publication as a whole, which will consist of ship which is so characteristic of the Editor of this some fifteen volumes. It is explained that the ar- treaty edition, the texts are literally reproduced 116 so far as it is possible to reproduce handwritten is the first treaty concluded with a country of the texts in type. The texts are, therefore, identical Far East, illustrates the difficulties of language met with the originals even in such matters as spelling, by the distinguished Edmund Roberts in negotiating punctuation and capitalization, and accordingly this treaty. As explained in the notes to the treaty show any errors and slips that were made by the (pages 770-778), it was necessary to employ various scriveners. It may be added that this practice is and sundry interpreters. The agreement was first followed in the reproduction of all of the treaties drafted in English, then translated into Portuguese, and acts published in the Miller treaty edition. thence into Chinese, and finally into Siamese. The The notes to the Florida cession treaty—-which English and Siamese texts were signed by the nego¬ are typical of the notes to all the treaties or inter¬ tiators as the original texts but the Portuguese and national acts published—cover 44 pages (pages 31- Chinese translations were also included in the orig¬ 75). They include such data as quotations from inal signed document. Mr. Miller reproduces a the diary of John Quincy Adams; comments on the facsimile of the Siamese text, which is followed by “six originals of the treaty” which were executed; a literal print of the English text, the Portuguese discussions of the instruments of ratification and of translation as written in the original treaty docu¬ the “full powers,” with extensive quotations from ment and finally a reproduction of the Chinese relevant documents; a statement on “The Floridas” translation. One is inclined to agree with him when supplemented by a map of “The Floridas in Rela¬ he observes that “the form of the treaty document is tion to the Treaty with Spain of 1819”; statements so very unusual that its description in the notes on “The Spanish Land Grants” (the Spanish texts should be consulted as explanatory of the texts.” of these three grants are published after the printing Reference may also be made to various inter¬ of the Treaty texts), the “Right of Deposit at New national acts of the United States printed in the Orleans,” the “Expedition of Miranda” and an volume, some of which have never been printed be¬ analysis of various articles in the treaty which have fore in any United States treaty collection. Among caused considerable controversy. these acts are the articles of 1826 with the “King, Other important documents printed in Volume 3 Council and Head men” of Tahiti, the articles of are the “Declaration of the Commissioners under arrangement of the same year with the King of Article 6 of the Treaty of Ghent” adjusting the Hawaii, claims agreements of 1825 and 1829 with boundary between the United States and Canada Colombia and a claims agreement with Portugal through the St. Lawrence and a part of the Great of 1832. Lakes, the “temporary” commercial convention A feature of Volume 3 is the inclusion of a half¬ with France of 1822 (the modification of this con¬ size facsimile, in color, of the famous Steuben- vention was proclaimed as recently as 1921), the Webster copy of Mitchell’s map. The original of earliest treaties with Russia (1824 and 1832) and the Steuben-Webster copy, in the Archives of the the Treaty of Amity, Navigation and Commerce Department, has never heretofore been so repro¬ with Colombia of 1824 which was the first treaty of duced. This map, which bears a red line that was the United States with an American country. at one time supposed to support the British conten¬ For the first time the original text, in the Turkish tion as to the Northeastern boundary of the United language, of the much discussed treaty with Turkey States, played a part in the final settlement of that of May 7, 1830, is printed in a treaty collection of boundary issue. The fascinating history of the map the United States. The complicated documentary is told in the notes to the Convention with Great history of the agreement is discussed in detail. We Britain of 1827 for the submission to arbitration of learn from the notes that after the treaty had been the Northeastern boundary. signed in Turkish and a French version thereof had Volume 3 is sold by the Superintendent of Docu¬ been agreed to, accepted by the Turkish Govern¬ ments for five dollars. The charge is a very reason¬ ment and signed by the American Commissioner, able one for a volume of this nature. The reviewer the United States laid aside the French version and heartily recommends it to Foreign Service officers, agreed to be bound by the Turkish text alone, al¬ together with Volume 2 ($4.00) and the prelimi¬ though the Turkish language was understood by nary print of Volume 1 (50 cents). No more valu¬ very few persons in the United States at that time! able publication could be found in the library of a The Treaty of March 20, 1833, with Siam, which Foreign Service officer than this great work. {Reproduced by permission oj the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce America, Inc. 118 Transport by Air in the United States

By HENRY S. VILLARD, Department oj State

ON February 9, 1934, Postmaster General Far¬ Pennsylvania Air Lines, United Air Lines, United ley dramatically scrapped all domestic air States Airways, and Transcontinental and Western mail contracts and by an executive order of the Air, who, together with their subsidiaries, carried same date the President decreed that the mail should the mail over every part of the United States. Of be flown by Army pilots, beginning February 19, these twenty-six contracts, twenty-four were awarded in cooperation with the services of the Commerce, under the Coolidge Administration and two under War and Post Office Departments. This sensational President Hoover, several of which were, however, development came as a climax to the proceedings later sublet under those administrations. None of of a special Senate committee charged with an in¬ the companies carrying mail to foreign countries, vestigation of air and ocean mail contracts entered such as the extensive Pan-American Airways, was into under previous Administrations which, it was mentioned in the order. asserted, had developed sufficient evidence of fraud Because of the fact that the present American air and collusion to warrant the summary annulment. transport system has been built largely around The storm of controversy which followed was Government mail contracts, the annulment of those marked by a telegraphic protest on the part of contracts caused a stir as profound as it was un¬ Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh, the offer of one expected. According to figures for September, 1933, company to transport the mail free for thirty days compiled by the Aeronautical Chamber of Com¬ if its contract could be proved to have been ob¬ merce, of the average total of 158,537 miles flown tained fraudulently, and an attempted court action daily by American air lines in and out of the United to compel the Administration to present proof of its States the air mail lines averaged 151,019 miles charges. In the aviation industry itself reigned daily, including 124,154 miles with mail. The mail turmoil and consternation, while airplane stocks lines, incidentally, ran up 26,865 miles of daily fly¬ nose-dived on the various exchanges. ing with passengers and express for which they re¬ Affected by the cancellation order were twenty- ceived no mail payments, while non-mail operators six air mail routes operated by twelve companies, averaged 7,518 miles of flying daily. To accom¬ including American Airways, Western Air Express, plish this, the contract air mail lines maintained Eastern Air Transport, Kohler Aviation Corpora¬ flying bases at 162 airport centers in the United tion, National Parks Airways, Northwest Airways, (Continued to page 144)

Photo by II. S. Villard TWIN-MOTOR CURTISS “CONDOR” OF EASTERN AIR TRANSPORT 119 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

TEN YEARS AGO

(From Issue of March, 1924)

The opening article was a Report on the National Conference on Foreign Service Training, by Glen PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Levin Swiggetl, chairman, National Council on For¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. eign Service Training. The Conference had been held in Washington, D. C., on December 26, 1923, The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly and possessed unusual significance as the first con¬ by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed ference of that character ever held in the country; by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also open to private subscription in the United States and abroad it was, however, the outgrowth of a small round at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the table conference or meeting held under similar di¬ American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, rection at the Hotel Sherman in Chicago, December Washington, D. O. 27, 1922. The article gave not only the proceedings Copyright, 1934, by the American Foreign Service Association of the Washington Conference and a full list of the membership ot the National Council on Foreign Service Training, but also the courses of study that JOURNAL STAFF had been designed to meet the needs of the col¬ leges and universities for a four-year course of AUGUSTUS E. INCRAM Editor study. PAUL II. ALLING WALTER A. FOOTE r Editorial Board The issue paid trihule to the memory of Wood- LOWELL C. PINKERTON row Wilson, 28th President of the United States HENRY S. VILLARD (who died February 3, 1924), by publishing Presi¬ HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager dent Coolidge’s proclamation of mourning and a CLAYSON W. ALDRIDGE Treasurer review of President Wilson’s life and achievements.

Thomas W. Miller, the Alien Property Custodian, The American Foreign contributed an article explaining the various phases Service Association and intricacies of the functioning of his office.

The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and “Camping out in Yokohama” was the title of an voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service article consisting of a letter from Nelson T. John¬ of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fos¬ son (then Consul General at Large and on duty in tering esprit de. corps among the members of the Foreign Serv¬ Japan after the earthquake of September 1, 1923. ice. to strengthen service spirit and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the but now Minister to China). Mr. Johnson told of improvement of the service. many acts of heroism and devotion to duty by our officers during the catastrophe, and described the camp life where he and Messrs. Nathaniel B. Stew¬ Honorary President art, Joseph W. Ballanline and Leo D. Sturgeon CORDELL HULL Secretary of State were then carrying on the work of the consulate in tents. The article was illustrated by photographs Honorary Vice-Presidents of the camp, and also by some quaint cartoons drawn by one of the Japanese clerks of the consu¬ WILLIAM PHILLIPS.... Under Secretary of State late accompanied by the clerk’s whimsical com¬ WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State ments thereon. ROBERT WALTON MOORE Assistant Secretary of State FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State SUMNER WELLES __ Assistant Secretary of State Ernest L. Ives (then Consul, now Consul Gen¬ eral) described in “From Pillar to Post” the highlights of his trip from Paris to Alexandria, NORMAN ARMOUR _ President Egypt, part of the way as a “damn passenger” CLARENCE E. GAUSS Vice-President aboard a United States destroyer. MAXWELL M. HAMILTON Secretary-Treasurer HERBERT S. BURSLEY Acting Secretary-Treasurer Orsen N. Nielsen (then Consul on duty at Berlin, now diplomatic secretary at Warsaw), under the EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE title of “Tracking Mountain Peaks in Norway” described the thrills and perils of skiing in the THOMAS M. WILSON, Chairman; J. P. MOFFAT, Vice- Hardanger district. Chairman; W. A. FOOTE, J. E. JACOBS, H. V. JOHNSON Alternates Charles Bridgham Hosmer (then Consul at Santo Domingo, now stationed at Naples) contributed a HERBERT S. BURSLEY GEORGE R. MERRELL, JR. very interesting article entitled “Dominican Reli¬ gious Shrines.” Entertainment Committee: A. DANA HODCDON, Chairman; JEFFERSON PATTERSON and GEORCE R. MERRELL, JR. 120 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

You may never of the life and have trod the development road of Xerxes’ of other peoples, conquering are in demand by legions, but you them. Why not may have visited submit your pic¬ other lands of tures and the rec¬ equal interest to ord of your ex¬ world - minded periences abroad men and women for their enjoy¬ who keep abreast Ruins of the Porch of Xerxes, Persepolis ment ? The Geo¬ of the latest geo¬ graphic makes graphic knowledge. Readers of The National liberal payment for all material accepted. For Geographic Magazine know the lure of strange your guidance we have prepared a booklet de¬ sights in earth’s far-flung places, so your human- scribing the kind of photographs desired. Ask interest photographs and articles, descriptive us to mail you a copy. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, WASHINGTON, D. C. GILBERT GROSVENOR, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor

Mr. Bryan was a prominent member of the As¬ there, becoming an accomplished painter, when sociation of Oldest Inhabitants of the District of she married the Honorable John M. Wiley, who Columbia and was its first vice president. He was w'as American Consul at Bordeaux, France, during a member of the Sons of American Revolution, the the second Cleveland administration. Mrs. Wiley Society of Natives, and the Churchmen’s League of in recent years visited the various diplomatic posts the District of Columbia. He was active in church where her son was stationed, namely, Paris, The work, and his death occurred while attending serv¬ Hague, Copenhagen, Berlin, Warsaw, Madrid, ice at St. James Church, of which he was a vestry¬ Buenos Aires, Santiago, Caracas, and Lima; and man and treasurer. her friends in those cities and in Washington join The Washington Star said in an editorial on Mr. in extending their sincere sympathy to her son. Bryan that his death saddened his multitude of friends, and that he will be sincerely mourned as a friend, as a loyal Washingtonian, and as a faithful Angelo Boragino, who retired as Vice Consul and and valuable public servant. clerk at Genoa, Italy, on June 30, 1932, died at that city on December 10, 1933, after a short illness. He is survived by his widow and two daughters. Mrs. Virginia E. Wiley, widow of Representa¬ Mr. Boragino was born at Genoa, Italy, on May tive John M. Wiley of New York, and mother of 30, 1864, but after education in Italy went to Cali¬ John C. Wiley, who is the newly appointed Coun¬ fornia and became naturalized as an American selor of Embassy at Moscow, died on January 22, citizen. He was appointed clerk at the American 1934, at her residence in the Altamont, 1901 Wy¬ Consulate at Genoa, May 14, 1900, and was first oming Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. The appointed Vice and Deputy Consul General on Oc¬ funeral services were held in Indianapolis. tober 6, 1908, and later Vice Consul on February Mrs. Wiley had been in ill health for more 16, 1915, in which position he served until his re¬ than a year. Formerly she had been active social¬ tirement on June 30, 1932, under the act of May 29, ly, and was a great lover of art. She was educated 1930, at the age of 68 and after 32 years of service. in France and had just completed her art studies He served under fifteen different officers in charge. 137 Later, 1908, he became Chief of the Bureau of Appointments, and from 1909 to 1924 he served as a member of the Board of Examiners for the Diplomatic Service, and in that capacity he be¬ came the adviser and friend of many of the newly appointed officers in the Foreign Service, and especially of the young diplomatic officers, who still bear him in affectionate memory. Indeed as Secretary Stimson stated in a letter to Mr. Shand, when on account of age he retired from the De¬ partment in July, 1932, it was to his instruction and guidance in the preliminary stages of their career that is due in no small part the success of many of the young men who have entered the Service. By his intelligence, fidelity and diligence, the interests of the Department were subserved in a manner worthy of commendation, while the high ideals so well exemplified in his own life cannot have failed to impress those associated with him. By his activity in religious and benevolent work he won a high place among the religious workers of the country and also the warm esteem and friendship of a large number of the leading citi¬ zens of the District. His many friends in the De¬ partment and the Foreign Service will ever bear him in affectionate remembrance. WILBUR J. CARR.

ITarris & Ewing MILES M. SHAND RUBAIYAT OF KRAM RERK Walk straight the path, aim for the pure and high. Fret not if others reap what thou hast sown. It is with a feeling of deep personal loss that we Success is not by worldly honors shown, announce the death of Miles M. Shand on Febru¬ The only failure is, to cease to try. ary 12, 1934, at his residence in Washington. He ADMIRAL. MARK KERR, H. M. N. had been in ill health for some months past, but it (Contributed by former Minister U. Grant-Smith) was only recently that he had a severe bronchial cold, after which he suffered a stroke of paralysis from which he failed to rally. Mr. Shand was a COMPASSION bachelor, and for the past 22 years made his home When I contend with fellow man with Dr. Francis S. Machen and his family at 3206 Lord give my arm due might, Seventeenth Street, N. W. He is survived by a But let not envy, pride or greed brother, R. Howlett Shand, of Battle Creek, Confuse my sense of right. Michigan. If I confound or misfortune The funeral services were held in Washington on Doth vanquish me a foe February 14, and were largely attended. Interment Help me forget old strifes, forgive was made at New Brunswick, New Jersey. And full compassion show. THOMAS D. BOWMAN The following tribute is from the Honorable Mexico, D. F., Mexico. Wilbur J. Carr, Assistant Secretary of State: The passing of Miles M. Shand on February 12, STRANGE THINGS GRANTED IN INDIA after a short illness, removes from our midst one of the old veterans of the Department of State. Consul Groeninger, at Karachi, India, reports In 1932 Miles Shand completed fifty years of that he received recently a letter stating that the faithful service in the Department. He commenced writer had obtained his passport (from his gov¬ as a clerk in the old Consular Bureau, and it was ernment) and desired to know what was necessary my pleasure to be associated with him there. for him now to get “the vice-versa.” 138 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND RESIGNATION OF THOMAS II. COOK In 1885, at the age of 16, Thomas H. Cook started his career as “Thomas,” the office hoy, under the first United States commercial agent at Notting¬ Distinguished members of ham, Jasper Smith. Since then he has served as the Diplomatic Service fol¬ clerk, vice, and deputy consul under Commercial low tradition in selecting Agents G. Steadman Williams and John L. McKim, and Consuls A. D. Dickinson, Silas C. McFarland, The Plaza as their New Frank W. Mahin, Samuel M. Taylor, Calvin M. York home. They find here a Hitch, Samuel T. Lee, and Homer Brett at Notting¬ standard of excellence that ham. Upon the closing of that office he was trans¬ is known in all countries. ferred to Sheffield, where he has served under Con¬ Single rooms from $5. FACING CENTRAL PARK suls William J. Grace and Henry S. Waterman. During these years Mr. Cook acquired the esteem, • A 25% discount from room charges is respect and friendship of all of the officers under allowed members of the Foreign Service. whom and with whom he has served, as is abun¬ dantly proven by the records, extending over almost Henry A. Rost, Managing Director, half a century. John D. Owen, Manager On January 3, 1934, Mr. Cook was compelled to take to his bed with a severe attack of influenza. Two days later his beloved wife, with whom he had PLflZfl“ lived an ideally happy existence for forty years, passed away. Weakened by his illness, this tragic FIFTY-NINTH STREETAND FIFTH AVENUE event so affected Mr. Cook that he felt he could no longer carry on with his duties, and tendered his resignation. All of the men in the Service who have served with Mr. Cook, or who have met him in the course of their duties, will realize with what regret this resignation has been accepted. The Hon¬ orable William Phillips, Acting Secretary of State, HOMELIKE, well expressed his own and the Department’s senti¬ ments in the following personal telegram to Mr. with a paiietauta unequalled Cook: el.iewlete m jVew 'IjetL jet beauty . . . “I am grieved to learn of your bereavement and illness and extend to you my sincere sympathy. May I also express • The Savoy-Plaza provides the to you the Department’s appreciation of your long and homelike warmth and charm that faithful services at Nottingham and Sheffield and my per¬ informed travellers demand, plus sonal best wishes for your early recovery.” superior service and an unsurpas¬ This faithful and conscientious servant of the sed crusine. Single rooms from $5. A 25% discount from room United States will be able to take with him in his charges is allowed members of retirement the proud thought that he has performed the Foreign Service. exceedingly' well an important life’s work, and that Henry A. Rosf, Managing Director the best wishes of the Department and of his many John F. Sanderson, Manager associates in the Service go with him in the hope that his remaining years may bring him all the FIFTH AVE., 58th TO 59th STS. happiness and contentment he so justly merits. H. S.W.

Good name, in man, and woman, Is the immediate jewel of their souls. I nothing; Who steals my purse, steals trash; ’tis something, Twas mine, ’tis his, and has been slave to thousands; But he that filches from me my good name, OVERLOOKING CENTRAL PARK Robs me of that which not enriches him, And makes me poor indeed. SHAKESPEARE. 139 On the Course of Events

By HENRY L. DEIMEL, JR., Department of Stale

WHILE the last thirty days have witnessed a It should of course be remembered that the de¬ number of events of interest and significance valuation to 59.06% of the old gold content is not in the nation’s economic development, it would be necessarily final: the President retains authority difficult to select any single one as characterizing or for three years to devalue further to a minimum of summing up the period as a whole. It is therefore 50% or to adjust upward slightly to a maximum necessary to consider a number of topics briefly of 60% of the old gold content. and somewhat disconnectedly. Another act of Congress of considerable interest First in interest and probably in significance which likewise emerged in the form desired by the among accomplished facts are the monetary devel¬ Administration was a special appropriation total¬ opments. Congress in short order passed the dollar ling 950 millions of dollars to be applied to federal revaluation measure mentioned in last month’s re¬ emergency relief and civil works expenditures, in view, the only essential change being to limit the no fixed proportion between the two but according term of presidential authority to revalue the dollar to need as it develops. In its course to final enact¬ and the life of the exchange stabilization fund to a ment this measure threw highly interesting light maximum of three years. Upon the approval of upon the Civil Works program, the nature of which this measure on January 30, title to the gold hold¬ was explained in the January issue of the JOURNAL. ings of the Federal Reserve system became vested About the time the appropriation was requested in in the Federal Government, and on January 31 a a special message to Congress, the CWA (Civil Presidential proclamation devalued the dollar to Works Administration) announced that expendi¬ 59.06% of its old gold content by setting the price tures had been more rapid than had been antici¬ of gold at $35.00 an ounce in place of the old price pated when the program was launched last Novem¬ of $20.67. Out of the resulting increment in excess ber, owing to the fact that the average wage had of 2.8 billions of dollars by which the dollar value approximated fourteen dollars a week instead of of the Treasury’s gold holdings was increased, two the anticipated twelve dollars. The resulting ex¬ billions were set aside to form the exchange stabil¬ penditure at a rate of seventy million dollars a week ization fund, and the balance covered into the gen¬ (not including the expenditures of local govern¬ eral Treasury fund. As one result the government’s ments on materials and supplies) had drained the accounts for the fiscal year turned from a deficit to five hundred million dollar fund so rapidly that a surplus, but the Treasury evidently intends to unless it were replenished the entire program would regard this as essentially a matter of bookkeeping, come to a halt before the middle of February. There and to leave the devaluation increment to the Gov¬ ensued such a nation-wide storm of insistence upon ernment’s credit more or less as a windfall without continuation of the Civil Works as not only to as¬ altering its plans for the financing of expenditures. sure the passage of the appropriations requested, At any rate, the first of the major steps in the ten but actually to give great impetus to proposals to billion dollar financing program of the current six spend a great deal more. In the House a strict rein months have not been delayed. On January 24 the over the large and tightly disciplined majority Treasury offered issues totalling one billion dollars, effected swift passage of the measure as introduced, half at 2j/2% f°r 13 months and half at 114% for but in the Senate it was actually delayed several 714 months; and on February 9 issues totalling 800 days beyond the deadline indicated by the CWA— millions, half for 22 months at 214'' and half for a deadline presumably deferred in the actual event 3 years at 3%. Both offerings were well over¬ by reason of the unusually cold weather and conse¬ subscribed and the books promptly closed. quent contraction in outdoor activities—while pro¬ The exchange stabilization fund has presumably posals to provide much larger appropriations, run¬ not been used during the current period of a flow ning up to as much as 2.5 billions, were considered of hundreds of millions of dollars of gold to the with a view to maintaining the activities undimin¬ United States from Europe, since one effect of these ished until the next session (which, as some critics shipments is of course to tend to press downward observed, would carry it through the November upon the foreign exchange value of the dollar. At elections). In the end, however, the measure was the time of devaluation the dollar was worth in the enacted as requested by the President. foreign exchanges approximately 62% of its old The CWA (of which Harry Hopkins, the able gold value, but since then it has fallen to a figure Administrator of Federal Emergency Relief, is the closely approximating its new gold content. head) is proceeding, despite this replenishing of 140 News From The Department THE Secretary of State, Mr. Cordell Hull, at a 13, 1934, added to the members of the Board of luncheon given by him for the Chiefs of Foreign Service Personnel. Latin American Missions in Washington at the Carlton Hotel, on Monday, January 29, delivered The Secretary of State announced on February an address in which, after saying that it gave him 1st that he had that day appointed Mr. James unusual pleasure at this first opportunity after Clement Dunn to be Special Assistant to the Secre¬ his return from Montevideo to pay his respects tary of State, succeeding the Honorable William in person to them, to thank them, and through C. Bullitt, now Ambassador to the Soviet Union. them to their respective governments, for the Mr. Dunn has up to this appointment been Chief really marvellous spirit of unity and cooperation of the Division of Protocol and Conferences and uniformly exhibited throughout the period of the will, in addition to the other duties of his new recent conference at Montevideo, he added: office, continue to exercise supervisory jurisdic¬ “I think that soon both the skeptic and the pes¬ tion over that division as Chief of Protocol of the simist will agree that the results of the recent Department of State. Mr. Richard Southgate, As¬ conference are broader, deeper, and much more sistant Chief, will be in immediate charge of the far-reaching than they thus far realize. The Amer¬ division. ican nations at Montevideo thoroughly demon¬ Mr. Dunn, after serving in the United States strated the success of international conference as Navy during the World War, with the rank of Lieu¬ a method of settling important questions and ad¬ tenant and Aide to the Naval Attache at the Amer¬ vancing the general welfare of each and all.” ican Embassy at Havana, entered the Department of State in 1919 and was subsequently appointed to the Diplomatic Service after examination Sep¬ Mrs. Hull, wife of the Secretary of State, was at tember 5, 1919. He has served at the American home on January 31 at the Carlton Hotel. It was Legations at Berne and Port-au-Prince, and with Mrs. Hull’s first reception for the season, as she the American Embassies at Madrid, Brussels and was with the Secretary during November, Decem¬ London. Since 1931, Mr. Dunn has been on duty ber and January attending the Montevideo Con¬ in the Department of State and has acted as ference. The reception was held in the ball Secretary to the American Delegation to the room of the hotel, which during the afternoon was Fourth Pan American Commercial Conference, held crowded with visitors. At the tea table, assisting in Washington in 1931; Secretary General to the Mrs. Hull, were Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, Mrs. Wil¬ American Delegation to the General Disarmament liam Phillips, Mrs. Charles S. Hamlin, Mrs. Wil¬ Conference at Geneva in 1932; Assistant at the bur J. Carr, Mrs. Sumner Wells, Miss Jennie M. First meeting of the Experts’ Preparatory Commit¬ Moore (sister of Assistant Secretary R. Walton tee for the International Monetary and Economic Moore), Mrs. James Clement Dunn, and Mrs. Conference held at Geneva in 1932; Secretary of Lucille F. McMillan. the American Delegation, Monetary and Economic Conference in London, 1933; and he has recently returned from Montevideo, where he was on duty The name of Mr. R. Walton Moore, Assistant as Secretary General to the American Delegation Secretary of State, was by Departmental Order to the Seventh International Conference of Ameri¬ No. 578, signed by Secretary Hull on February can States. 121 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Dr. Cyril Wynne, chief of the new Division of and his congratulations on the years of splendid Research and Publication, Department of State, de¬ service he had given to the Department and to the livered on December 28, at Washington, D. C., an Government. The Under Secretary of State, Mr. address before the convention of the National Stu¬ Phillips, and Assistant Secretaries Wilbur J. Carr dent Federation of America, on the subject of the and Sumner Wells also sent Mr. Salmon similar promotion of friendship between the University letters of warm congratulation. A card of birth¬ students of Latin America and the United States. day greetings from the staff of Mr. Salmon’s office Among the many interesting statements made by Dr. also gave the recipient much pleasure, as it stated Wynne, he said that a part of his duties related to that their good wishes were prompted by the fact the archives of the Department of State, which that “year by year you are making others happy by archives are available to “teachers, scholars, stu¬ your friendliness and cheer,” which, considering dents who are candidates for the doctor’s degree or the necessary rush and drive of that busy office, is its equivalent, and responsible persons” for whose indeed high commendation. use a well lighted room with 14 tables has been reserved; these tables are in constant use, some¬ times there being as many as 20 research workers Mr. and Mrs. Keith Merrill arrived in New at a time using them. Among these research work¬ York, February 8, on the S. S. Washington. Mr. ers are quite a few students from Mexico, Central Merrill after his trip to Moscow with Ambassador America and South America. Dr. Wynne further Bullitt visited Berlin, Rome, Paris and London on said that he had been very favorably impressed by business connected with the Foreign Service Build¬ these students; they were men of marked ability, ings Office. He was joined at Naples by Mrs. with a very good educational background, and Merrill. possessed of that grace and charm which is so char¬ acteristic of the Latin American; and he added, if The S. S. Washington on that trip to New York the students from the United States who proceed had a number of passengers connected with the to the universities of Latin America adapt them¬ Foreign Service. Consul Clement S. Edwards, selves as readily to conditions in those institutions from Bradford, England, who is about to retire, the principle of Pan-Americanism will have taken was on board accompanied by Mrs. Edwards and a great step forward. her mother. Mrs. Cortlandt Parker, wife of the military attache at the American Embassy at Lon¬ Mr. John Farr Simmons, Foreign Service Officer don, was another passenger, as was also Mrs. C. of Class III, was designated by Departmental Or¬ Warwick Perkins, wife of the Consul at Warsaw, der No. 576, of February 12, 1934, as Chief of the Poland; and Mr. Edward Page, father of Edward Visa Division, Department of State, effective as Page, Jr., language student at Paris. of that date. Mr. Simmons was Chief of that Also travelling on that steamer were Consul Division in 1929, after which in 1930 he was as¬ Benjamin M. Hulley and Vice Consul and Mrs. signed as First Secretary at Mexico City, and later George H. Barringer, from Dublin. Mr. Barringer in July, 1932, went as Consul General at Cologne. had been ill with pneumonia, but suffered a re¬ lapse, so on his arrival in Washington he was Mr. Willard L. Beaulac, Foreign Service Officer, taken direct to the hospital. Mrs. Barringer and Class V, now detailed to the Department, was, by her eldest child are staying temporarily as guests Departmental Order of February 15, 1934, desig¬ of Mr. and Mrs. Keith Merrill. nated as Assistant Chief of the Division of Latin Consul A. W. Donegan was also a passenger on American Affairs, effective as of that date. that steamer, returning to the United States on a brief leave of absence. David A. Salmon, the genial chief of the Divi¬ sion of Communications and Records, Department St. Paul’s Church, Alexandria, Va., was on Janu¬ of State, was the recipient of many congratulations ary 27 the scene of a charmingly interesting chris¬ on his birthday, January 30. A luncheon was given tening service of Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Ailing’s little in his honor by his office force. Secretary Hull sent daughter, Anne Priscilla, and of Katherine Eno, the Mr. Salmon a letter wishing him many happy re¬ daughter of Vice Consul and Mrs. James E. Hender¬ turns of the day and expressing the hope that they son. A large number of friends of the parents were might have Mr. Salmon with them in the Depart¬ present, including Mrs. Stuart J. Fuller and Mrs. ment for many years to come; Secretary Hull added Clayson W. Aldridge, who were the godmothers, that it gave him pleasure to say that the President and Mr. Wallace Murray, the godfather of Anne (who was also celebrating his own birthday) had Priscilla Ailing; and Mrs. Ely E. Palmer and Mrs. charged him to extend to Mr. Salmon his best wishes Paul H. Ailing, godmothers, and Earl L. Packer, 122 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL godfather of Katherine Eno Henderson. After the Consul General and Mrs. Will L. Lowrie have Church service a reception was held at the Alexan¬ purchased an old colonial house on South Royal dria residence of Mr. and Mrs. Ailing. Street, Alexandria, Va., which before occupancy they are going to remodel. It is directly across The departure of Vice Consul and Mrs. James E. the street from the home purchased some time ago Henderson for Tallinn, Estonia, was much regretted and remodeled by Diplomatic Secretary Eugene H. by their many friends in Washington, where they Dooman, who is now assigned to the Far Eastern have been stationed for several months. They were Division. Consul General Lowrie returned recent¬ the guests of honor at a number of receptions prior ly from Frankfort-on-Main, and is on duty in the to their departure, including one given by Mr. and Department until March 31, when he will retire Mrs. Earl L. Packer on Sunday, January 28, at the from the Service in accordance with the provisions close of which a number of the guests went to the of the act of February 23, 1931. Union Depot to say goodbye to Mr. and Mrs. Hen¬ derson and little Katherine. They sailed from New York on January 31. Consul and Mrs. Clement S. Edwards, who re¬ turned last month from Bradford, England, on leave of absence, have been visiting Washington, Glenn A. Smith, in charge of the Notarial Sec¬ prior to Mr. Edwards’ retirement from the Service tion, Division of Foreign Service Administration, on March 31, in accordance with the provisions of celebrated on January 30 last the twenty-fifth an¬ the act of February 23, 1931. They have rented a niversary of his entry into the Department. A very charming old colonial mansion, known as beautiful bouquet of flowers was sent to Mr. Smith “Hayfield,” at Fredericksburg, Va., and are busy by Mr. Hengstler, chief of the Division. moving their furniture there.

Photo from A. P. Cruger FUNCHAL, MADEIRA Entrance to town from small pier to which travelers are brought in launches from vessels anchored in the road¬ stead. The Consulate is in the white building to the right of the photograph, bearing the sign “Diario de Notieias” (one of the two daily papers). From his windows the officer in charge can sweep the harbor at a glance and see just wbat vessels are in port. There is rarely a day that passes without the arrival of at least two, and sometimes three or four, large passenger steamers, either on pleasure cruises or on regular mail routes, to South America, South Africa, the Portuguese Colonies, the Dutch East Indies, or to New York, via the West Indies. 123 The Commercial Office

ALTHOUGH President In transmitting to the L. Washington in 1790 House of Representa¬ appointed six American tives on December 23, Consuls and ten Vice 1842, a report entitled Consuls under general “Changes in Commer¬ constitutional authority cial Systems of Foreign the activities of these Nations Required by officers were not defi¬ the Act of August 16, nitely established until 1842,” Secretary Web¬ the passage by Congress ster made an appeal for of the Act of April 14, a definite organization 1792. The provisions of in the Department of this Act formally estab- State committed to the 1 i s h e d the Consular study of commercial Service and defined the and economic matters. duties of consular of¬ A Superintendent of ficers as relating to the Statistics was authorized protection of the inter¬ by the Act of August ests of American citi¬ 18, 1856, and the Sta¬ zens or “such as arise tistical Office under the from the nature of the direction of this official office under the general prepared and submitted commercial law of na¬ to Congress reports re¬ tions.” The exports lating to commercial from the United States affairs, tariffs and con¬ had increased from sular returns. While re¬ $20,205,156 in 1790 to ports had previously $101,189,082 in 1835, been submitted to Con¬ and the progress real¬ Harris & Ewing gress at various times ized in this field was re¬ JAMES J. MURPHY, JR. prior to the establish¬ sponsible for increased Chief, Consular Commercial Office ment of the Statistical activity on the part of Office, the report sub¬ the Department of State and consular officers in mitted by the Superintendent of Statistics in 1856 studying questions that might be of interest to represents the first summary of the commercial American foreign trade interests abroad. In 1838 activities of the Service prepared in a Division of the Secretary of State, Mr. Forsyth, strongly urged the Department devoted exclusively to commercial the preparation of reports by consular officers of and economic matters. a distinctly commercial character. An instruction Jn 1870 Secretary Fish renamed the Statistical was accordingly sent to the field at that time re¬ Office the Statistical Bureau and the Chief at that questing the submission, as occasion arose, of all time was known as the Librarian of the Depart¬ information relating to the commercial policy of ment. The Appropriation Act of June 20, 1874, foreign countries, the nature and extent of the provided for the establishment of a Bureau of foreign trade interests involved and such sugges¬ Statistics. The office continued under this title tions as might be pertinent to extend the foreign until the name was changed on July 1, 1897, by trade of the United States with those regions. Secretary Sherman to the Bureau of Foreign Com¬ The Act of August 16, 1842, required the Secre¬ merce. The Bureau of Foreign Commerce was tary of State to report annually to Congress such transferred to the newly created Department of information communicated to him by Diplomatic Commerce and Labor by virtue of the Act of and Consular officers during the preceding year as February 14, 1903. This legislation also pro¬ might be deemed valuable for public use. An an¬ vided that an office should be maintained in the nual statement was also required as to changes Department of State for the supervision of con¬ and modifications in the commercial systems of sular commercial reporting and for the dissemi¬ other nations. nation of these reports. Secretary Hay on May 28, 124 1903, designated this office as the Bureau of “The drafting of correspondence on consular trade pro¬ Trade Relations. motion and reporting work and the direction of consular activity in this field; the censoring, grading, and criticiz¬ The Bureau of Trade Relations became the ing of commercial and economic reports, as well as the Office of the Foreign Trade Adviser by the De¬ distribution of economic data to the Department of Com¬ partmental Order of September 30, 1912. On merce, and to such other Government departments and June 8, 1921, the section of the Office of the organizations and non-Government organizations as may Foreign Trade Adviser in which consular and appropriately receive such reports; the coordinated grad¬ ing of all consular political reports and the keeping of diplomatic reports were handled was transferred all related records, effected in cooperation with the geo¬ to the office of the Director of the Consular Serv¬ graphical divisions; certifying to the division of foreign ice with the designation DC-2. This designation service personnel of the department the relative rank of was changed to A4-C on July 9, 1924, and on each officer of career of the Foreign Service in commer¬ December 15, 1924, to A-C/C. At the time of the cial work to be entered upon his record; liaison office of the department with the Department of Commerce and transfer in 1921 the economic intelligence section the Department of Agriculture, as well as other depart¬ of the Foreign Trade Adviser’s Office was trans¬ ments in all matters involving the cooperation of consular ferred to the present Economic Adviser’s Office. officers in procuring economic and commercial data. The Commercial Relations of the United States “Transmits to the field the telegraphic and written in¬ were prepared for publication in the office annual¬ structions of the Secretary of Commerce to commercial ly from 1856 until 1903. In 1880 Congress made attaches and trade commissioners of the Department of Commerce as well as the forwarding of the reports and available funds for printing more frequently the correspondence prepared by these officers in the field to publications of the Department and especially the the Department of Commerce. The review of this corres¬ reports of consular officers. Volume I of Con¬ pondence for the purpose of coordinating questions of sular Reports appeared in 1881 and this publica¬ policy involved and the dissemination to interested divi¬ tion was continued as a monthly issue. Special sions of the Department of State of such economic mate¬ rial submitted by commercial attaches and trade commis¬ Consular Reports appeared in 1890 and the first sioners as may be of interest in connection with the volume consisted of reports, mostly commodity general policy of the Department of State.” surveys around the world. Secretary Sherman on January 1, 1897, inaugurated the practice of issu¬ DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIAL ing advance sheets of consular reports. These There are approximately forty-five governmental were published daily except Sundays and holidays agencies to which the Commercial Office distrib¬ and provided information in advance of the utes information received from the field. A special publication of the monthly volumes. telephone service is maintained for the transmis¬ In 1903 following the creation of the Depart¬ sion of cabled messages, as soon as these are re¬ ment of Commerce and Labor, the activities of ceived from the code room, to the Departments of the Bureau of Trade Relations, as the office was Commerce and Agriculture and to other interested known at that time, were limited to providing the organizations. Reports and despatches are for¬ Department of Commerce and Labor with eco¬ warded daily by messenger service to the Depart¬ nomic and commercial information. The publica¬ ments of Commerce, Agriculture and the Treasury. tion and dissemination of commercial information Distribution of material for the Office of Naval to business interests in the United States has, since Intelligence and the Military Intelligence Division that time, been a function of the Department of of the War Department is also effected by messen¬ Commerce. ger. Distribution to other governmental organiza¬ Among those who have been associated with tions is made daily by third person notes dis¬ the office at various times may be mentioned Con¬ patched through the mail. sul General John Ball Osborne, Honorable Evan The following table indicates, in part, the distri¬ E. Young, now Vice President of the Pan Ameri¬ bution of reports during the calendar year 1933: can Airways System, Minister Julius G. Lay, Consul General Wesley Frost, Consul General Total Marion Letcher, Mr. Harry A. McBride, Minister Commerce , 14,829 Resident and Consul General Addison E. South¬ Chamber of Commerce . 3,447 Agriculture 5,071 ard, Consul General Frederick T. F. Dumont and Treasury 3,252 Consul General John G. Erhardt. The present M. I. D. (Consular) ' 2.634 Chief of the Commercial Office, Mr. James J. M. I. D. (Political) 1,488 Murphy, Jr., assumed charge on January 13, 1931, O. N. I. (Political) 825 by virtue of Departmental Order No. 507. Reports to field (Political) . 934 Tariff Commission 5,565 FUNCTIONS OF THE OFFICE Labor 1,299 The functions of the Office at the present time By Third Person Notes 7,471 are as follows: (Continued to page 153) 125 News From The Field OTTAWA the various influences in the life of the Chief The marriage of Miss Irene Helen Robbins, Executive which contributed materially to his success, even when beset by physical infirmities daughter of the United States Minister to Canada that would have discouraged many another. and Mrs. Warren Delano Robbins, to Alexander Practically all of the important Toronto dailies Cochrane Forbes, son of Mr. and Mrs. Murray were pleased to report the Consul General’s ad¬ Forbes, of Boston, Mass., took place at Ottawa on dress at some length, the Mail and Empire re¬ February 10, and is said to have been one of the calling that Mr. Sauer had assured his hearers that most impressive weddings ever witnessed at that President Roosevelt cherishes particularly kind capital. Mr. Robbins is a first cousin of Presi¬ and neighborly sentiments toward Canada. The dent Roosevelt, bis mother, Mrs. Price Collier, of Toronto Globe commented editorially on the ad¬ New York, and the President’s mother being sisters. dress and the Financial Post described it as “a Mrs. James Roosevelt (the President’s mother), fascinating and penetrating analysis of the charac¬ Mrs. Price Collier and Mrs. Curtis Dali were all in ter and the objectives of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Ottawa for the wedding; and guests from Washing¬ and quoted the speaker’s words extensively. ton, New York and Boston were also present in large H. M. numbers, many of them making the trip by special train. The Minister of Canada and Mrs. William BUDAPEST, HUNGARY Duncan Herridge were also in Ottawa for the wed¬ American Consulate General ding, guests of her brother, Prime Minister Bennett. The Honorable J. BUTLER WRIGHT, American Min¬ Msgr. Joseph Charbonneau, vicar general of the ister, Montevideo, Uruguay. diocese of Ottawa, performed the marriage cere¬ DEAR MR. MINISTER: mony, which took place in the drawing-room of the As we have known each other for a number of archbishop’s palace, after which ceremony the cou¬ years, our Minister, Mr. Montgomery, suggested ple received the nuptial blessing in the adjoining that I write you regarding a subject in which you basilica, where the large company of guests were at one time evinced great interest. Four years ago, assembled. on February 18, 1930, to be exact, you wrote a The bridal couple left the basilica in picturesque letter to the Editor of the JOURNAL describing the state in the vice regal sled, painted white and consolidated offices which you had effected in drawn by six white horses ridden by Royal Budapest. Canadian Mounted Police in their scarlet uniform. When you came to Hungary as American Minis¬ A reception followed at the United States Lega¬ ter in 1927, the Legation Chancery was in one tion, after which Mr. Forbes and his bride left part of the city and the Consulate General in an¬ for Lucerne-en-Quebec, and later on for Bermuda. other. In 1928 a Commercial Attache was attached They will be at home after March 1 at 404 East to the Legation and that official opened a third Fifty-ninth Street, New York City. U. S. establishment in the business section of the city. You succeeded in bringing these offices to¬ TORONTO gether in one centrally situated building—the Le¬ Consul General Emil Sauer addressed the To¬ gation on the third floor and the offices of the ronto Board of Trade on January 22nd. by re- Consulate General and Commercial Attache on the cruest, upon the subject “The Life and Work of second floor. Franklin D. Roosevelt.” His address, delivered Your pioneer work made possible a further to a large audience of Canadians, traced the Presi¬ consolidation of the offices. The office of the Com¬ dent’s activities from boyhood to the White House, mercial Attache was closed last year and in the dealing in a thorough and interesting manner with fall arrangements were made to move the Legation 126 Chancery and Consulate General to even more attractive offices and at no increase in rent. We moved on January 19, 1934, to Szabadsag ter No. 12 which is only about three blocks from the former quarters. The Legation and Consulate Gen¬ eral occupy adjoining rooms, with one reception room for both, on the second floor, and all the Legation offices overlook “Freedom Square,” the most attractive park, as you will recall, in the city. The entrance is spacious and dignified and leads only to our offices, other occupants of the building using the entrance on another street which is also used by applicants for visas. We have of course continued the central tele¬ phone system for both offices. However, the one which has just been installed in our new quarters is an improvement over the one in the old quarters in that outside and inter-office calls are all made over the telephone thus doing away with the old Photo by H. D. Clum buzzer system. AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL The close collaboration between the two offices GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR which you inaugurated and described in your ar¬ ticle has been maintained and we hope that some eign Affairs; Sr. Rodolfo Baquerizo Moreno, Gov¬ day you will return to Budapest to meet again ernor of the Province of Guayas; Colonel Ricardo many old friends and to personally inspect the Astudillo, Chief of the Fourth Military Zone; Dr. Government’s combined quarters. Perez Serrano, Director of Protocol of the Foreign Sincerely yours, Office, and Dr. Jose de la Cuadra, Secretary of the JAMES B. STEWART. Governor of Guayas. Dr. Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra, President Elect GUAYAQUIL of Ecuador, called at the Consulate General on When Secretary Hull decided to visit La Li- January 25, last, in return for a visit paid to the bertad, Ecuador, on January 13, last, in his pas¬ Ecuadoran statesman by the Consular Corps at sage up the West Coast of South America, he was Guayaquil. The call was made at the Consulate met by Consul General Harold B. Quarton and General as a matter of courtesy because Consul Vice Consul Philip K. Tattersall who went to La General Harold B. Quarton was acting Dean of Libertad by plane to accompany and introduce the Consular Corps. the official Ecuadoran delegation which consisted Recent visitors at Guayaquil include Ambassa¬ of Dr. Ernesto Chacon, Under Secretary for For- dor Hal H. Sevier who spent a day here in pro¬ ceeding to his post at Santiago, Chile. Another visitor was Vice Consul Garrett G. Ackerson, Jr., who, recently transferred to Co¬ penhagen, Denmark, arrived by plane from Lima, Peru, to meet the Santa Barbara and Mrs. Ack¬ erson who was travelling north with Secretary Hull’s party. According to news received from Minister William Dawson, he and Mrs. Dawson are expected back at their post, Quito, about March 15, next. Mrs. Mary Chapin, wife of Sel-

Photo by H. D. Clum VIEW OF RIVER FRONT PARK, GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR 127 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

under him at various periods, namely: John W. Bailey, Jr., William E. De Courcy, Hugh S. Fullerton, Robert D. Longyear, and Robert B. Macatee. Mrs. Haskell will be particularly missed by the American Woman’s Club for which, as Honorary President, she has done especially valuable work in re-organizing and launching it as a body repre¬ sentative of the highest type and ideals of Ameri¬ can women in their clubs in foreign countries. On leaving Zurich, Mrs. Haskell was presented by the Club with a beautiful embroidered luncheon set. NAPLES On December 8, 1933, Vice Consul and Mrs. Claude H. Hall departed for the United States on board the S. S. West Ikonk. What part of the United States they were to land on, was unknown at the time of their departure, but the captain of the vessel prophesied that they might touch at either Savannah or Tampa. Consul Alfred T. Nes- CONSUL GENERAL LEWIS W. HASKELL ter, who arrived here with his family on December 22, 1933, to spend the Christmas holidays with Consul General and Mrs. du Bois, stated that the den Chapin, Charge d’Affaires ad interim, recently West Ikonk had arrived safely at Palermo, and so spent a few days in Guayaquil as guest of her far all went well. friends, Mr. and Mrs. E. Hope Norton of New York. United States Public Health Past Assistant Sur¬ geon Paul A. Neal and Mrs. Neal and their Na¬ ZURICH ples born baby Paul Whittaker Neal left on De¬ Dr. Lewis W. Haskell, having reached the re¬ cember 10, 1933, for Washington, D. C. tirement age, retired from the Foreign Service on Consul and Mrs. Ralph A. Boernstein arrived the last day of the old year. from home leave in the United States on the S. S. Dr. Haskell was the guest of honor together Excambion, while Consul Howard F. Withey ar¬ with the Consuls General of France, Spain and rived from Tunis with his family on December 22, Italy, who are also leaving Zurich, at a diner 1933. d’adieu given by the Consular Corps at the Hotel Passing through Naples during December were Baur au Lac on the evening of December 29th. the Honorable and Mrs. James Farley, Mrs. Dr. Haskell and his French, Spanish and Italian Charles MacVeagh, mother of the American Minis¬ colleagues, were each presented with a beautiful ter to Greece, and Consuls Roy Bower, from Singa¬ silver tray inscribed with their names and the pore, John Corrigan, from Venice, and Alexander date, as a token of esteem and as a souvenir Sloan, from Jerusalem. of their stay in Zurich. Dr. and Mrs. Frank F. Thweat, Jr., U. S. P. H. S., In commemoration of his retirement and of al¬ arrived at Naples on January 13, 1934, to replace most five years’ service at his last post at Zurich, Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Gregg, who are proceeding to Switzerland, the officers and staff of the Consulate Dublin. General presented Dr. Haskell with a handsome silver tray as a mark of their esteem and affection. On January 13, 1934, Mrs. Keith Merrill arrived When making the presentation, Consul Maurice W. on the S. S. Rex and was met by Mr. Merrill and Altaffer gave expression to the sentiments of all Consul General du Bois. Mr. and Mrs. Merrill the donors in speaking of the honor it had been stayed for lunch at the Consul General’s and then to serve under such a chief, and of the pride that proceeded to Rome on the same day. they had all felt of the appreciative letter which The American Ambassador to Rome, the Hon¬ Dr. Haskell had received from the Secretary of orable Breckinridge Long, paid a short visit to Na¬ State. ples from January 18 to January 20, 1934, when Another presentation made to Dr. Haskell was he came here to meet his sister, Mrs. Margaret Chat- that of a beautiful silver cigar box, the gift of field, arriving on the S. S. Empress of Britain. On certain Foreign Service Officers who had served January 19, 1934, the Ambassador paid a visit to 128 THE AMERICAN fOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL the Consulate General and met personally every member of the staff, and saw the wheels in opera¬ tion on a comparatively busy day. A Finnish training ship, the S. S. Soumen Gous- ten, was recently in the harbor at Naples for a short visit. On January 21, 1934, the date of sailing from Naples, the Consul General and the Finnish Consul sailed some 8 miles out with it, leaving the vessel on a motor launch. For the Consul General’s benefit the Captain had the vessel put under full sail, including all square sails, and then had all the sails furled to the bare poles in 13 minutes. Brigadier General William W. Harts, retired, formerly Military Attache at the American Em¬ bassy in Paris, France, accompanied by his daugh¬ ter, have taken up their residence in Florence for the winter months, during which period Miss Harts contemplates continuing her art studies. H. M. B., JR.

MILAN Consul Homer Brett left Milan on December 20th for home leave, travelling via Paris and Havre. Although permission arrived too late to be home by Christmas, he was met at New York by Mrs. Brett, who has been living at Washington Consul E. Talbot Smith (left) at the Refugio Principe di since last September, and by his daughter, Julia, Piemonte. The Matterhorn is seen in the distance. Mr. who has been attending Hood College. They im¬ Smith has tied his seal skins around him, ready for the mediately proceeded to West Point, where Consul descent; they are used under the skis on the ascent so Brett’s son, Homer Brett, Jr., is a cadet. that the skis will not slip backwards. Francis White, Minister to Czechoslovakia, called at the consulate on his way back to Prague, hav¬ ing taken an automobile trip in Italy. Keblinger. The next day, Consul General Keb- Vice Consul and Mrs. Paul Dean Thompson linger and the Shurmans had tiffin at Government spent some three weeks of their vacation touring House with H. E. Sir Cecil and Lady Clementi. through Switzerland, Austria and Hungary. The Service has been extraordinarily in evidence Consul E. Talbot Smith recently climbed from lately. Consul Dale W. Maher stopped off for a Breuil (2,000 meters) to the Refugio Principe di few days on his way from Hongkong to his new Piemonte (3,330 meters) on skis. The peak of the post in Medan, and about the same time Vice Con¬ Matterhorn is on this ridge, though higher (4,478 sul and Mrs. Randolph Higgs arrived and de¬ meters). E. T. S. parted, with practically no breathing spell, for their new post at Soerabaya. SINGAPORE When Vice Consul and Mrs. Sidney H. Brown Among the distinguished visitors to the Con¬ arrived from Rotterdam on their way to Batavia, sulate General in the last month or two were, the it happened that by the same ship arrived former present Minister to Siam, Hon. James M. Baker, Vice Consul Ernest Black whose last post was in who arrived in Singapore by the S. S. President Hongkong. At a tiffin tendered by Vice Consul Johnson accompanied by his goddaughter and Edward Anderson, these visitors, with friends secretary, Miss Ruth M. Hutchison. Vice Consul from Virginia, were introduced to real Malay Afield turned his car to good account for the oc¬ curry. Mr. Black was on his way to see whether casion and accompanied Mr. Baker on his sight¬ a certain elephant trap had been received in good seeing tour of Singapore Island. order in Medan by Consul Maher. It was not Former Ambassador to Germany, Hon. Jacob discovered whether elephant trapping would be a Gould Shurman, accompanied by his grandson, week-end sport or an avocation in Sumatra. Jacob Gould Shurman, III, passed through Singa¬ Consul General Keblinger was invited by the pore on their way around the world. While here Department of Post and Telegraphs in Malaya to they were entertained at a dinner party by Mr. (Continued to page 147) 129 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the 1933, and the provisions of Section 12 of the Act Foreign Service since January 13, 1934, and up of February 23, 1931. Mr. A. Dana Hodgdon of to February 10, 1934: Maryland, now an officer of the Department of (Date in parenthesis is that of announcement to the State, has been reinstated as American Foreign press.) Service Officer, effective January 11, 1934. (Jan¬ Career uary 27, 1934.) Pursuant to Executive Order of December 27, Robert Y. Jarvis of Los Angeles, Calif., now 1933, and the provisions of Section 12 of the Act Second Secretary and Consul at Asuncion, Para¬ of February 23, 1931, Mr. Clayson W. Aldridge guay, assigned American Consul at Antofagasta, of New York, now an officer of the Department Chile. (February 10, 1934.) of State, has been reinstated as American Foreign Mr. Graham II. Kemper of Lexington, Ken¬ Service Officer, effective January 11, 1934. (Jan¬ tucky, American Consul at Hamilton, Bermuda, uary 27, 1934.) assigned American Consul General at Rome, Mr. Burton Y. Berry of Fowler, Indiana, Third Italy. (January 27, 1934.) Secretary of Embassy at Istanbul, Turkey, as¬ Mr. Arthur L. Richards of Pasadena, California, signed to Teheran, Persia, as American Vice Con¬ Third Secretary of Legation and Vice Consul at sul and Third Secretary of Legation. (January Teheran, Persia, assigned as American Vice Con¬ 27, 1934.) sul at Jerusalem, Palestine. (January 27, 1934.) Mr. Alfred T. Burri of Mt. Vernon, New York, Mr. Stanley G. Slavens of Austin, Texas. American Consul at Basel, Switzerland, will re¬ American Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, Argen¬ tire from the Foreign Service, effective beginning tina, assigned to Baghdad, Iraq, as American February 1, 1934. (January 27, 1934.) Vice Consul and Third Secretary of Legation. The resignation of Mr. Claude A. Buss of Phila¬

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131 Mr. Joseph A. Springer, American Vice Consul, SMunson Luxury Service to retired, died at Habana, Cuba, on January 17, 1934. (January 27, 1934.) Mr. Lincoln C. Reynolds, American Vice Con¬ SOUTH AMERICA sul at Foochow, China, appointed American Vice J or might ly Sailings Consul, at Shanghai, China. (January 27, 1934.)

on Saturdays RUSSIAN NOTES Sail to and from South The Department of State made the following America on the largest announcement on February 8, 1934, of the per¬ and fastest ships in this sonnel that had been selected for the American service, the luxurious Embassy and Consulate General in Moscow: 21,000 ton S. S. Pan 21,000 ton S. S. Pan America John C. Wiley, Counselor, transferred from the America, S. S. Western Department of State. World, S. S. American Legion, S. S. Southern George C. Hanson, Consul General, transferred Cross; all airy outside rooms, gay shipboard life, from Harbin. excellent cuisine and service. Calling at Rio de Loy W. Henderson, Second Secretary, trans¬ Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo and Buenos Aires. ferred from the Department of State. Attractive arrangements for stopovers and sight¬ A. Dana Hodgdon, Consul, transferred from seeing at all ports. the Department of State. For further information consult your travel agent or Harold Shantz, Consul, transferred from Nai¬ robi. MUNSON STEAMSHIP LINES Angus I. Ward, Consul, transferred from Tien¬ 67 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. tsin. George F. Kennan, Third Secretary, now at Moscow. Bertel E. Kuniholm, Third Secretary, transferred from the Department of State. Charles E. Bohlen, Vice Consul, transferred from Paris. Elbridge Durbrow, Vice Consul, transferred from Bucharest.

E. Lee Murray, of Maryland, Chief Clerk, trans¬ ferred from the Legation at Peiping. George C. Minor, of West Virginia, Disbursing Officer, transferred from Paris.

OTHER PERSONNEL: Chauncey L. Simering, of New York. Fred E. Waller, of Michigan. Philip F. Cherp, of Minnesota. Arne A. Kock, of Massachusetts (transferred from Helsingfors). Henry W. Antheil, Jr., of New Jersey. Victor F. Sheronas, of Pennsylvania. George J. Vulumanio, of Pennsylvania. Bartley P. Gordon, of Massachusetts. Charles C. Skinner, of California. Lucien H. Hurteau, of Rhode Island. Ellis A. Johnson, of Massachusetts (transferred from Danzig). Tyler Kent, of Virginia. 132 In addition to the foregoing, it is understood that Sail under the Stars and Stripes the staff of the Embassy at Moscow will include Captain Nimmer, Acting Naval Attache, and Lieu¬ tenant White, the Assistant Military Attache, who is an aviator and will operate the plane which is being taken to Moscow. Captain Nimmer will be accompanied by his wife. Ambassador Bullitt will have a separate resi¬ dence, which was recently the reception house of the Central Executive Committee; while the Em¬ bassy and Consulate staff will have their quarters in the Savoy Hotel until a building now under con¬ struction, rented by the American Government, is To Europe on the fastest ready for occupancy about May 1st. This new cabin liners afloat building will contain about 80 rooms, sufficient for the offices and living quarters of the entire staff. New The building occupied by Mr. Bullitt is situated S. S. MANHATTAN S. S. WASHINGTON about a mile from the center of Moscow, facing a NEW luxury in roomy cabins, spacious decks, park dominated by a quaint old church. It is a delicious cuisine. ... No wonder the Manhattan and Washington are so popular! two-story, comfortable house and contains about 20 Six-day speed to Europe at low Cabin Class rooms. It is also about a mile distant from the fares. With the Pres. Harding and Pres. Roosevelt they offer weekly service to Cobh, building under construction mentioned above. Plymouth, Havre, Hamburg. Although at the present time only the Embassy See your local agent. His services are free. and the consular office at Moscow are being estab¬ lished, Under Secretary Phillips recently told the UNITED STATES LINES House Appropriations Committee that later it will Roosevelt Steamship Company, Inc. General Agents UTMOST OCIAIIHWia be necessary to station consuls in Leningrad, Vladi¬ Main Office: No. 1 Broadway, New York vostok and probably Odessa, and possibly one in Offices in all principal cities of the world. the Caucasus. Ambassador Bullitt announced that everyone in the Embassy at Moscow must learn to speak Rus¬ sian. There will be regular evening classes for the study of Russian, and those who do not become pro¬ ficient within a certain fixed period will return home. It is of interest, in this connection, to note that Messrs. Kennan, Kunihom, and Bohlen are lan¬ guage students and have already completed a course of study of the Russian language. Messrs. Hanson, Ward, Henderson and Durbrow, as well as several members of the clerical staff, have also acquired a knowledge of the language. Mr. Bullitt is also de¬ sirous that his staff shall establish close friendly re¬ An OFFICIAL lationship with many Russians and not spend most A DIRECTOR who counsels others and who appreciates others’ counsel when it leads to experi¬ of their time with other Americans and diplomats encing the comforts and conveniences of a stay at of other countries stationed at Moscow. the Willard, “The Residence of Presidents.” Single Rooms with Bath $4 up It is hoped that arrangements may be made for Double Rooms with Bath $6 up the establishment of a commissary for the importa¬ 25% discount on room charges to members of the tion of foodstuffs and other necessities for the use United States Foreign Service Popular Priced Coffee Shop of the official staff. A special refrigerator car con¬ Write for Illustrated Booklet and Rates taining meats, dairy products, and other perishables &)/ie will probably be sent to Moscow at regular inter¬ vals from a neighboring country. WILLARD HOTEL “The Residence of Presidents” It is understood that Moscow offers in the way 14th and Pennsylvania Avenue of diversion excellent theatrical productions, opera, Washington, D. C. ballet and other musical attractions, as well as many H. P. SOMERVILLE, Managing Director valuable and interesting art collections. 133 BUT AIRWHEEL TYRES ABSORB THE SHOCKS JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

DIPLOMATIC NOMINATIONS European Information Center and occasionally act as diplomatic courier. The European Informa¬ The United States Senate received on February tion Center is headed by Robert T. Pell.” 10, 1934, the nomination of J. Butler Wright, of Wyoming (now American Minister to Uruguay), to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten¬ The Security Storage Company, of Washington, tiary of the United States to Czechoslovakia; and D. C., which has been so faithful a supporter of also the nomination of George S. Messersmith, of the JOURNAL for many years, has the following Delaware (now American Consul General at Ber¬ interesting statement in its 28th annual report: lin) , to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni¬ “There is romance in the travels of the Company’s potentiary to Uruguay. lift vans which are used largely in overseas ship¬ ments. In these vans during the past year have been moved the effects of 10 Ambassadors and Ministers of the United States to their posts FROM THE VISITORS’ REGISTER abroad in England, France, Italy, Belgium, Den¬ Room 115, Department of State mark, Austria, Rumania, Greece, Costa Rica, Ar¬ DATE gentina, and of an almost equal number of return¬ January Andrew W. Edson, Mukden 17 ing Chiefs of Mission, foreign diplomats and Virginia Harris, Lima, Peru 17 many others of lesser rank. By these vans remov¬ Carl Breuer, Port-au-Prince 17 als have been handled on the Atlantic and Pacific Walter A. Thomas, Hull, England 18 Coasts and many cities in between, to a great John H. Morgan, Berlin 20 variety of destinations in the far places of the Henry P. Kiley, Geneva 21 James C. H. Bonbright, Ottawa 22 world.” H. D. Finley, Bordeaux 25 Ely E. Palmer, Jerusalem 25 Walter C. Dowling, Oslo 27 BIRTHS G. Howland Shaw, Istanbul 29 Graham Kemper, Rome 29 A daughter, Gretchen Ellen Anne Butriek, was H. S. Goold, Beirut 29 Bernard Gufler, Warsaw 29 born on November 23, 1933, at Shanghai, China, Garret G. Ackerson, Jr., Copenhagen— 30 to Consul and Mrs. Richard P. Butriek. February A son, Cyrus Maximovitsh Follmer, was born V. H. Blocker, Asuncion, Paraguay 1 Joseph C. Satterthwaite, Buenos Aires— 1 on December 14, 1933, at Berlin, Germany, to George D Andrews, Tokyo 1 Vice Consul and Mrs. Cyrus B. Follmer. Karl de G. MacVitty, Panama 6 W. Roderick Dorsey, Retired 6 A daughter, Barbara Lee Burke, was born on John Richardson, Jr., Winnipeg 8 December 30, 1933, at Foochow, China, to Vice B. M. Hulley, Dublin 9 Consul and Mrs. Gordon Lee Burke. Orlando H. Massie, Halifax, N. S. 12 Reed Paige Clark, Belgrade 12 A son, Edwin Peter Earnest, was born on Jan¬ Donald D. Edgar, Habana 12 R. Henry Norweb, Mexico City 12 uary 1, 1934, at Edinburgh, Scotland, to Vice Con¬ A. W. Donegan, Basel— — 13 sul and Mrs. Edwin B. Earnest. Fred K. Salter, Aden . 14 Walter W. Ostrow, Berlin 14 A daughter, Nancy Joan Reveley, was born on Clement S. Edwards, Bradford, England . 15 January 27, 1934, at Leipzig, Germany, to Vice Edward Savage Crocker, Tokyo 16 Consul and Mrs. Paul J. Reveley. William C. Trimble, Buenos Aires 20 A son, Richard Wales Signor, was born on Feb¬ ruary 8, 1934, at Kalamazoo, Michigan, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Wales W. Signor. Mr. Signor is Announcement was made in the interesting stationed at Nassau, Bahamas. January issue of The Foreign Service Record, (published monthly by the Federal Employees Union No. 349, Paris), that “First-Lieutenant MARRIAGES William S. Biddle, 3d, assumed his new duties at the Embassy, Paris, as assistant military attache. Scotlen-Bryant. Married on December 21, 1933, With Lieutenant R. H. Hillenkoetter, assistant at Saigon, Cochin-China, Vice Consul William naval attache, Lieutenant Biddle in addition to his Everett Scotten, of California, and Miss Josephine regular duties will work in cooperation with the Bryant, of El Paso, Texas. 135 IN MEMORIAM of a Canadian bank in that city and acted as direc¬ tor. Later he resigned that position and was again appointed Vice Consul at Habana, February 6, 1915, which position he held until his retirement in August, 1930. During his long period of service in Cuba, Mr. Springer became well known and respected by per¬ sons in all walks of life, and, as stated in an edi¬ torial in the Washington Star, “the Cuban people highly esteemed this grand old man of the American Consular Service, and he leaves a revered name in the island.” In 1928, in recognition of his services in the interests of Cuban liberty, he was made an honorary member of the Cuba National Society of Exiled Revolutionaries and was decorated by the Cuban Assistant Secretary of State with the medal of Marti. He was also an honorary member of the American Chamber of Commerce, and of Habana Camp No. 1 of the United Spanish War Veterans. Mr. Springer is survived by his three sisters, Miss Mary, Miss Grace, and Miss Inez Springer, who re¬ side at Avenida Wilson No. 97, in the Vedado, Habana. Sincere sympathy is extended to them.

Henry L. Bryan, former editor of the laws, and connected with the Department of State for many years, died suddenly in Washington on January JOSEPH ALDEN SPRINGER 21, 1934. Mr. Bryan was born in this city on February 25, The JOURNAL regrets to announce the death of 1853. He received his education in Columbian Vice Consul Joseph Alden Springer, which occurred College, now George Washington University, and at his home in Habana, Cuba, on January 17, 1934. Georgetown University. From Georgetown he ob¬ Mr. Springer was born in Portland, Maine, May tained the degree of master of laws. He served in 17, 1844. He came of colonial and revolutionary the United States Army from 1871 to 1874, and for stock, being a descendant of John Alden, and of the two following years in the War Department. Judge Edmund Quincy, who was sent on a mission From 1877 to 1885 he acted as clerk to the Senate to the Court of St. James by the Commonwealth of Committee on Finance, Private Land Claims, and Massachusetts, and of Captain Nathaniel Springer, Engrossed Bills; he then became private secretary Major Daniel Jackson and Edmund Quincy, who to Secretary of State Bayard. From 1886 to 1889 served in the War of 1776. he wras editor of the laws, Department of State. After education in the United States, Mr. Springer From 1891 to 1893 he was the first secretary of the was on June 1, 1867, appointed Consular Agent at Bureau of American Republics, now the Pan-Amer¬ Cardenas, Cuba. Then, after examination, he was ican Union. For four years thereafter he was again appointed by General Grant on January 8, 1870, as editor of the laws, Department of State. He then one of the original thirteen Consular Clerks. Ap¬ practiced law in Washington until 1902, when he pointed Vice Consul General at Hahana, August was appointed assistant law clerk in the Department 21, 1885, he remained at that post until American of State, and worked, editing the United States stat¬ consular officers in Cuba were recalled prior to the utes at large, in collaboration with James T. Du- outbreak of the War with Spain, at which time he Bois (his brother-in-law), then law clerk in the was attached to the Department of State at Wash¬ Department and afterwards minister to Colombia. ington. No consular officers being required under In 1909 Mr. Bryan was appointed law clerk and American intervention in Cuba, Mr. Springer re¬ held that position until, after having been given ex¬ signed and became Commissioner of Deeds at Ha¬ tensions of service beyond the retirement age, he bana for various States; he also opened a branch was finally obliged by ill health to retire in 1928. 136 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL its coffers, with the previously indicated intention to taper its activities off by an average weekly re¬ duction in its forces of four hundred thousand until Hotel Martinique the entire employment of four millions is termi¬ nated by May first. It is expected that those laid FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE off will be absorbed into other employment in con¬ SIXTEENTH STREET AT M sequence of seasonal increases in activity, more per¬ manent business revival, and expanded construc¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. tion of public works. Among projects of the latter program on which work has actually commenced 9 is the electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad between Washington, D. C., and Wilmington, Del., which on completion within twelve months will zAn Hotel of mean electrical operation from Washington to New York. Whether the termination of the CWA will be \Distinction effected according to plan as successfully as the 9 launching of that immense program was accom¬ plished remains to be seen; it is understood that the SPECIAL RATES reduction will be tempered, or alleviated by emergency relief aid, if it is not offset by increased To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE employment elsewhere, in accordance with the OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES President’s announced intention to let no person go • hungry in this land choked with plenty. It is too early to pass judgment on the CWA. Perhaps the Write for Booklet reduction in the surplus of butter, from 135 million pounds in storage on December 1, 1933 (against a L. R. HAWKINS, Manager normal of 34 millions) to 71 millions on February 1 was in part one of the ramified effects of the spending of CWA wages. The organization was set up with amazing rapidity which necessarily en¬ AN AMERICAN INSTITUTION tailed some of the defects of mushroom growth, but beyond question it brought benefits proportioned to IN FOREIGN SERVICE the daring imagination of its conception and the intelligent and skilful leadership of its execution, Providing Rapid, Depend¬ and future benefits are yet to be reaped from able Transport for Passen¬ the lessons it taught in the handling of an unem¬ gers, Express, and Mail Under Contract to the United ployment problem which will surely require na¬ States and Foreign Govern¬ tional attention for years to come. ments, Between North In Washington the CWA will be remembered at America and 32 Countries and Colonies of the West¬ least for the final removal of the unsightly old ern Hemisphere. Aqueduct Bridge at Georgetown, abandoned since the completion a decade ago of the Francis Scott Key Bridge across the Potomac a few feet down the river. Among other developments worthy of fuller treat¬ ment than the brief mention which is all that space here permits are: the continuation, for a third period of six months, of the Civilian Conserva¬ tion Corps, earliest and among the most inter¬ esting of the new measures by which our transi¬ tion from a pioneer to a civilized economic status is being aided, employing 300,000 young men upon the conservation of our forest and other Mr /TMEKrC/IX natural resources; a five-to-four Supreme Court SYSTEM decision upholding, as an emergency measure, a EXECUTIVE OFFICES J. T. TRIPPE 135 East 42nd Street EVAN E. YOUNG Minnesota mortgage moratorium statute—a deci- President NEW YORK CITY Vice >n Chorge Fore.g 141 JHE AMERICAN pQREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

sion generally hailed as foreshadowing the up¬ below the peak. Continuing the table published holding by the Court of the Federal Government’s in the January issue, the December figures (with emergency measures for economic recovery; a November figures in parentheses) are: production preliminary report by the Coordinator of Rail¬ of manufactures (71) 73; factory employment roads intimating the probability of ultimate taking (72) 72; factory payrolls (54) 53; department over of the system by the Government but recom¬ store sales (65) 68; construction contracts awarded mending for the time being continuation of the (48) 61. (N. B. Where a later statement is differ¬ present status to give it every chance of becoming ent from an earlier, e. g., index of November con¬ adequate to the nation’s needs; and the cancella¬ struction contracts awarded given last month as 51, tion by the Postmaster General, as of February 19, the earlier figure was preliminary and the later is of all air-mail subsidy contracts on grounds of col¬ final and correct.) The nature of 1933 Christmas lusion and irregularity in their award, followed by shopping is suggested in the index of department an executive order charging the Army air service store sales before adjustment for seasonal variation, with the carrying of the air mails for the period of which was 119 against 75 in November, and 106 in “emergency” pending the establishment of a new December, 1932. permanent arrangement. The cancellation of these The Treasury statement as of February 10 indi¬ contracts has raised a storm of controversy, and cated total federal expenditures of 1,163 million the whole story is not yet told. dollars since January first, of which 819 were emer¬ The National Recovery Administration, having gency expenditures. The latter, while continuing covered the country with a network of more than the increasing rate of recent months, will have to be 275 codes of fair competition, is now turning its stepped up considerably if the total of 6,972 fore¬ attention to a review to remedy such lopsidedness as cast in the budget message for the current six may be found to have developed in the first rush months is to be reached by July first. The tapering to get the code system established. A meeting in off of the CWA expenditures of seventy millions a Washington of the “code authorities”—the agencies week, or about one-half of the 819 millions, will of through which the codes are applied—has been course augment the degree of expansion in other ex¬ called for March 5, to be preceded by public penditures necessary if the total anticipated is to be meetings for the hearing of all complaints or sug¬ reached. gestions relative to the NRA, and in view of grow¬ ing criticism in recent months in regard to the controversial labor clauses and the consumer’s CONVICTION OF ALIENS interest, there should be interesting developments. GUILTY OF VISA FRAUDS A recent Department of Labor statement estimates On January 9, 1934, Joseph Vapnak, alias Szmul that since March I, 1933, not quite 2.4 millions Dawid Held, and Jacob Katzkowitz, alias Mojzesz have returned to industrial employment. Total un¬ Handwerker, were tried and convicted in the Dis¬ employment at its peak has variously been esti¬ trict Court for the Eastern District of New York. mated, according to definition and method, at from The former was sentenced to imprisonment for twelve to sixteen millions. eighteen months and the latter for a year and one As the foregoing review suggests, the elements of day, and both were ordered deported at the expira¬ primary interest in the nation’s economic develop¬ tion of the sentences. Both had become naturalized ment are still almost entirely confined to Federal American citizens since their arrival in the United Government activities. The most recent reviews of States. Their naturalization certificates were can¬ current business conditions point to a continuing celed from the bench at the time the sentences were general revival over recent weeks, notably in the pronounced. production of electric power and of steel, the latter These two persons entered the United States on influenced by a pick-up in orders from automobile forged immigration visas and documents copied manufacturers, the expansion of whose operations from visas issued by an American consular officer. had been delayed by production difficulties, and by It is believed that the decision will receive wide a long-deferred revival of railroad rail and equip¬ circulation through the usual underground chan¬ ment orders financed with government aid. This nels and will have a good effect in discouraging covers too recent a period to show in the Federal fraudulent visa operations. Reserve Board indices; the latest available of the latter, covering December, show a reversal in the decline since Julv in industrial production as well “Let each American nation vie with each other in the as a levelling off of the decline since September in practice of the policy of the good neighbor.” factory employment and payrolls at a rate not far CORDELL HULL. 142 REACHING ROUND the WORLD

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143 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Photo by H. S. Villard TRI-MOTOR FORD OF PENNSYLVANIA AIR LINES LOADING MAIL AND PASSENGERS FOR CLEVELAND AT WASHINGTON AIRPORT

TRANSPORT BY AIR IN THE dar year 1933 it is estimated that only 7,665,000 UNITED STATES pounds were transported. Even so, these figures (Continued from page 1191 graphically reveal the degree to which the public States and at 147 airports in thirty-three countries has become accustomed to use the air mail as a and colonies of the southern Americas, in connec¬ time saving device, and it is a favorite comment of tion with which they operated their own two-way those interested in the service that, if two letters are radio facilities and weather tabulation departments. dropped into the chute of an office building in New The mileage just mentioned, of course, includes York at the close of a business day, one addressed more than one trip daily; actually, the length of to a person in the same building and the other to a the routes traversed in purely domestic service, person in Omaha, both will be delivered at the which were made the subject of the Government’s same time. New York itself boasts of seven billion cancellation order, totaled approximately 27,000 dollars’ worth of interest-bearing and other com¬ miles. mercial documents air-mailed into that city during Not many people, perhaps, are aware of the ex¬ 1933 in order to save time. tent to which the air mail system, with its comple¬ Call them by whatever name you like, Govern¬ ment of passenger and express services, has been ment subsidies for air as well as ocean borne mail developed in the United States, or of the remark¬ at the present time are coming in for plenty of able strides made since 1927, when the Post Office criticism and it is likely that the entire scheme of Department completed the transfer to private con¬ payments will in the future be revised. These pay¬ cerns of all the air routes it was then operating. ments, however, have been decreasing each year in Nowhere in the world has the air transportation proportion to the number of miles flown and it is industry made a better showing in performance, in not improbable that in the course of time revenues which connection a few more facts and figures may from air mail postage would balance or surpass not be amiss. In 1927, there were 1,222,843 pounds these subsidies. Average payments made in 1929 of air mail transported, while by 1931 this amount were $1.09 a mile, which dropped progressively to Tiad soared to 9,351,195 pounds. The temporary 54 cents a mile in 1933, while because of drastic increase in domestic air mail postage since July 1, reductions in appropriations it was calculated that 1932, was held to have affected normal growth in the average for 1934 would be about 38 cents a ;the volume of mail poundage, so that for the calen- mile. Whether these sums were excessive in return 144 for the service rendered in a new and comparatively when it is obscured by fog; and the radio landing undeveloped method of transporting the mails is a beam on which a plane may glide down to a safe question that is being thoroughly threshed out in landing on an airport when the pilot cannot see the Senate investigation now in full swing. Also a outside. A highly trained ground personnel — on problem is whether the air lines, in their present most airlines there are six persons employed on the stage of development, are able to maintain current ground for every pilot in the air—devotes its whole operations without help in the form of Government attention to keeping planes up to the mark and on subsidies. More than 50 per cent of air transport schedule, and after every flight a crack squad of earnings come from the mail contracts, according mechanics goes over each item of equipment with to the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce, and in a definite list of things to check and report upon. 1932, the last year for which figures are available, To the fact that for every hour spent in the air the 66 per cent of income came from that source. average transport is in the hands of specialists two The practice of shipping by air express has be¬ hours is ascribed a larger measure of the success of come commonplace virtually overnight and in some the air lines in completing more than 95 per cent cities the shipments are said to have increased 400 of their scheduled mileage annually. And, it should per cent during 1933. Perishable food, flowers, be remembered, more than 40 per cent of the trans¬ machine parts and emergency supplies of all kinds port flying done in the United States today is done are among the principal articles expressed by air, not in the daytime but at night. but almost everything accepted for ordinary sur¬ Authorities are fond of quoting facts and figures face express is eligible for transport in airplanes. to demonstrate the scope of modern air transporta¬ In the last three years the growth in volume of air tion. Air lines in the United States, it is said, have express shipments has been phenomenal; 885,164 increased the number of station stops from 23 cities pounds were carried in 1931, 1,324,428 pounds in in 1926 to 178 at the end of 1933 and now serve 1932, and approximately 1,660,000 pounds in 1933. communities which are trading areas for 75,000,000 To gain a clearer picture of this rapid increase it persons, or 60 per cent of the population. The in¬ should be borne in mind that the air express branch ternational lines—which really means Pan-Ameri¬ of the service in 1926 was represented by an in¬ can Airways—form a link through an elaborate significant 6,467 pounds. system of schedules between the principal indus¬ Passenger traffic in the air has grown no less im¬ trial and commercial centers of the United States pressively than the transport of mail and express. and 104 cities in 32 countries to the south, serving Since 1926, when the cruising speed of the average trading areas with an aggregate population of 86,- transport plane was 100 miles an hour, the modern 000,000 persons outside the United States. And air liner has undergone changes in design which when it comes to this Latin American area, the sta¬ make 180 miles an hour the usual and not the ex¬ tistics fly thick and fast. Pan-American, which five ceptional rate of travel. And those who have not years ago inaugurated its Miami-Havana service, yet flown in one of the latest aerial Pullmans have has a network of 32,000 miles, 147 land or marine little idea of the refinements in comfort, safety and reliability that have been introduced — in minimizing the noise of propel¬ ler and motor, the use of roomy cabins and comfortable seats, in the serving of meals in the air, and in all-round efficiency born of actual experience and experi¬ mentation. Every improvement known to science has been brought into play in the matter of safety, such as the constant use of the two-way plane and ground radio telephone; direc¬ tive radio beam equipment when the pilot is unable to see the bea¬ cons on the surface; the radio airport localizer for bringing the EASTERN AIR TRANSPORT “CONDOR” LANDING AT WASHINGTON plane directly over an airport EN ROUTE FROM MIAMI TO NEW YORK 145 airports, its own machine shops and repair bases, in and night out—over every imaginable kind of and a private chain of 78 ground radio control and country, through sunshine and rain, snow and fog, weather stations. In that period the company has wind and calm, with astonishing regularity and carried nearly a quarter of a million passengers with a reputation for safety that is the envy of lines over some 73 million miles, has handled 12 million in many other countries. To quote a few more sta¬ pounds of mail and cargo, and, proudest of all, is tistics—it is estimated that an average of 1,550 per¬ its record of having completed 99.678 per cent of sons, 750,000 letters, and 4,700 pounds of express all flights on schedule. were flown over American air lines every 24 hours In five years, the domestic and international air during the first 10 months of 1933. Verily may it be lines nearly trebled the total length of their routes, said that the public is discovering the fact that an. from 16,667 miles in 1928 to 47,595 miles in 1933, air line is the shortest distance between two points. while the number of municipal and commercial air¬ ports mounted from 733 to 1,203. To keep pace with this expansion, the Department of Commerce increased the number of miles of airways lighted for night flying from a mere 4,500 miles in 1927 to THE AZORES—A WORLD IN 19,800 miles in 1933, and today maintains on this MID-ATLANTIC federal airway system 81 radio range beacons and 1,988 million-candle-power lighted beacons, each (Continued from page 114) of which can be seen thirty miles away. Consider¬ dinner clothes. Other entertainments are limited ing that air transportation is still a very young in¬ chiefly to religious processions held in honor of each dustry, the point to which it has already advanced of the innumerable favorite saints, except when the is enough to make one stop and wonder what the visit of a foreign war ship spurs the city into a fren¬ next five years will bring forth. Prior to 1918 it zy of entertaining for her young uniformed guests. was entirely a military experiment, and from then In spite of frequent rains the mild climate of¬ until 1929 it was in the throes of further experiment, fers plenty of opportunities for outdoor sports— both Government and civil, with the air mail as the tennis, riding and bathing. Hiking over the steep nucleus of development. The latter year may be hills is strenuous and recommended for those who taken as the beginning of the nation-wide system take their exercise seriously or want to decrease which is carrying passengers and express today and their tonnage; and motoring brings scenic rewards which, in ever increasing measure, is receiving the that fully compensate for the generally bad roads. support of the traveling public. One would certainly not die of excitement at When one glances back over the early marks St. Michael’s but it is a pleasant life, exacting al¬ established in cross-country or speed flying, the most nothing in the way of social obligations and progress of these last few years is nothing less than providing leisure to wallow in with unlimited amazing. Does anyone remember the laborious hours in which to read, collect butterflies, study flight across the continent of “Bob” Fowler in 1912, Chinese, or just sit in the sun and get fat. I sat in when he hopped by innumerable stages from Jack¬ the sun and got fat! sonville to San Diego? It took him just 151 days of heart-rending toil to accomplish that feat. Today, the coast to coast schedule for air mail, passengers and express is 18 hours and 30 minutes. It was POINSETTIA only a little over ten years ago that Macready and Kelly hung up a world’s record for non-stop flight (Euphorbia pulcherrima) by traveling 2,516 miles between New York and This brilliant scarlet flower, which is a native San Diego, yet the non-stop mark today is more of Mexico, was introduced into this country by Joel than double that figure. Those who can think back R. Poinsett, American Minister to Mexico from to that day in 1910 when Alfred LeBlanc sped 1825 to 1829—indeed our first diplomatic repre¬ through the air at Belmont Park at over a mile a sentative to Mexico. Upon his return to the minute, or when Jules Vedrines two years later United States he brought with him many cuttings startled the world by crossing the 100 mile an hour which he planted on his estate in Charleston. S. mark, may not realize that the present speed record C. Cuttings grow very easily and Mr. Poinsett is 423 miles an hour—or seven miles a minute. Such gave many to his friends, and so it became known progress holds the promise of even greater efficiency by his name. In Mexico it has several fancy and reliability for our air lines of the future. As names, the popular one being Flor de Noche it is, they are flying day in and day out—and night (Flower of Christmas Eve). 146 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 129) make a trial call to Manila over a projected radio telephone link with the Philippines. From his house therefore, early on December 14, long dis¬ tance telephone connection was established with Kuala Lumpur. From that city the conversation between Mr. Keblinger and the general manager ■of the Philippine organization was transmitted by radio. Traffic will be opened shortly, it is re¬ ported. By this means through the contact main¬ Every modern facility for the safe handling tained by R. C. A. to Manila it will soon be and care of household treasures. possible to have radio telephone conversations be¬ tween Singapore and the United States. It might be pointed out that there is no radio telephone traffic between Malaya and England. As to the FEDERAL STORAGE Singapore-United States link, it is not anticipated that traffic will be unduly heavy in half hour COMPANY Christmas conversations. The official American family in Singapore has been increased by the recent arrival of American Trade Commissioner and Mrs. Julian B. Foster with their two little girls. The whole family promptly fell ill with flu but it is a pleasant duty Complete Service to report that all have now fully recovered. Two weeks later, on the S. S. President Van Private Rooms for Furniture Buren, arrived Miss Norma Schmitt and Miss Vir¬ ginia Stearns, both from Michigan, as the local Silver Vault press pointed out. On Saturday morning, Decem¬ Motor Vans for Household Removals ber 16, Miss Schmitt was given in marriage by Mr. Keblinger to Assistant Trade Commissioner Packing and Shipping Carl Id. Boehringer. Mr. and Mrs. Boehringer went to Frazer’s Hill station for a breath of moun¬ Cold Storage Vaults for Furs & Rugs tain air on their week’s honeymoon. Miss Stearns Fumigation Chambers was married on Tuesday to Mr. Herbert A. Fred- erichs, the local representative of the Texas Oil Lift Vans for Foreign Shipments Company. Rug Cleaning R. A. H. Heated Piano and Art Section Insurance SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Vice Consul B. C. Connelly of Melbourne was in Sydney for a few weeks during November on vacation, spending a considerable part of his time DIRECTORS CHARLES S. BAKER JAMES M. JOHNSTON on the bathing beaches and local golf courses. H. RANDOLPH BARBEE HAROLD N. MARSH Consul A. R. Preston of Brisbane arrived in DANIEL L. BORDEN CARROLL MORGAN Sydney on December 11 on his way to Melbourne HANSON E. ELY, JR. E. K. MORRIS where he planned to spend a short vacation. He HENRY P. ERWIN CHARLES P. STONE NORMAN B. FROST CHARLES G. TREAT was too ill .to leave the vessel while in port and D. P. GAILLARD GRIFFITH WARFIELD is now in a hospital in Melbourne with typhoid fever. Assistant Trade Commissioner Wilson C. Flake 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE recently arrived in Sydney from his former post, WASHINGTON Calcutta. A. M. D. 147 Thoto by A. C. Frost AMERICAN CONSULATE, KARACHI, INDIA The Consulate occupies the top floor ol the building. The photo is inter¬ esting as showing five types of locomo¬ tion. Unfortunately, a cart drawn by a camel had just moved off the set. Consul Groeninger may be seen sitting in his car, which represents the Amer¬ ican kind most adequately.

INDEX SHEETS FOR CONSULAR REGULATIONS We again take pleasure in announcing a de¬ for Immigration and Quarantine, with distinc¬ velopment which it is believed will meet with tive colors also for shipping and seamen sub¬ a hearty welcome. An officer in the Department jects, Estates, Citizenship, Trade Promotion and (Consul Edmund B. Montgomery) has designed Protection, and Documentation of Merchandise. a set of index sheets for insertion in the Con¬ Unfortunately, the Department has insufficient sular Regulations in the same way as other funds to provide these sets, but considering that pages. These sets, prepared on light but durable one Consul General who examined the sample linen paper, contain the following special asserted that he would speak for ten sets at features: $2.00 per set, and that another Consul General On one side (1) a projection tab giving num¬ said that he was sure that each officer within ber and subject of each article and (2) outline his supervisory jurisdiction, embracing about of each article by sections, and on the reverse fifty-five officers, would want a set, and that side of the tabs the section numbers of each all w7ho have seen the sample have indicated article, such as, 307 to 320. their interest, it has been decided to permit offi¬ Embodied in the set is a helpful color ar¬ cers in the field to express their wishes by fill¬ ing in and returning the order blank given be¬ rangement of six different colors in addition to 7 the natural color of the paper, such as yellow7 low , indicating how many sets they would wish, so that an order may be placed for a sufficient number. The cost would depend on the aggre¬ ORDER BLANK gate number ordered, in accordance with the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, following table, from which it will be seen that Room 115, the range would be from 40c to 65c per set for the best quality: Department of State. Please send me postpaid sets Number of sets Cost per set of index sheets for the Consular Regulations, 300 65c for which I will pay not more than 65c per 500 57c set when informed of the cost, w'hich I un¬ 1,000 51c derstand may be as low7 as 40c per set. 1.500 40c Name If orders are placed for each personal and Post office copy of the Regulations, the cost would be but 40c per set, so fill in and send the cou¬ Date pon now7 if you are interested.

148 LONDON, ENGLAND ALFRED NUTTING

“Fideli Cerla Merces” Mr. Alfred Nutting completed on January 4, 1934, forty years’ consecutive service as clerk in the American Consulate General at London, and prior to that unbroken period of service he was in the employ of the Consulate General for three and a half years. Altogether he served under eleven Con¬ suls General. There are few men who have such a splendid record of service, and it is interesting to note that among the many testimonials he has re¬ ceived, including letters from Mr. William Phillips, Acting Secretary of State, and Mr. Herbert C. Hengstler, chief of the Division of Foreign Service Administration, Ambassador Robert P. Skinner sent Mr. Nutting some time ago a photograph in¬ scribed: “To Alfred Nutting, my old friend and veteran of unforgettable days—one of the most dili¬ gent and effective collaborators I have ever known. With sincere regards, Robert Skinner.” Mr. Nutting has in the past sent many contribu¬ tions to the JOURNAL, some in very delightful verse. The JOURNAL therefore desires to extend to Mr. WORLD SERVICE Nutting its congratulations and its best wishes for continued activity, and for his good health and happiness. for TRAVELERS The American Express Travel Service scene above is HABANA typical. It begins when the Company’s uniformed in¬ terpreter meets travelers at foreign railroad terminals, February 10, 1934. and continues with— On the night of February 3 the building in which All details incidental to foreign travel. .. Vice Consul Dorsey G. Fisher has his apartment Foreign financial accommodations . . . The was bombed by someone unknown. The bomb, shipment of merchandise and valuables which badly damaged the entrance to the building, . . . Marine Insurance . . . Customs Clear¬ evidently was intended for other persons. ances ... Mail, Cable and Wireless Consul General Carlton B. Hurst, retired, and service Mrs. Hurst spent a week in January visiting old Traveling Americans seek help, advice and informa¬ tion from the American government representatives in friends in Habana before proceeding to Key West, cities abroad. In many of these foreign cities are where they expect to pass the remaining winter American Express offices equipped to take over the months. business of serving such Americans in their travel, for¬ Captain L. V. Durfee, U. S. Infantry, arrived at eign financial and shipping requirements, and in gen¬ eral to give them the assistance and information so Habana early in February to assume the post of important to traveling Americans. Assistant Military Attache at the Embassy. Because of their strategic locations and because of the Consul Knox Alexander and family of Cienfue- wide variety of services they are able to perform, the gos sailed from Habana in February for a short American Express offices can be of assistance to those vacation in the United States. who are attending to our government’s activities in for¬ Mr. Walter J. Donnelly recently assumed his du¬ eign lands. ties as Commercial Attache at Habana, having been transferred from a similar assignment at Bogota. First Secretary of Embassy H. Freeman Mat¬ AMERICAN thews recently brought his family from Washing¬ ton to Habana, and Second Secretary and Mrs. Ellis O. Briggs also have lately arrived and taken resi¬ EXPRESS dence in one of the attractive suburbs of the city. TRAVEL, FINANCIAL, SHIPPING SERVICE H. S. T. 149 GOLFING AROUND THE ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO WORLD THE AMERICAN CONSUL

I: ECUADOR Who knows to name the German towns and each town’s- Having noticed a request in a recent issue of the brands of beers? Who knows to a peseta’s worth the Spanish needs in. JOURNAL for sport conditions at various posts I shears? beg to submit the following remarks relative to Who knows the Arab’s preference in automobile gears? golf in Ecuador. Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. Although a certain number of the British resi¬ dents and others attempted to establish a golf club Who knows the polish Russians buy to get a perfect at Guayaquil, this club was disbanded because the shine? Who knows, when Frenchmen cure pigs’ feet, the way ground on which the course was laid out proved they mix their brine? too swampy and since no game could be played Who knows in Tunis what to do to operate a mine? for some six months of the year members lost Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. interest. In the spring of the year 1933 the Country Club Who knows where’s lived these sixteen years your of Guayaquil was formed with 100 charter mem¬ mother’s former maid? Who knows, when visiting Greek hotels, the prices to be bers who paid approximately $25.00 each. Sev¬ paid? eral members of the consular staff including my¬ Who knows th" address of every place where passports self are charter members. Thus the club was in¬ are visaed? itiated with the small amount of $2,500 capital Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. and from this money about $1,000 was spent on Who knows the population of the isle of Martinique? a club house, $1,000 in laying out the course and Who knows the duty paid on goods when shipped to the remaining sum on telephone and water con¬ Mozambique? nections. The ground was cleared from virgin Who knows the boats that navigate on each canal anct jungle (lying about eight and one-half kilometers creek ? from Guayaquil). Some of the greens were so Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. natural and interesting that various members of Who knows the mechanism of a portable phonograph? the club alleged that the early Indian populace, Who knows the name of every man on Marshal Focli’s the Incas or rather the Schyris must have played staff? golf and prepared the ground for later genera¬ Who knows how many years you’ll get for killing a tions. The course is, however, somewhat stoney giraffe? and much clearing would have to be done to make Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. it compare with the average American course. As Who knows the source of meerschaum and the same of labor is cheap it is believed that most stones on manganese? the fairway can be removed in about two years. Who knows the diet and wardrobe of the noble Bengalese?' This has not dampened the ardor of the members Who knows in pounds the cherries picked from Jap’nese because nine holes were ready for play in 1933 cherry trees? and these will be improved as time goes on. Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. There is also a golf course at Quito which is Who knows the schedule and the route of every foreign laid out on very excellent grassy terrain. The club train? at that place has been in existence for several Who knows, if you buy marks today, the sum that you years. will gain? Who knows to one-sixteenth of inch each country’s fall Two sand courses exist at Ancon and Salinas of rain? which have been constructed by the Anglo Ecua¬ Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. doran Oilfields and the All American Cable Com¬ pany clubs, respectively. Who knows how to manipulate an oscillating pump? With all these courses of various types and char¬ Who knows each national record for the hop and skip and jump? acter some of which have hilly, sandy and stoney Who knows the why and wherefore of a Bactrian camel’s terrain, Mr. Chapman or any other excellent golf¬ hump? er would have much pleasure in practicing their Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. favorite sport at this tropical post. It may be noted, however, that most members prefer to avoid Who knows a man who wants to buy a lot of table a midday sun and the usual rounds are played knives? Who knows the secret of success in philanthropic drives? either early in the morning or late in the after¬ W'ho knows the reasons why young men should all insure noon. their lives? ; HAROLD B. QUARTON. W hy that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. 150 TO ANY PLACE IN THE WORLD!

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OUR FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES: PITT & SCOTT, LTD. LONDON GLASGOW PARIS HAVRE LIVERPOOL 25 Cannon Street E. C. S Dixon Street 16 Place Vendome 7 Rue Fontenelle 4 Redcross Street When writing to our foreign representatives please forward a carbon copy to our Washington Office MERCHANTS TRANSFER & STORAGE CO. JOHN L. NEWBOLD, JR., PRESIDENT 920 E Street Washington, D. C. Cable "Removals"

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151 Who knows the cost and selling price of every blessed tool? Who knows the formula employed in making Scottish gruel? Who knows how many Hoppe’d run if he should take up pool? Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. Who knows the date of Gordon’s death in far-away Khartum? Who knows the output, hour by hour, of every blessed loom? Who knows, in fine, what’s to be known on this side of the tomb? Why that’s our friend, AMCONSUL. ANON.

[These verses by one who desired to be anonymous were brought to the notice of the JOURNAL by Consul James H. Keeley, now stationed at Montreal; and the anonymous author, when his permission to publish ivas sought, said that he hoped that we would not fail to make suitable ac¬ knowledgment of our indebtedness to Mr. Keeley, adding, evidently in a joking way, “Patrons of the arts are, prob¬ ably more than the artists themselves, responsible for the art treasures to which we point with such just pride, and it seems to me that no opportunity should be overlooked to give one of these patrons his due.”1

THE COCKEYED WORLD Gold has tumbled. That’s a laugh. All our salaries cut in half. And where we had both cake and bun, UNITED FRUIT CUJT1PANY We now must be content with one. GREAT Silver’s here and come to stay, WHITE Let’s hope we never rue the day. All the world is upside down. FLEET Not anywhere can peace be found.

Regular Freight and Passenger Service Maybe it’s just what we need, Cutting out both graft and greed. BETWEEN The simple life and all that stuff, New York, New Orleans, Boston and San Francisco And the further need to bluff. AND Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, Me, I never had enough, Guatemala, Honduras, British Honduras, Never felt the need to bluff, Mexico, Nicaragua, Salvador. Just content to lead a life, Weekly service with transshipment at Cristobal Far from envy, fuss or strife. (Canal Zone) to West Coast Ports of Central America, South America and Mexico at differ¬ Never had a Packard car, ential rates. Through bills of lading to all points. Nor felt the need to roam afar. A little Ford, I’ve always found, Shipments to El Salvador handled expedi¬ Quite good enough to run around. tiously via Puerto Barrios, Guatemala and the International Railways of Central America. Now we’re down to beds of rock, For Rates and Other Information Address: All the pennies in the stock. Rolled away and said GOODBYE. FREIGHT TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT But what’s the use to sit and cry. Pier 3, Noth River, New York, N Y. While it lasted, it was great. 1001 Fourth St., Ill W. Washington St., San Francisco, Calif. Chicago, 111. Everything was up to date. Long Wharf, 321 St. Charles St., Now it’s over, we must grin, Boston, Mass. New Orleans, La. Make the best and hope to win. General Offices: One Federal Street, Boston, Mass. CLARA M. 152 THE COMMERCIAL OFFICE (Continued from page 125) During the same period consular commercial SPEEDING the material was forwarded to the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Com¬ merce, as follows: World’s Business Trade Letters (originals to firms) 27,188 World Trade Directory reports 63,618 Trade Lists 10,932

EFFICIENCY RATINGS The preparation of the annual efficiency ratings of consular officers in commercial work is a most important part of the activities of the office. To do this effectively involves careful consideration of all factors relating to the commercial field so far as each individual officer is concerned. The reporting work is only one phase of this problem and should not be over-emphasized since practical assistance rendered to American commercial inter¬ ests in the field should always be given considera¬ tion and it is therefore important that all activities where the Service has had an opportunity to be VERYWHERE ... on all sides . . . you hear distinctly useful to an American interest should be E reported promptly and concisely for appropriate it. The battle cry of RECOVERY. The clarion notation at the time the records are prepared. call of the new era. The prayer of all people . . . of all countries. And the slogan of Under¬ COMMERCIAL POLICY wood Elliott Fisher for years . . . “Speed the In a joint Press Release issued by the Depart¬ World’s business.” ments of State and Commerce on August 25, 1933, certain modifications in commercial policy were Underwood Elliott Fisher “Speeds the World s announced to the business interests in the United Business” by giving wings to the thoughts, the States. These principles are embodied in the De¬ partment’s instruction of August 23, 1933, Diplo¬ words, the figures that are essential parts of busi¬ matic Serial 2343. The changes thus established ness. Through Underwood Typewriters. Through by the Secretary of Commerce, with the concur¬ Underwood Elliott Fisher Accounting Machines. rence of the Secretary of State, will, it is believed, Through Underwood Sundstrand Adding-Figuring result in more effective treatment by the Service of Machines. Through the supplies that are part of problems affecting the general interests of Ameri¬ can foreign trade. The elimination of certain types them. of individual services is believed to be a step in Underwood Elliott Fisher not only sells office the right direction so far as sound commercial policy is concerned. In the past too much time machines . . . Underwood Elliott Fisher services of officers has been taken up with the settlement them for life! of difficulties for individual exporters many of which could have been avoided by the exercise of TYPEWRITER DIVISION due diligence on the part of the exporting firms UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY themselves in making use of the commercial in¬ Homer Building, 601 13th Street N. W. telligence data already available regarding the Washington, D. C. foreign firms with whom difficulties were later SALES AND SERVICE EVERYWHERE encountered. It is pertinent here to state, however, that the The UNDERWOOD prohibition against the preparation of special mar¬ ket surveys for individual firms embodying the STANDARD .... Model No. 6 compilation of data not in the files of the office, as well as extensive outside investigation in trade 153 D1 THE AMERtCAN FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

circles, is not to be taken as dispensing with all outside contact and investigational work for the HOTEL LAFAYETTE purposes of general trade promotion. The last CORNER 16TH AND EYE STREETS, N. W. thing that is desired is the preparation of academic

WASHINGTON, D. C. reports and letters based purely upon statistical matter or publications. The changes in interna¬ ENTIRELY MODERNIZED UNDER NEW tional trade today are so important and are so MANAGEMENT swift that the background can only be obtained by the cultivation of friendly contacts with impor¬ ® Radio loud speaker in ters and bankers and other persons intimately as¬ sociated with these activities. every room. Every room Along these lines there has been noted a ten¬ with tub and shower dency on the part of some officers to couch their bath. ® Coffee Shop— replies to requests for specific information in the Table and Counter Serv¬ negative form basing the reasons upon the instruc¬ tion of August 23, 1933. As a matter of psychol¬ ice. ® Dining Room— ogy a negative statement in a letter is usually un¬ Table d’Hote and A la fortunate in effect and much better results can be Carte Service. obtained by providing the inquirer with such in¬ formation as is possible under existing instruc¬ tions. Only three minutes from State Department, the It is clear therefore that the new commercial White House, and Business Section. policy places the activities of the agencies of the SPECIAL DISCOUNT Government abroad in this field in a position to all Diplomatic and Consular Officers more in conformity with the functions of the JEFFERSON L. FORD, JR. representatives of other principal countries, al¬ General Manager though it is believed that the commercial intelli¬ gence information provided by our governmental agencies is still far more extensive in scope and character than that rendered by other countries. SEND THE JOURNAL To Your COORDINATION PLAN OF AUGUST 5, 1933 In addition to simplifying materially the admin¬ Relatives And Friends istrative procedure involved in the relations of the Departments of State and Commerce in the for¬ They will always welcome this intimate news of you, eign field the present Coordination Plan, it is be¬ your colleagues and your interesting Service. lieved, reduces duplication of activity to a mini¬ mum and therefore makes for greater simplicity HE JOURNAL Staff now offers to each in operation and a resulting saving in expense. active and associate member of the American The Plan also takes cognizance of the important Foreign Service Association the privilege of sub¬ factor that is presented today by the economic scribing for the JOURNAL for or on behalf element in foreign relations and places at the dis¬ of relatives and friends at the rate of $2 per posal of the Secretary of State, who under the year. direction of the President is charged with the gen¬ Each member may use up to five of these eral conduct of foreign relations, for his informa¬ special subscriptions. tion all of the material contributed in reports hy Please use the coupon below. the Commercial Attaches and Trade Commission¬ ers of the Department of Commerce. The eco¬ ----- SPECIAL OFFER ------nomic material received in the Department from AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, the Foreign Commerce Service is made available Care Department of State, Washington, D. C. to the interested geographic divisions and the of¬ Please send the JOURNAL for one year. fice of the Economic Adviser where these reports have been found to be of great assistance in the To Send bill for $ evaluation of conditions in foreign countries affect¬ ing the commercial interests of the United States. To The following statement indicates the volume of reports and other material received in the Com¬ mercial Office from the Department of Commerce 154 JHE AMERICAN JTOREIGN $ERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

• ENGLAND • FRANCE

PAGANI’S RESTAURANT WHEN CALLING AT Great Portland Street, London, England ^ MARSEILLES V

WORLD FAMOUS Five minutes’ walk from American Consulate General HOTEL TERMINUS P.L.M. Patronized by American Foreign Service Officers 1st Class. The Most Airy. The Best View over Town & Sea. for over 40 years. SPECIAL TERMS TO MEMBERS OF A. F. S. A. SPECIAL RATES TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS Pension from 80 Fr. per day, inclusive.

• FRANCE

HOTEL CONTINENTAL Restaurant Brasserie de Strasbourg Cuisine de tout premier ordre Bar Americain Dominating Tuileries Gardens 11 place de la Bourse 11 3 RUE CASTIGLIONE, PARIS EMBASSY DINERS DANSANTS :: ATTRACTIONS American Foreign Service. 54 RUE VACON - MARSEILLES

• ITALY

Hotel de France et Choiseul Hotel Palace-Ambassadeurs, Rome / (OPPOSITE THE AMERICAN EMBASSY) 239-241 RUE ST. HONORE, PARIS ( Special Reduced Rates for Diplomats ) This hotel is unrivalled for its Palatial Beauty, located in Near Place Vendome-Opera-Champs Elysees the exclusive section of Rome, and near the Pincio Gardens. RENOWNED FOR ITS FINE CUISINE -:- Every Comfort Large Interior Garden RESTAURANT :: AMERICAN BAR :: GRILL ROOM Tel. address: Francheul, Paris. Demellette, Prop. C. F. ROTA—Gen. Manager

• HUNGARY • MEXICO

B THE R 1 T Z M„pl r DUNAPALOTA U D H OT E LS- MEXICO CITY’S A HUNGARIA NEWEST, P UNDER ONE MANAGEMENT MOST MODERN s AND SMARTEST HOTEL T ON THE CORSO FACING THE DANUBE LUCAS DE PALACIO, Managing Director and from the Commercial Attaches and Trade leading departments of the Government are receiv¬ Commissioners of that Department from Septem¬ ing material from the Foreign Service through the ber 1, 1933, to January 31, 1934: distribution facilities of the Commercial Office. To the field: The activities of the officers in the field in provid¬ Instructions Cables Miscellaneous ing special types of economic information for the use of particular departments have been the sub¬ 3,943 121 139 ject of favorable comment and much of these From the Field: data have been found extremely useful. A pro¬ Economic and gram of reporting in an endeavor to meet the Letters Reports Trade Notes Cables Miscellaneous specific needs of a number of governmental de¬ partments and organizations was formulated in 6,776 1,172 2,804 361 2,357 the series of instructions following that of July REPORTING FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS 28, 1931. It is gratifying to note the interest that The table of distribution hereinbefore given in has been displayed in this work and it is hoped this article will indicate the extent to which the that this activity will continue as time and op- 155 portunity permit the study of special economic X—Assumption of Duties by a Charge d’Affaires ad problems. interim XI—Arrival of a New Secretary. LIAISON WORK XII—Departure of Secretary on Leave of Absence. XIII— Transfer of Secretary. The Commercial Office is the Liaison Office of XIV— Receptions by the King. the Department with the Department of Commerce, XV—Signing of Books of Their Majesties. the Department of Agriculture and with certain XVI— Attending the King at Public Ceremonies. other governmental organizations. Its contact is XVII— Calls and Leaving of Cards. XVIII—Calls on the Occasion of the Formation of a New also very close with the. Chamber of Commerce Cabinet. of the United States since much information of XIX- -Social Position of Wives of Moslem Officials. interest to American business is provided that or¬ XX—Presentation of American Foreign Service Officers ganization. Much of the liaison work involves and their Wives to Their Majesties. discussions with the Liaison Officer of the De¬ XXI—Presentation of Private American Citizens at Court. partment of Commerce of administrative problems XXII—Special Position of British High Commissioner. involving the services of the two Departments in XX11I—Order of Precedence of the Diplomatic Corps. the field. Under the provisions of the present XXIV—Order of Precedence of Egyptian Officials. Coordination Plan the Liaison Officers of the XXV—Order of Precedence of British Officials in Egypt. Departments of Slate and Commerce have formal XXVI—Forms of Salutation, Subscription and Address. meetings twice a week when problems arising in I would be pleased to see the columns of the JOURNAL open to suggestion of further topics which might suitably connection with the work of both Services are be included in a basic report on the protocol observed at discussed, adjusted or referred to the superior different posts. officers of the Departments of State and Commerce. T have for some time felt that the post reports might J. J. M., JR. well be supplemented by the addition of a report on protocol, as well as by an annotated bibliography of the published material essential to an understanding of the country or district of the post concerned. Such bibli¬ ography on Egypt has recently been completed hv the LETTERS undersigned, copies of which will he available shortly (This column will be devoted each month to the publication, in the Department and at this post. in whole or in part, of letters to the Editor from members of Sincerely yours, the Association on topics of general interest. Such letters are to be regarded as expressing merely the personal opinion of the J. RIVES CHILDS, writers and not necessarily the views of the JOURNAL, or of Second Secretary of Legation. the Association.)

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Cairo, Egypt, December 5, 1933. FORM OF BEQUEST The Editor, I give, devise and bequeath to the American AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Foreign Service Association or any association or SIR: organization which may later succeed it with sub¬ I have been very much interested in the letter of Mr. stantially the same relationship to the Foreign Francis Jordan relating to the need of information regard Service of the United States to be held in trust ing matters of protocol which was published in your issue of November, 1933. by the Executive Committee of said Association, Before the publication of this letter and before the re¬ or such other board or committee as may later ceipt of the Department’s recent circular mimeographed have general supervision over the management of instruction, in recognition of the need of such informa¬ the Association or its successor, the sum of tion by officers arriving at a new post, I had begun the Dollars to be paid compilation of a detailed and comprehensive report on the from the general assets of my estate: Provided, protocol observed by the Legation in Cairo. This report which is going forward shortly to the Department includes however, That the trustees of said fund shall have information under the following headings: authority to invest and re-invest it in interest- bearing securities and use only the interest thereof I—Agrement. II—Arrival of New Minister. for any beneficent, educational, or utilitarian III— Ppurposesresentation connected of Letter ofwith Credence said byAssociation. New Minis¬ This ter. bequest, though modest in amount, is appropriate IV— Otofficial my circumstancesCalls on Egyptian and Officials is made and inMembers the hope that of the Royal Family. V—Official Calls on Chiefs of Missions. it may gain the approval of other officers of the VI—Calls by the Minister’s Wife. Foreign Service of the United States and result in VII— Dothereparture similar of Minister bequests. on Leave of Absence. VIII— Return of Minister from Leave of Absence. IX—Recall or Transfer of a Minister. 156 A CENTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

THE International Buildings in ROCKEFELLER. CENTER are fast becoming the headquarters of inter¬ national business activity in the United States. The British Empire Building and La Maison Francaise—the two buildings already completed—are tenanted exclusively by British and French business interests or the American representatives of compa¬ nies handling the products of these

IJA MAISON FRANCAISE IN ROCKEFELLER CENTER ^WO nations.

The Hoekefeller Tenter Inhibition Act A stimulus to international trade is provided by the Rockefeller Center Exhibition Act, passed by the 72nd Congress. Under the provisions of this Act, 1. Tenants of the Development may exhibit imported articles for as long at two* without the payment of duty thereon* At the dose of the exhibition, articles must be exported, placed in our bonded warehouse or delivered to a previous purchaser—in which latter event, the duty must jbv paid. 2. Samples of imported articles may be exhibited and orders filled from stocks of similar merchandise in the bonded warehouse. Such stocks or merchandise are dutiable as withdrawn from the warehouse. 3. During the course of the exhibition articles imported for it may be advertised, photographed, examined and copied, etc. They must, how¬ ever, be exhibited in the condition in which they enter the country.

LET US SEND YOU FULL DETAILS • W* shall be pleased to send complete information concerning the exhibition fa¬ cilities at Rockefeller Center to firms in your consular district. Also, upon request, a copy of a new illustrated book, “ROCKE¬ FELLER CENTER,” will be mailed to any Diplomatic or Consular Officer.

.4Hdre»»: ROCKEFELLER CENTER, INC. Dept. E E BRITISH 30 Rockefeller Plaza New York, N. Y. ™ EMPIRE BUILDING IN ROCKEFELLER CENTER DELIGHTFUL HOME

IN NEW YORK

Distinguished visitors . . . since the nine¬ else, givesThe Waldorf-Astoria its delight¬ ties . . . have stopped at The Waldorf- ful private-home charm. Spacious rooms Astoria. Traditional are Waldorf hospi¬ and suites, with every new-day conve¬ tality, prestige, and perfect appointments. nience. On residential Park Avenue . . . Yet, equally important is the personal yet next door to shops, clubs, theatres, helpfulness of the service establishment churches, anil the financial center. For catering to your slightest preference and information, reservations and rates, ad¬ desire. Perhaps this, more than anything dress correspondence to F. A. Ready, Mgr.

Special room rates to United States Foreign and Consular Services THE WALDORF-ASTORIA