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Road Transportation Impact on Ghana's Future Energy

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Road Transportation Impact on Ghana's Future Energy Road Transportation Impact on Ghana’s Future Energy and Environment (Title) By the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (Faculty 6) of the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg approved THESIS to attain the academic degree of doctor rerum politicarum (Dr.rer.pol.) Submitted By: MBA (IMRE), BSc.(Hons) Agric. Engineering., George Faah Born on the 19th December, 1970 in Damanko-Nkwanta, Ghana Assessor: Prof. Dr. rer.pol. Jan. C. Bongaerts TU Bergakademie Freiberg Prof. Dr. rer.pol. Horst Brezinski TU Bergakademie Freiberg Prof. Dr. -Ing. Udo J. Becker TU Dresden Date of award, 07-11-2008 Road Transportation Impact on Ghana’s Future Energy and Environment Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. ii Foreword ............................................................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vi Kurzzusammenfassung................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviation ....................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xvi List of Tables ................................................................................................................. xvii Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and Objectives ....................................................................................... 4 1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.0 Types of Vehicle Emissions ........................................................................................ 9 2.1 Exhaust Emissions ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Cold Start Emissions .................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Hot Exhaust Emissions ................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Evaporative Emissions ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 Diurnal Evaporative Emissions .................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Hot Soak Emissions ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Running Losses ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2.4 Resting Losses ............................................................................................................. 15 2.2.5 Refueling Losses .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.6 Crankcase Emissions ................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.0 Road Transport Sustainability ................................................................................ 17 3.1 Current State of Road Transportation in Ghana ................................................................. 18 3.2 Policy Option for Road Transportation Sustainability........................................................ 21 3.2.1 Reducing Travel Demand ............................................................................................ 21 3.2.2 Modal Shift to Less Polluting Modes .......................................................................... 22 3.2.3 Reducing Emissions from Vehicles ............................................................................. 24 3.3 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................... 26 4.0 Quantifying Vehicle Emissions ................................................................................ 26 ii Road Transportation Impact on Ghana’s Future Energy and Environment 4.1 Dynamometer Method ........................................................................................................ 27 4.1.1 The U.S. Emissions Testing Cycles (Light Vehicles) .................................................. 29 4.1.1.1 The US FTP-75 Cycle ............................................................................................... 30 4.1.1.2 The SFTP US06 Cycle .............................................................................................. 32 4.1.1.3 The SFTP SC03 Cycle .............................................................................................. 33 4.1.2 The U.S Emissions Testing Cycles (Heavy Duty Vehicles) ........................................ 34 4.1.3 The US Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Testing Cycles ......................................... 35 4.1.4 UNECE Emissions Testing Cycles (Light Vehicles) ................................................... 39 4.1.5 UN ECE Emissions Testing Cycles (Heavy Vehicles) ................................................ 42 4.1.6 Japanese Emissions Test Cycle (Light Vehicles) ........................................................ 44 4.1.7 Japanese Emissions Testing Cycle (Heavy Vehicles) ................................................. 45 4.1.8 Testing Procedure Used For Evaporative Emissions ................................................... 48 4.2 Remote Sensing Method ..................................................................................................... 50 4.3 On-Board System Method .................................................................................................. 52 4.4 Vehicle Emissions Estimation ............................................................................................ 53 4.4.1 Calculation Principle Used in Vehicle Emissions Estimation ..................................... 54 4.5 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................... 57 5.0 Software Used Methodology .................................................................................... 57 5.1 The COPERT Software....................................................................................................... 57 5.2 Data Needed For Emissions Inventory ............................................................................... 58 5.2.1 Vehicle Population ....................................................................................................... 59 5.2.2 Vehicle Activity Data .................................................................................................. 61 5.2.3 Fuel Consumption Data ............................................................................................... 62 5.3 Data Sampling Procedures .................................................................................................. 63 5.4 Advantages and Limitations of the COPERT Software ..................................................... 64 5.5 The QUESTOR Model ....................................................................................................... 65 5.5.1 The QUESTOR Methodology ..................................................................................... 66 5.5.2 Collection of Data for the Base Year ........................................................................... 67 5.5.3 Analysis of Households Survey ................................................................................... 67 5.5.4 Access to Public Transport .......................................................................................... 68 5.5.5 Trip Analysis ................................................................................................................ 69 5.5.6 Validation of O-D Matrix for the Base Year ............................................................... 69 5.6 Traffic Model Forecast ....................................................................................................... 70 5.6.1 Projected Number of Households per Zone ................................................................. 70 5.7 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 6 ........................................................................................................................
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