Observables and Hamilton-Jacobi Approaches to General Relativity. I
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Arxiv:Physics/0608067V1 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 7 Aug 2006 N I Olbrtr Ntepro Rm14 O1951
Peter Bergmann and the invention of constrained Hamiltonian dynamics D. C. Salisbury Department of Physics, Austin College, Sherman, Texas 75090-4440, USA E-mail: [email protected] (Dated: July 23, 2006) Abstract Peter Bergmann was a co-inventor of the algorithm for converting singular Lagrangian models into a constrained Hamiltonian dynamical formalism. This talk focuses on the work of Bergmann and his collaborators in the period from 1949 to 1951. arXiv:physics/0608067v1 [physics.hist-ph] 7 Aug 2006 1 INTRODUCTION It has always been the practice of those of us associated with the Syracuse “school” to identify the algorithm for constructing a canonical phase space description of singular La- grangian systems as the Dirac-Bergmann procedure. I learned the procedure as a student of Peter Bergmann - and I should point out that he never employed that terminology. Yet it was clear from the published record at the time in the 1970’s that his contribution was essential. Constrained Hamiltonian dynamics constitutes the route to canonical quantiza- tion of all local gauge theories, including not only conventional general relativity, but also grand unified theories of elementary particle interaction, superstrings and branes. Given its importance and my suspicion that Bergmann has never received adequate recognition from the wider community for his role in the development of the technique, I have long intended to explore this history in depth. The following is merely a tentative first step in which I will focus principally on the work of Peter Bergmann and his collaborators in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, indicating where appropriate the relation of this work to later developments. -
Erich Kretschmann As a Proto-Logical-Empiricist: Adventures and Misadventures of the Point-Coincidence Argument
Erich Kretschmann as a Proto-Logical-Empiricist: Adventures and Misadventures of the Point-Coincidence Argument Marco Giovanelli Abstract The present paper attempts to show that a 1915 article by Erich Kretschmann must be credited not only for being the source of Einstein’s point-coincidence remark, but also for having anticipated the main lines of the logical-empiricist interpretation of general relativity. Whereas Kretschmann was inspired by the work of Mach and Poincaré, Einstein inserted Kretschmann’s point-coincidence parlance into the context of Ricci and Levi-Civita’s absolute differential calculus. Kretschmann himself realized this and turned the point-coincidence ar- gument against Einstein in his second and more famous 1918 paper. While Einstein had taken nothing from Kretschmann but the expression “point-coincidences”, the logical empiricists, however, instinctively dragged along with it the entire apparatus of Kretschmann’s conven- tionalism. Disappointingly, in their interpretation of general relativity, the logical empiricists unwittingly replicated some epistemological remarks Kretschmann had written before General Relativity even existed. Keywords: Erich Kretschmann, Point Coincidence Argument, Moritz Schlick, General Relativity, Logical Empiricism, Conventionalism 1. Introduction In the early 1980s, John Stachel (Stachel, 1980) and John Norton (Norton, 1984) famously shed new light on Einstein’s celebrated, yet somewhat cryptic, claim that all physical measurements amount to a determination of space-time coincidences, such as the matching of a pointer with a scale, or, if the world consisted of nothing but particles in motion, the meetings of their world-lines. In Einstein’s published writings, this remark — which Stachel has success- fully labeled the “point-coincidence argument” — amounts to the requirement of “general covariance”: since all coordinate systems necessarily agree on coin- cidences, that is, in everything observable, there is no reason to privilege one coordinate system over another. -
Einstein's Legacy
EINSTEIN’S LEGACY - EINSTEINS ERBE Yehuda Elkana Opening lecture for Germany’s Einstein Year, on 19 January 2005, 7 p.m. at the Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, under the patronage of Chancellor Schröder. THESES Germany has chosen to dedicate this year, 2005, to Albert Einstein on the 100th anniversary of his ‘annus mirabilis’. It is dedicated to the man Einstein, a German and a Jew who had to leave Germany because of the Nazis, never to return – a sheer accident that he did not perish in the Holocaust ; it is also dedicated to his scientific oeuvre, and to his humanistic, political and science-political legacy. It is a courageous and noble decision in which Wissenschaft, Kultur und Wirtschaft participate. It is courageous because Einstein was a very independent critical spirit, who claimed not to belong to any nation or culture, although he was very consciously a Jew. Thus, this is a major opportunity and not less so also a major challenge. Einstein looms large on the horizon of many a laborer in the combined areas of science, technology, industry, the media, but also in the humanistic departments of Academe. Out of the myriad of themes one could choose for discussion – all of which would contribute to admiration, to a love of science and research, to a dedication to freedom, democracy, international cooperation and an unprejudiced egalitarianism towards all and everybody in the whole world, I have decided to choose one central theme - that of 1 Befreiung - and to follow in a brief survey the implications of this attitude in many walks of life, from science to politics. -
1. Introduction
Beichler (1) Preliminary paper for Vigier IX Conference June 2014 MODERN FYSICS PHALLACIES: THE BEST WAY NOT TO UNIFY PHYSICS JAMES E. BEICHLER Research Institute for Paraphysics, Retired P.O. Box 624, Belpre, Ohio 45714 USA [email protected] Too many physicists believe the ‘phallacy’ that the quantum is more fundamental than relativity without any valid supporting evidence, so the earliest attempts to unify physics based on the continuity of relativity have been all but abandoned. This belief is probably due to the wealth of pro-quantum propaganda and general ‘phallacies in fysics’ that were spread during the second quarter of the twentieth century, although serious ‘phallacies’ exist throughout physics on both sides of the debate. Yet both approaches are basically flawed because both relativity and the quantum theory are incomplete and grossly misunderstood as they now stand. Had either side of the quantum versus relativity controversy sought common ground between the two worldviews, total unification would have been accomplished long ago. The point is, literally, that the discrete quantum, continuous relativity, basic physical geometry, theoretical mathematics and classical physics all share one common characteristic that has never been fully explored or explained – a paradoxical duality between a dimensionless point (discrete) and an extended length (continuity) in any dimension – and if the problem of unification is approached from an understanding of how this paradox relates to each paradigm, all of physics and indeed all of science could be unified under a single new theoretical paradigm. Keywords: unification, single field theory, unified field theory, quantized space-time, five-dimensional space-time, quantum, relativity, hidden variables, Einstein, Kaluza, Klein, Clifford 1. -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Niels Bohr
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Niels Bohr Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 09 June 2021 Version 1.308 Title word cross-reference + [VIR+08]. $1 [Duf46]. $1.00 [N.38, Bal39]. $105.95 [Dor79]. $11.95 [Bus20]. $12.00 [Kra07, Lan08]. $189 [Tan09]. $21.95 [Hub14]. $24.95 [RS07]. $29.95 [Gor17]. $32.00 [RS07]. $35.00 [Par06]. $47.50 [Kri91]. $6.95 [Sha67]. $61 [Kra16b]. $9 [Jam67]. − [VIR+08]. 238 [Tur46a, Tur46b]. ◦ [Fra55]. 2 [Som18]. β [Gau14]. c [Dar92d, Gam39]. G [Gam39]. h [Gam39]. q [Dar92d]. × [wB90]. -numbers [Dar92d]. /Hasse [KZN+88]. /Rath [GRE+01]. 0 [wB90, Hub14, Tur06]. 0-19-852049-2 [Ano93a, Red93, Seg93]. 0-19-853977-0 [Hub14]. 0-521-35366-1 [Kri91]. 0-674-01519-3 [Tur06]. 0-85224-458-4 [Hen86a]. 0-9672617-2-4 [Kra07, Lan08]. 1 2 1.5 [GRE+01]. 100-˚aret [BR+85]. 100th [BR+85, KRW05, Sch13, vM02]. 110th [Rub97a]. 121 [Boh87a]. 153 [MP97]. 16 [SE13]. 17 [Boh55a, KRBR62]. 175 [Bad83]. 18.11.1962 [Hei63a]. 1911 [Meh75]. 1915 [SE13]. 1915/16 [SE13, SE13]. 1918 [Boh21a]. 1920s [PP16]. 1922 [Boh22a]. 1923 [Ros18]. 1925 [Cla13, Bor13, Jan17, Sho13]. 1927 [Ano28]. 1929 [HEB+80, HvMW79, Pye81]. 1930 [Lin81, Whe81]. 1930/41 [Fer68, Fer71]. 1930s [Aas85b, Stu79]. 1933 [CCJ+34]. -
The Universe of General Relativity, Springer 2005.Pdf
Einstein Studies Editors: Don Howard John Stachel Published under the sponsorship of the Center for Einstein Studies, Boston University Volume 1: Einstein and the History of General Relativity Don Howard and John Stachel, editors Volume 2: Conceptual Problems of Quantum Gravity Abhay Ashtekar and John Stachel, editors Volume 3: Studies in the History of General Relativity Jean Eisenstaedt and A.J. Kox, editors Volume 4: Recent Advances in General Relativity Allen I. Janis and John R. Porter, editors Volume 5: The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in the History of General Relativity John Earman, Michel Janssen and John D. Norton, editors Volume 6: Mach’s Principle: From Newton’s Bucket to Quantum Gravity Julian B. Barbour and Herbert Pfister, editors Volume 7: The Expanding Worlds of General Relativity Hubert Goenner, Jürgen Renn, Jim Ritter, and Tilman Sauer, editors Volume 8: Einstein: The Formative Years, 1879–1909 Don Howard and John Stachel, editors Volume 9: Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’ John Stachel Volume 10: Einstein Studies in Russia Yuri Balashov and Vladimir Vizgin, editors Volume 11: The Universe of General Relativity A.J. Kox and Jean Eisenstaedt, editors A.J. Kox Jean Eisenstaedt Editors The Universe of General Relativity Birkhauser¨ Boston • Basel • Berlin A.J. Kox Jean Eisenstaedt Universiteit van Amsterdam Observatoire de Paris Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica SYRTE/UMR8630–CNRS Valckenierstraat 65 F-75014 Paris Cedex 1018 XE Amsterdam France The Netherlands AMS Subject Classification (2000): 01A60, 83-03, 83-06 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The universe of general relativity / A.J. Kox, editors, Jean Eisenstaedt. p. -
“YOU MUST REMEMBER THIS” Abraham (“Abe”) Edel
MATERIAL FOR “YOU MUST REMEMBER THIS” Abraham (“Abe”) Edel (6 December 1908 – 22 June 2007) “Twenty-Seven Uses of Science in Ethics,” 7/2/67 Abraham Edel, In Memoriam, by Peter Hare and Guy Stroh Abraham Edel, 1908-2007 Abraham Edel was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on December 6, 1908. Raised in Yorkton, Canada with his older brother Leon who would become a biographer of Henry James, Edel studied Classics and Philosophy at McGill University, earning a BA in 1927 and an MA in 1928. He continued his education at Oxford where, as he recalled, “W.D. Ross and H.A. Prichard were lecturing in ethics, H.W.B. Joseph on Plato, and the influence of G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell extended from Cambridge. Controversy on moral theory was high. The same was true of epistemology, where Prichard posed realistic epistemology against Harold Joachim who was defending Bradley and Bosanquet against the metaphysical realism of Cook Wilson.” He received a BA in Litterae Humaniores from Oxford in 1930. In that year he moved to New York City for doctoral studies at Columbia University, and in 1931 began teaching at City College, first as an assistant to Morris Raphael Cohen. F.J.E. Woodbridge directed his Columbia dissertation, Aristotle’s Theory of the Infinite (1934). This monograph and two subsequent books on Aristotle were influenced by Woodbridge’s interpretation of Aristotle as a philosophical naturalist. Although his dissertation concerned ancient Greek philosophy, he was much impressed by research in the social sciences at Columbia, and the teaching of Cohen at City College showed him how philosophical issues lay at the root of the disciplines of psychology, sociology, history, as well as the natural sciences. -
15 Stachel 1573
2005 MASTER-MIND LECTURE Einstein JOHN STACHEL Boston University Henrietta Hertz and the Master-Mind Lectures MISS HENRIETTE HERTZ, the Maecenas of these lectures, died in 1913.1 She bequeathed the Palazzo Zuccari in Rome, which she had recon- structed, to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft2 in Berlin: ‘With the aim that, in accord with its tradition, it shall serve the lasting cultivation of art and science.’3 In that same year, Albert Einstein was offered a position as a Permanent Member of the Prussian Akademie der Wissenschaften, with the promise of heading the Physics Institute of the Kaiser-Wilhelm- Gesellschaft. He moved to Berlin in 1914 and, had Miss Hertz lived, it is not improbable that the two would have met there. Earlier, Miss Hertz had provided for the endowment at the British Academy of three lecture series.4 One of these is the Master-Mind lectures, in each of which: Read at the Academy 19 July 2005. 1 For her biography, see Julia Laura Rischbieter, Henriette Hertz Mäzenin und Gründerin der Bibliotheca Hertziana in Rom (Stuttgart, 2004). 2 In 1948, it was re-founded as the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 3 ‘In der Absicht, daß dieselben ihrer Tradition gemäß dauernd der Pflege von Kunst und Wissenschaft dienen sollen’. See ibid., p. 169. Her will adds: ‘Zu diesem Zweck ist in den unteren Räumen, die von Federico Zaccari selbst ausgemahlt wurden, eine kunst-historische Bibliothek eingerichtet worden, die unter den Namen “Bibliotheca Hertziana” dort für immer ihre Heimstätte finden soll.’ [For this purpose, in the rooms of the lower floor, decorated by Federico Zaccari himself, a Library of Art History shall be installed, which, under the name Bibliotheca Herziana, shall find its home there in perpetuity.] 4 See Rischbieter, Henrietta Hertz, p. -
The Gravitational Constant: Generalized Gravitational Theories and Experiments NATO Science Series
The Gravitational Constant: Generalized Gravitational Theories and Experiments NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by lOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences lOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers III. Computer and Systems Science lOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers V. Science and Technology Policy lOS Press The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally sl)pported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organised and there are currently Five Sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of earlier Sub-series. -
[Of Peter Bergmann]? DS: Well I Have a Coup
J.E.: So your purpose is: you would like to write some kind of general biography [of Peter Bergmann]? D.S.: Well I have a couple of objectives. One of them is of a more scientific nature. I am actually been looking up a couple of years on a more detailed history of constrained Hamiltonian dynamics. J.E.: Oh Yes. D.S.: And in fact I started with Peter’s work in 1948 and then discovered that I needed to go back further in history to Leon Rosenfeld. So I have been concentrating recently on his early work in 1930 to 1932. J.E.: It starts that early? D.S.: Yes it starts that early. It is very surprising. Perhaps later we can talk a little bit more about that. But then I discovered in researching Peter’s life that his father was a very important biochemist. a founder of modern biochemistry. I didn’t know that. And I discovered in talking to many of his friends and collaborators that they also did not know that. And then I learned more about his aunt and his mother who were instrumental in founding the Montessori movement here in Germany. So, many things and I so finally decided that I would also attempt to do a longer term project, to do some scientific social intellectual history that would center on the Bergmann family So I am beginning at the end of the 19th century. So it has turned out to be a very exciting project. JE.: Very many sided D.S.: But that’s going to be a longer term. -
Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women Chris Talbot Editor
Chris Talbot Editor David Bohm Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women Chris Talbot Editor David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women 123 Editor Chris Talbot Oxford UK Birkbeck Library is acknowledged for the kind permission to publish transcriptions of the letters of David Bohm, whose originals are held in its archive ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4 ISBN 978-3-319-55492-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55492-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017936037 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity Alejandro Perez
Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity Alejandro Perez To cite this version: Alejandro Perez. Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity. Rept.Prog.Phys., 2017, 80 (12), pp.126901. 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7e14. hal-01645217 HAL Id: hal-01645217 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01645217 Submitted on 17 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity Alejandro Perez1 1 Centre de Physique Th´eorique,Aix Marseille Universit, Universit de Toulon, CNRS, UMR 7332, 13288 Marseille, France. This is a review of the results on black hole physics in the framework of loop quantum gravity. The key feature underlying the results is the discreteness of geometric quantities at the Planck scale predicted by this approach to quantum gravity. Quantum discreteness follows directly from the canonical quantization prescription when applied to the action of general relativity that is suitable for the coupling of gravity with gauge fields and specially with fermions. Planckian discreteness and causal considerations provide the basic structure for the understanding of the thermal properties of black holes close to equilibrium. Discreteness also provides a fresh new look at more (at the mo- ment) speculative issues such as those concerning the fate of information in black hole evaporation.