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UNDP, Ghana 2018 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 © UNDP, Ghana 2018 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED This synthesis report draws on background papers prepared by a team of consultants as well as engagements with experts and policy makers. See Acknowledgments. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or their Member States. Please note that the electronic copy of the report corrects for some errors and typos which were there in the first printed version. It also takes on board some of the important suggestions from reviewers which came after the report went to print. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of UNDP, Ghana Cover Design by Yamens Press Limited. Printed by Yamens Press Ltd. ii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... X FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... XIV ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... XVI NORTHERN GHANA HDR: HIGHLIGHTS ......................................................................................... xx CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND APPROACH ...................................................................... 2 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Overview of the drivers of regional disparities and underdevelopment in the North ....................... 4 1.3 The Colonial Legacy of Northern Underdevelopment ...................................................................... 5 1.4 The North-South Human Development Gap Post-Independence ...................................................... 6 1.5 Snapshot of Human Development in the North ............................................................................... 11 1.6 The Application of a Regional Human Developmental Lens to address Imbalances ..................... 13 1.7 Objective of this Report .................................................................................................................. 14 1.8 Towards Socio-Economic Transformation for Enhanced Human Development ............................ 16 1.9 Structure of the Report .................................................................................................................... 18 1.10 Data for the report ........................................................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND THE STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ............ 19 2.1 Introduction: Implications of the Demographic transition for Human Development..................... 19 2.2 Demographic Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Age and Sex Structure.......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Distribution of Households, Size and Composition ............................................................. 21 2.2.3 Marriage and Fertility .......................................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Age and Economic Dependency Ratios ............................................................................... 22 2.2.5 Out-Migration ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.6 Ethnic and Religious Profile ................................................................................................ 24 2.3 Human Development: Indices and Analysis of Drivers .................................................................. 25 2.3.1 Measures of Progress in Human Development .................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Poverty Indices and Analysis ............................................................................................... 28 2.3.2.1 Monetary Poverty .............................................................................................................. 28 2.3.2.2 Multidimensional Poverty ................................................................................................. 32 2.4 Analysis of Drivers of Human Development ................................................................................... 39 2.4.1 Health ................................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.1.1 Health Infrastructure and Quality...................................................................................... 40 2.4.1.2 Health Indicators ............................................................................................................... 43 2.4.2 Education ............................................................................................................................. 49 2.4.2.1 Physical Facilities & Resources ........................................................................................ 50 2.4.2.2 Teachers ............................................................................................................................ 51 2.4.2.3 Gross and Net Enrolment Rates and Gender Parity .......................................................... 52 2.4.2.4 Educational Outcomes ...................................................................................................... 55 2.4.2.5 Adult Literacy ................................................................................................................... 58 2.4.2.6 Apprenticeship and Skills Training ................................................................................... 59 2.4.3 Standard of Living & Livelihoods ....................................................................................... 61 2.5 Snapshot of progress on MDG Indicators and the transition from MDGs to SDGs ...................... 61 CHAPTER 3: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, JOBS AND THE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 64 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 64 3.2 Economic Profile of the Population ................................................................................................ 64 3.2.1 Vulnerability of Employment .............................................................................................. 66 3.2.2 Underemployment ................................................................................................................ 67 iii 3.3 Structure of Economy and Employment .......................................................................................... 67 3.3.1 The Primary Sector .............................................................................................................. 69 3.3.2 Mining and Quarrying .......................................................................................................... 72 3.3.3 Tourism and Livelihoods ..................................................................................................... 73 3.4 Vulnerability and Coping Strategies ............................................................................................... 74 3.5. Measures to enhance productive and decent employment and sustainable livelihoods ................ 77 3.5.1 Enhance access to affordable finance at all levels ............................................................... 77 3.5.2 Promote local markets, storage and reduction of post-harvest losses .................................. 78 3.5.3 Promote ‘structured demand’ for products of small farmers ............................................... 78 3.5.4 Invest in scaling up formal and on the job skills development ............................................ 79 3.5.5 Enhance the sustainability of livelihoods and adaptive strategies ....................................... 79 3.5.6 promote inclusive measures to increase productivity across value chains ........................... 81 3.5.7 Focus on women’s economic empowerment and adopt gender-aware strategies ................ 82 3.5.8 Address security and empowerment issues, particularly for migrant kayayei and children 85 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT .............................. 89 4. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 89 4.2 The Environment and Transformation ............................................................................................ 89 4.2.1 Geology and Soil .................................................................................................................. 89 4.2.2 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................ 90 4.2.3 Drainage ..............................................................................................................................
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