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(178/15) SS Quirico e Giulitta SS Quirico e Giulitta is an 18th century convent and titular church of ancient foundation at Via Tor dei Conti 31/A in the rione Monti, tucked away next to the Hotel Forum just south of the Piazza del Grillo and facing over the remains of the Forum of Nerva. The dedication is to SS Quiricus and Julitta. The name is often given as Santi Quirico e Giuditta. This is historically inaccurate. History Origins This is a very old foundation. The first church here was built by the 6th century, because an ancient epigraph (lost at the start of the 17th century, but transcribed) records that Pope Vigilius (537-555) consecrated an altar here dedicated to SS Stephen and Lawrence. (These two were venerated together as deacons who had been martyred.) The pope also apparently commissioned an apse mosaic featuring the two saints, as this was mentioned by mediaeval writers. The orientation of this first church was the reverse to what it is now, with the apse separated by a short space from the temenos wall of the Forum of Augustus. Also, it has been noticed that the floor level was the same as that of the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum. Both of these facts hint that the Forum was still clear of the massive amount of debris about to bury the Roman and Imperial Fora in subsequent centuries, and further that the Forum was still perhaps functioning as a civic space. Saints The present dedication to SS Quiricus and Julitta is first mentioned in the Itinerarium Einsiedeln, a pilgrims' guide of the late 8th century. The next reference dates from the 12th century. (178/15) According to the unreliable legend, the saints were a mother and very young son who were martyred at Tarsus in Asia Minor in the persecution of Diocletian, about 304. The present Roman martyrology lists them merely as martyrs of Asia Minor at an unknown date. (Julitta was also rendered as Julietta, hence Juliet in Romeo and Juliet). Middle ages The Fora are now thought to have been definitively ruined in the 9th century, after several serious earthquakes. Archaeological evidence shows that they then became mediaeval neighbourhoods, with the recycling of ancient stonework and architectural elements a major occupation. The locality once occupied by the Imperial Fora became a crowded urban area called the Pantani, allegedly because it was marshy after the ancient drainage had collapsed. This church was in charge of a parish occupying the eastern end of this. In the church's long history there have been several major restorations, beginning with that under Pope Paschal II (1099-1118) who provided the present campanile at the start of the 12th century. This was one of several small churches in the locality in the Middle Ages. It is the only one to survive -the others that made it to modern times are San Lorenzo ai Monti, Santo Spirito ai Monti, Santa Eufemia, Santa Maria in Campo Carleo, Sant’Urbano ai Pantani, Santa Maria Annunziata ai Monti and Santa Maria in Macello Martyrum. All these were cleared in the 19th and 20th centuries to reveal the ancient archaeology beneath. In the late Middle Ages the church was in the care of a college of secular priests. In 1475 Pope Sixtus IV ordered a restoration in honour of the Jubilee of that year. It had been thought that the present entrance doorway is a re-used survivor of the work, but recently this was put in doubt. The church is on record as having an external entrance narthex or portico, which was used for meetings. San Ciriaco There has been historical confusion between this church and two others, especially as regards the cardinalate title. The first was the lost church of San Ciriaco, which was an ancient titulus located near the Termini train station and which gave rise to the cardinalate title of Sancti Ciriaci in Thermis. The second was just to the west of the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata, on what is now the east end of the Piazza del Collegio Romano. This was the very important Benedictine monastery of San Ciriaco in the Middle Ages. It was also known as San Ciriaco de Camilliano, or Santi Ciriaco e Niccolò because it incorporated an older church called San Niccolò de Pinea. The name was also given as Quiriaco or Ciriaco. It was founded for monks in the 10th century, but by the 13th century was inhabited by nuns. It claimed the relics of St Cyriac, formerly enshrined at San Ciriaco a Via Ostiense, together with companion martyrs Largus and Smaragdus. Further, it was a Lenten station church and also claimed descent from the lost ancient titulus just mentioned. In other words, the cardinalate of Sancti Ciriaci in Thermis was regarded as attached to this church (without ever having been formally transferred). However, in the 15th century the nuns had become grossly degenerate. As a result, the nunnery was suppressed as a disgrace and the church closed by a papal decree of Eugene IV in 1435. The Lenten station was transferred to Santa Maria in Via Lata. It was unusual for a church of such high status to have been suppressed in this way. The Palazzo Doria Pamphilj was to take over much of the site, but that lay in the future. Nuns indulging in recreational sex and having babies were not unknown at the time (witness the Venetians, who had plenty of them), and the real reason might have been the practice of black magic by the nuns here -which would have desecrated the church. (178/15) The relics of St Quiriacus were initially taken to Santi Quiriaco e Giulitta, but were later transferred to Santa Maria in Via Lata. In conclusion -if you find a reference to San Quirico (instead of Quiriaco) in the sources or in publications, do not assume that it refers to Santi Quiriaco e Giulitta. Titular The church was heavily restored again in 1584, when the orientation was reversed so that the main entrance was transferred to what had been the apse (which was demolished). The old portico was replaced by the present sanctuary. In 1587 the old title of Sancti Ciriaci in Thermis was formally transferred to this church as Sancti Quirici et Iulittae. Since the demolition of San Ciriaco de Camilliano the title had been an orphan, with no church. The first titular priest was the future Pope Leo XI, who as Alessandro de' Medici had been made a cardinal three years earlier and had been informally attached to this church. It was he who oversaw the restoration. Remodellings In 1608 there was another re-ordering on the orders of Pope Paul V . This involved the raising of the floor level by four feet, to try and cure the problem of water getting in. (This issue seems to have been the reason why the relics of St Quiriacus were removed). Also a new façade was built. In the reign of Pope Urban VIII (1623-44) the interior was restored, and new altarpiece paintings provided. Unfortunately, in 1716 the church was gutted by fire. Pope Innocent XIII ordered it to be rebuilt, but this did not happen immediately. In 1722, the ruin was granted it to the Dominicans of San Marco in Florence, who founded a convent here. Work on rebuilding the church began in 1728, to a design by Filippo Raguzzini (much of the previous fabric was re-used), and it was re-consecrated in 1734. The façade was finished in the following year, either by Raguzzini or perhaps by Gabriele Valvassori. The latter built the convent just south of the church, which was under construction from 1750 to 1753. This was the first time in its history that the church was conventual. Modern times In the 19th century, Dominicans of the Roman Province took over from their brethren of Florence and oversaw a restoration of the interior in 1856. The convent was secularized in 1873. The friars continued with the administration of the church itself until 1921, when diocesan priests took over. Meanwhile, the parish was suppressed in 1910 as being too small. In 1930 there were archaeological excavations under the church (following an initial exploration in 1910). Since 1951, the church has been served by Regular Tertiaries of St Francis (Terz' Ordine Regolare di San Francesco) or TOR. The latest restoration was carried out by them in 1965 to 1970, the same period when the old convent became the Hotel Forum which it remains. Cardinalate The titular of the church from 2007 has been Cardinal Seán Brady of Ireland. Exterior The church has a single aisle-less nave with a narrower sanctuary, both under the same pitched and tiled roof. The campanile is at the far right corner of the nave. There are no external side-chapels. (178/15) Façade The façade is slightly back from the street, on a tiny piazza. It is rendered in a sort of pale greyish green with white architectural details, and as a Baroque piece of architecture has less regard than usual for Classical forms. As a piece of design, it is incoherent and does not really work. There are two storeys, separated by a floating entablature with a dedicatory inscription on the frieze referring to the saints (SS MM Quirico et Julittae dicatum). The first storey has two pairs of pilasters in a debased Doric style, which do not reach the main entablature but support two separate cornices either side of the entrance pediment (the left hand pilaster is obscured by the building next door).