McDONALD INSTITUTE MONOGRAPHS

Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge Archaeological investigations of an eleventh- to twentieth-century suburb and town ditch Supplementary material

Craig Cessford and Alison Dickens

Cambridge Archaeological Unit Urban Archaeology Series The Archaeology of Cambridge Volume 1 Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge

McDONALD INSTITUTE MONOGRAPHS

Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge Archaeological investigations of an eleventh- to twentieth-century suburb and town ditch

Supplementary material

By Craig Cessford and Alison Dickens

With contributions by Martin Allen, Steve Allen, Tony Baggs†, Rachel Ballantyne, Steve Boreham, Richard Darrah†, Charles French, Andrew Hall, David Hall, Jen Harland, Kevin Hayward, Vicki Herring, Lorrain Higbee, Rosemary Horrox, Philip Mills, Quita Mould, Richard Newman, Mark Samuel, David Smith, Simon Timberlake, Ian Tyers, Anne de Vareilles and Alan Vince†

Graphics by Vicki Herring with Andrew Hall

Principal photography by Craig Cessford and Dave Webb

Cambridge Archaeological Unit Urban Archaeology Series The Archaeology of Cambridge Volume 1 Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019

© 2019 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

ISBN: 978-1-902937-95-3

Cover design by Dora Kemp, Andrew Hall and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge.

On the cover: Aerial view of Grand Arcade, facing northwest, with outlines of areas of investigation and various features shown. Compare to fig. 1.11E (photograph courtesy of Bovis Lend Lease Ltd.).On the back cover: View of the excavation of the main area at Grand Arcade, facing west.

Edited for the Institute by James Barrett (Series Editor). Contents

Contributors ix Figures xi Tables xv

Chapter 1 Introduction (C. Cessford and A. Dickens) S1 Previous archaeological investigations S1 Tenement narratives, a partial critique S4

Chapter 2 Preludes: prehistoric to early twelfth century (C. Cessford) S5 Geology and topography S5 Soils of Cambridge and its immediate environs: insights from CAU excavations S5 Prehistoric material S7 Roman material S8 Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon material S9 Late Saxon activity S9 The Hadstock Way S10 Features associated with the mid to late eleventh-century dispersed occupation S10 Features associated with the early twelfth-century large-scale imposed layout S12 Other twelfth-century ditches S13

Chapter 3 The Kings Ditch: from Anarchy to alleyway (C. Cessford) S17 Previous investigations S17 The 2005–6 excavations S18 Phase 4: late eighteenth–early twenty-first century S19

Chapter 4 The early suburb: mid-twelfth to sixteenth century (C. Cessford) S27 Archaeological remains: mid–late twelfth century S27 Archaeological remains: thirteenth–fourteenth centuries S33 Archaeological remains: fifteenth–sixteenth centuries S45 Material culture S62 Economic and environmental data S68

Chapter 5 From suburb to shopping centre: seventeenth to twenty-first century (C. Cessford and A. Dickens) S147 Tenement naratives: seventeenth century S147 Tenement narratives: eighteenth century S153 Tenement narratives: nineteenth century S163 Tenement narratives: twentieth century S190 Tenement narratives: the Robert Sayle department store S193 Material culture S200 Economic and environmental data S213

Chapter 6 Wider environs (R. Newman) S535 The Christ’s Land development S535

Bibliography S545

v

Contributors

Martin Allen David Hall Senior Assistant Keeper, Department of Coins and Freelance specialist, Pinfold, Hargrave, Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, Trumpington Street, Northamptonshire NN9 6BW (Middle Saxon to Cambridge CB2 1RB (coins and jettons) Early Post-Medieval pottery and field systems) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Steve Allen Jennifer Harland Wood Technologist, Conservation Department, York Archaeology Institute, University of the Highland Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX and Islands, East Road, Kirkwall, Orkney (wood species) KW15 1LX (fish bone) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Tony Baggs† Kevin Hayward Freelance specialist (standing buildings) Building Material Specialist, Pre-Construct Archaeology, Unit 54 Brockley Cross Business Rachel Ballantyne Centre, 96 Endwell Road, Brockley, London Research Associate, McDonald Institute for SE4 2PD Archaeological Research, Downing Street, Email: [email protected] Cambridge CB2 3ER (environmental remains) Email: [email protected] Lorraine Higbee Senior Zooarchaeologist, Wessex Archaeology, Steve Boreham Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury SP4 6EB Senior Technical Officer, Department of Geography, (animal and bird bone) University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Email: [email protected] Cambridge CB2 3EN (pollen) Email: [email protected] Rosemary Horrox Fellow & Director of Studies in History, Craig Cessford Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge, CAU (principal author, plus modern pottery, clay Storey’s Way, Cambridge CB3 0DG (documentary tobacco pipes, metalwork, stone objects, worked sources) bone and miscellaneous items) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Vicki Herring Richard Darrah† CAU (illustrator, modern glass) Freelance specialist (wood and timber) Email: [email protected]

Alison Dickens Philip Mills Director Granta Heritage, formerly CAU (principal Freelance specialist, Hon. Research Fellow, author and standing buildings) University of Leicester, 21, Dalby Road, Anstey, Email: [email protected] Leicester LE7 7DL (ceramic building material) Email: [email protected] Charles French Department of Archaeology, University of Richard Newman Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ CAU (Christ’s Lane excavations, East Fields) (geoarchaeology) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Quita Mould Andrew Hall Barbican Research Associates, 51 Whin Common CAU (modern pottery, metalwork) Road, Denver, Downham Market, Norfolk Email: [email protected] PE38 0DX (leather) Email: [email protected]

vii Mark Samuel Ian Tyers Architectural Historian, Architectural Archaeology, Freelance specialist, Dendrochronological 15 Grove Road, Ramsgate CT11 9SH (stone Consultancy Ltd, Lowfield House, Smeath mouldings) Lane, Clarborough, Retford DN22 9JN Email: [email protected] (dendrochronology) Email: [email protected] David Smith Senior Lecturer in Environmental Archaeology, Anne de Vareilles Department of Classics, Ancient History & Freelance specialist, formerly CAU (environmental Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology and remains) Antiquity, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Email: [email protected] Birmingham B15 2TT (insects) Email: [email protected] Alan Vince† Freelance specialist (thin section and ICPAES Simon Timberlake analysis). Freelance specialist and Affiliate Scholar McDonald Institute, formerly CAU, 19 High Street, Fen Ditton, Dave Webb Cambridge CB5 8ST (worked stone objects and slag CAU (photographer) and metalworking remains) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

viii Figures

2.7 Micromorphology of soils in and around Cambridge. S14 2.8 Middle Anglo-Saxon pottery. S15 3.30 Investigations at Lion Yard, 1969–71. S21 3.31 Animal bone from the early/mid-sixteenth-century King’s Ditch. S22 3.32 Pembroke College serving dish from Building 41 constructed c. 1874–81. S22 3.33 Possible failed attempt at well Pit 59. S23 3.34 Cellar 8 of Vicar’s Building, constructed c. 1850–4. S24 4.71 Twelfth-century Well 8. S80 4.72 Twelfth-century Well 13. S81 4.73 Twelfth-century Well 19. S82 4.74 Twelfth-century Cesspit 7. S83 4.75 Twelfth-century Cesspit 10. S83 4.76 Beamslot of twelfth-century Building 6. S84 4.77 Twelfth-century gravel quarry Pit 4, plus associated pottery. S85 4.78 Twelfth-century gravel quarry Pit 7. S85 4.79 Eleventh–twelfth-century clay quarry Pit 8. S86 4.80 Early thirteenth-century Well 28 and Ditch 1. S87 4.81 Early fourteenth-century Well 29. S87 4.82 Mid-fourteenth-century Well 30 and mid-fifteenth-century leather. S88 4.83 Fourteenth-century clay-lined channel within Building 12. S89 4.84 Mid/late thirteenth-century WFF 9. S90 4.85 Semi-articulated horse in mid–late fourteenth-century ADP 1. S91 4.86 Horse in fourteenth–fifteenth-century ADP 4. S92 4.87 Fourteenth-century SP 4 with associated material. S93 4.88 Fourteenth-century SP 6 with associated pottery. S94 4.89 Thirteenth-century gravel quarry Pit 14. S95 4.90 Thirteenth-century Pits 32 and 33. S96 4.91 Early sixteenth-century Well 40, plus mid-sixteenth-century material. S97 4.92 Fifteenth-century circular oven within Building 12. S98 4.93 Mid-sixteenth-century metalwork from WFF 14. S98 4.94 Mid-sixteenth-century material from WFF 16. S99 4.95 Mid/late sixteenth-century Oven 8. S100 4.96 Dogs and horse in sixteenth-century ADP 6. S101 4.97 Pig in sixteenth-century ADP 8. S102 4.98 Fifteenth-century SP 7. S103 4.99 Fifteenth-century Pit 35, plus associated pottery. S104 4.100 Material from mid/late sixteenth-century Pits 38 and 47. S105 4.101 Material from mid-sixteenth–mid seventeenth-century Surface 3 and Pits 54. S106 4.102 Fourteenth–fifteenth-century watering hole Pits 44. S106 4.103 Eleventh–twelfth-century ironwork. S107 4.104 Plots for samples of tile fabrics. S108 4.105 Plots for samples of tile fabrics. S109 4.106 Animal bone eleventh–twelfth-century body part representation. S110 4.107 Eleventh–twelfth-century cattle size variation of horn cores. S111 4.108 Eleventh–twelfth-century cattle ageing. S111 4.109 Eleventh–twelfth-century sheep ageing. S112 4.110 Eleventh–twelfth-century pig ageing. S113 4.111 Animal bone eleventh–thirteenth-century body part representation. S114 4.112 Thirteenth-century cattle size variation of horn cores. S115 4.113 Thirteenth-century cattle ageing. S115 4.114 Thirteenth-century sheep ageing. S116 4.115 Fourteenth–fifteenth-century cattle body part representation and sizeariation v of horn cores. S117 ix 4.116 Fourteenth–fifteenth-century sheep and pig body part representation. S118 4.117 Fourteenth–fifteenth-century cattle ageing. S119 4.118 Fourteenth–fifteenth-century sheep ageing. S120 4.119 Fourteenth–fifteenth-century pig ageing. S121 4.120 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century cattle body part representation and size variation of horn cores. S122 4.121 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century sheep and pig body part representation. S123 4.122 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century cattle ageing. S124 4.123 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century sheep ageing. S125 4.124 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century pig ageing. S126 5.100 4–11 St Andrew’s Street. S220 5.101 Well 44. S221 5.102 1792 plan of Plot XX. S221 5.103 Standing Buildings 42 and 65. S222 5.104 Plots X and XI as depicted on a plan of 1797. S223 5.105 Material from PB 10, c. 1760–80 and early–mid-nineteenth century. S223 5.106 Early eighteenth-century soakaway within Building 28, plus pottery from the mid-nineteenth-century backfilling. S224 5.107 Eighteenth-century features in Plot XI. S225 5.108 Wooden brush head from PB 11, c. 1770–90. S226 5.109 Eighteenth-century panelling on ground floor of Standing Building 23. S226 5.110 Rear turret with service staircase of Standing Building 23. S227 5.111 Mid–late eighteenth-century Cesspit 17. S228 5.112 Nineteenth-century plans of Plot XIII. S229 5.113 1880s plans of Plot XVII. S230 5.114 St Andrew’s Court, created in the 1830s. S231 5.115 The nineteenth–twentieth century Bird Bolt Inn. S232 5.116 1862 plan of Plots IX–XI. S233 5.117 Well 48, constructed by 1814. S234 5.118 Early nineteenth-century PB’s 12 and 14. S235 5.119 Drain 8, probably laid in 1845. S236 5.120 Water Closet 1, probably constructed in 1845. S237 5.121 1885 Ordnance Survey plan of plots XIV–XVI. S238 5.122 Well 56 constructed in the 1870s. S239 5.123 Glass from Cellar 12, c. 1882–5. S240 5.124 1855 and 1885 plans of Plot XVIII. S240 5.125 Material from Cellar 7 c. 1830–50. S241 5.126 Well 54, constructed c. 1844–5. S241 5.127 Early nineteenth-century Well 55. S242 5.128 Section of Cellar 4. S243 5.129 Miscellaneous material from Cellar 4, c. 1830–45. S244 5.130 Inn-related pottery from Cellar 4, c. 1830–45. S245 5.131 Miscellaneous pottery from Cellar 4,c. 1830–45. S246 5.132 Utilitarian pottery from Cellar 4,c. 1830–45. S247 5.133 Early nineteenth-century Pit 63. S247 5.134 Pottery from Pit 63,c. 1830–45. S248 5.135 Pig in early–mid nineteenth-century ADP 14. S249 5.136 Material from garden soil etc., c. 1830–45. S250 5.137 Material from Building 49, c. 1879–82. S251 5.138 ‘H-shaped’ Foundation 3, created c. 1884–90. S252 5.139 Material from Pit 65, c. 1880–90. S253 5.140 Late nineteenth-century Pit 67. S254 5.141 The Post Office. S255 5.142 Peck & Son chemist’s premises. S256 5.143 The mid-nineteenth-century chemists symbols. S257 x 5.144 Bath brick, from Building 54, c. 1908–15. S258 5.145 Pottery from Foundation 4,c. 1924–40. S258 5.146 Pottery from Cellar 11,c. 1912–21. S259 5.147 Material from Cellar 13, c. 1913–21. S260 5.148 Shoes from Cellar 13, c. 1913–21. S261 5.149 Plot of F1 against F2 scores for Sunderland-type coarseware. S262 5.150 Pottery quantification by general period. S263 5.151 Quantification of eighteenth–twentieth-century pottery. S264 5.152 Clay tobacco pipe and pipeclay object. S265 5.153 ICPAES analysis of clay tobacco pipes from Cambridge. S265 5.154 Comparison of clay tobacco pipes, ceramics and glass in assemblages. S266 5.155 Sturbridge Brick Company brick, c. 1903–5. S267 5.156 Ceramic building material fabric groups by spot date. S268 5.157 Functional groups of ceramic building material by period S269 5.158 Thirteenth-century stone mouldings from Well 36. S269 5.159 Stone moulding with graffiti, from Well 36. S270 5.160 Stone moulding of c. 1340–1400, from SP 7. S271 5.161 Late Medieval stone mouldings, from Cellar 5. S272 5.162 Stone moulding of c. 1320–1540, from Cellar 4. S272 5.163 Eighteenth–nineteenth-century wells at Christ’s Lane. S273 5.164 Stone moulding of c. 1300–1540, from Well F.310. S273 5.165 Late eleventh–twelfth-century stone mouldings, from Well F.312. S274 5.166 Stone moulding of c. 1300–50, from 1959 demolition deposits. S275 5.167 Stone moulding of c. 1290, from Standing Building 95. S276 5.168 Eighteenth–nineteenth-century animal bone body part representation. S277 5.169 Eighteenth–nineteenth-century cattle ageing. S278 5.170 Eighteenth–nineteenth-century sheep ageing. S279 5.171 Eighteenth–nineteenth-century pig ageing. S280 5.172 Age at death of cattle, sheep and pigs over time. S281 5.173 Cattle variation over time. S282 5.174 Sheep variation over time. S283 5.175 Pig variation over time. S284 5.176 Chicken variation over time. S284 5.177 Horse reconstructed withers height over time. S285 5.178 Comparison of dog tibiae. S285 5.179 Cod elements and sizes. S286 5.180 Locations of analysed samples. S287 5.181 Proportions of Coleoptera. S288 6.25 Fifteenth–sixteenth-century craft/industrial features in Christ’s Lane. S540 6.26 Brooklands House and ha-ha. S541 6.27 Fourteenth-century masonry building at the Fitzwilliam Museum. S542

Tables

2.1 Plant remains in Iron Age Gully 1. S16 2.2 Meat represented in Pit 2. S16 3.6 Masonic Hall pottery. S25 4.31 Meat represented in Pit 10. S127 4.32 Meat represented in Pit 12. S127 4.33 Meat represented in Well 18. S128 4.34 Meat represented in Pit 20. S129 4.35 Meat represented in Pit 22. S130 4.36 Fish from Pit 23. S131 4.37 Meat represented in Pit 27. S131 xi 4.38 Meat represented in Well 22. S132 4.39 Meat represented in Well 40. S132 4.40 Meat represented in WFF 14. S133 4.41 Meat represented in WFF 16. S134 4.42 Meat represented in ADP 9. S135 4.43 Meat represented in Pit 46. S136 4.44 Meat represented in Pit 47. S136 4.45 Meat represented in Pit 51. S137 4.46 Meat represented in PB 4. S137 4.47 Saxo-Norman pottery. S137 4.48 Comparison of Saxo-Norman pottery. S138 4.49 Thirteenth–fifteenth-century pottery from Ely. S138 4.50 Late sixteenth–early seventeenth-century pottery from Pembroke College cesspit. S138 4.51 Comparative eleventh–twelfth century faunal assemblages. S139 4.52 Comparative thirteenth-century faunal assemblages. S141 4.53 Comparative fourteenth–fifteenth-century faunal assemblages. S143 4.54 Comparative sixteenth–seventeenth-century faunal assemblages. S145 5.12 Cows in ADPs 10–12, c. 1680–1720. S289 5.13 Meat represented in Well 38. S289 5.14 Meat represented in PB 10. S289 5.15 Meat represented in PB 11. S290 5.16 Meat represented in Cellar 6. S290 5.17 Meat represented in f Building 25. S290 5.18 First appearance of material in Soakaway 2. S291 5.19 Meat represented in Soakaway 2. S291 5.20 Meat represented in PB 3. S292 5.21 Meat represented in Cellar 7. S292 5.22 First appearance of material in Cellar 4. S293 5.23 Meat represented in Cellar 4. S293 5.24 Meat represented in Pit 63. S294 5.25 Mid-eighteenth–mid twentieth-century significant assemblages. S294 5.26 Selected material from mid-eighteenth–mid twentieth-century features. S294 5.27 Slag. S295 5.28 Clay pipe to ceramics and glass ratios. S295 5.29 Ceramic building material by date. S295 5.30 Ceramic building material by function, eleventh–twelfth centuries. S296 5.31 Ceramic building material by function, thirteenth century. S296 5.32 Ceramic building material by function, fourteenth–fifteenth centuries. S296 5.33 Ceramic building material by function, thirteenth–fifteenth centuries. S296 5.34 Ceramic building material by function, sixteenth–seventeenth centuries. S296 5.35 Ceramic building material by function, eighteenth–twentieth centuries. S296 5.36 Burning of ceramic building material by date. S296 5.37 Comparative eighteenth–nineteenth-century faunal assemblages. S297 5.38 Cattle skeletal elements by period. S298 5.39 Sheep skeletal elements by period. S299 5.40 Pig skeletal elements by period. S300 5.41 Cattle mandibular tooth wear by period. S301 5.42 Sheep/goat mandibular tooth wear by period. S301 5.43 Pig mandibular tooth wear by period. S302 5.44 Cattle fused epiphyses by period. S302 5.45 Sheep/goat fused epiphyses by period. S302 5.46 Pig fused epiphyses by period. S303 5.47 Withers height summary descriptive statistics. S303 5.48 Cattle Student’s t-tests on measurements between periods. S304 xii 5.49 Sheep Student’s t-tests on measurements between periods. S304 5.50 Pig Student’s t-tests on measurements between periods. S305 5.51 Chicken Student’s t-tests on measurements between periods. S305 5.52 Butchery data for selected species by period. S306 5.53 Cattle skull and post-cranial pathological conditions. S306 5.54 Sheep/goat skull and post-cranial pathological conditions. S307 5.55 Cattle and sheep/goat oral pathology and non-metric traits. S307 5.56 Cattle mandibular tooth wear data. S308 5.57 Sheep/goat mandibular tooth wear data. S311 5.58 Pig mandibular tooth wear data. S320 5.59 Cattle astralagus measurements. S322 5.60 Cattle femur measurements. S323 5.61 Cattle horncore measurements. S324 5.62 Cattle humerus measurements. S335 5.63 Cattle metacarpal measurements. S337 5.64 Cattle metapodial measurements. S338 5.65 Cattle metatarsal measurements. S339 5.66 Cattle pelvis measurements. S340 5.67 Cattle radius measurements. S341 5.68 Cattle tibia measurements. S342 5.69 Cattle third molar measurements. S344 5.70 Cattle summary of measurement statistics. S346 5.71 Sheep astralagus measurements. S349 5.72 Sheep femur measurements. S349 5.73 Sheep horncore measurements. S350 5.74 Sheep humerus measurements. S353 5.75 Sheep metacarpal measurements. S358 5.76 Sheep metapodial measurements. S370 5.77 Sheep metatarsal measurements. S371 5.78 Sheep pelvis measurements. S383 5.79 Sheep radius measurements. S385 5.80 Sheep tibia measurements. S387 5.81 Goat horncore measurements. S391 5.82 Goat metatarsal measurements. S391 5.83 Sheep/goat teeth measurements. S392 5.84 Sheep summary of measurement statistics. S405 5.85 Pig astralagus measurements. S408 5.86 Pig femur measurements. S409 5.87 Pig humerus measurements. S409 5.88 Pig pelvis measurements. S409 5.89 Pig tibia measurements. S410 5.90 Pig teeth measurements. S411 5.91 Pig summary of measurement statistics. S413 5.92 Horse astralagus measurements. S414 5.93 Horse femur measurements. S414 5.94 Horse humerus measurements. S415 5.95 Horse metacarpal measurements. S415 5.96 Horse metapodial measurements. S415 5.97 Horse metatarsal measurements. S416 5.98 Horse phalanx prima measurements. S416 5.99 Horse phalanx secunda measurements. S416 5.100 Horse pelvis measurements. S417 5.101 Horse radius measurements. S417 5.102 Horse radius measurements. S418 xiii 5.103 Horse teeth measurements. S418 5.104 Dog femur measurements. S419 5.105 Dog humerus measurements. S420 5.106 Dog pelvis measurements. S421 5.107 Dog radius measurements. S421 5.108 Dog skull measurements. S422 5.109 Dog tibia measurements. S423 5.110 Dog teeth measurements. S424 5.111 Cat femur measurements. S426 5.112 Cat humerus measurements. S427 5.113 Cat radius measurements. S427 5.114 Cat tibia measurements. S428 5.115 Cat mandible measurements. S428 5.116 Roe deer pelvis measurements. S428 5.117 Red deer humerus measurements. S428 5.118 Fallow deer measurements. S429 5.119 Hare humerus measurements. S429 5.120 Rabbit measurements. S429 5.121 Rat femur measurements. S429 5.122 Chicken carpometacarpus measurements. S430 5.123 Chicken coracoid measurements. S431 5.124 Chicken femur measurements. S432 5.125 Chicken humerus measurements. S434 5.126 Chicken radius measurements. S436 5.127 Chicken scapula measurements. S437 5.128 Chicken tarsometatarsus measurements. S438 5.129 Chicken tibiotarsus measurements. S440 5.130 Chicken ulna measurements S442 5.131 Chicken summary of measurement statistics. S444 5.132 Goose measurements. S446 5.133 Brent goose coracoid measurements. S448 5.134 White–fronted/pink–footed goose humerus measurements. S448 5.135 Goose radius measurements. S448 5.136 Duck measurements. S449 5.137 Teal/garganey measurements. S451 5.138 Pigeon/dove measurements. S452 5.139 Crow measurements. S455 5.140 Raven measurements. S456 5.141 Jackdaw measurements. S457 5.142 Grey partridge measurements. S458 5.143 Small wader measurements. S459 5.144 Miscellaneous bird species measurements. S460 5.145 Cattle withers measurements. S462 5.146 Sheep withers measurements. S464 5.147 Pig withers measurements. S472 5.148 Horse withers measurements. S473 5.149 Dog withers measurements. S474 5.150 Cattle butchery codes by element. S476 5.151 Sheep butchery codes by element. S479 5.152 Pig butchery codes by element. S482 5.153 Cattle butchery codes by period. S483 5.154 Sheep butchery codes by period. S486 5.155 Pig butchery codes by period. S488 5.156 Conversion tables for meat weight estimates. S489 xiv 5.157 Carcass weights. S491 5.158 Additional butchery codes. S492 5.159 Dates, context types and fish bone quantities. S493 5.160 Completeness of fish bone elements. S493 5.161 Fish bone surface texture. S494 5.162 Diagnostic fish elements by date. S494 5.163 Fish size from >2mm sieved material. S495 5.164 Fish size from hand collected material. S495 5.165 Fish skeletal elements. S496 5.166 Plant remains from the King’s Ditch. S500 5.167 Plant remains from other features at Grand Arcade. S506 5.168 Plant Remains from Christ’s Lane. S514 5.169 Insect remains. S519 5.170 Ecological grouping of Coleoptera. S529 5.171 Synanthropic groupings of Coleoptera. S529 5.172 Pollen from King’s Ditch Area KD2. S530 5.173 Pollen from King’s Ditch Area KD3. S531 5.174 Pollen from King’s Ditch Area KD7. S532 6.6 Principal lessees of The Vine Estate. S543 6.7 Nineteenth-century buildings at Christ’s Lane. S543 6.8 Field’s Court in the 1851 census. S543 6.9 Bradwell’s Yard in the 1851 census. S543

xv

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Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge

This is the first volume describing the results of the CAUs excavations in Cambridge and it is also the first monograph ever published on the archaeology of the town. At 1.5 hectares the Grand Arcade investigations represent the largest archaeological excavation ever undertaken in Cambridge, significantly enhanced by detailed standing building recording and documentary research. It includes one of the most comprehensive studies of the suburb of a British town, with fourteen investigated plots of the mid/late eleventh to twentieth centuries, and the most detailed investigation of a British town ditch ever undertaken, spanning the early/mid-twelfth to eighteenth centuries. Major artefactual assemblages of many material types were recovered, with extensive waterlogged preservation of wood and leather plus environmental sampling, including pollen and insects. The volume treats the copious eighteenth–twentieth-century material culture in a manner unparalleled in a British context, including a considerable number of college related items that attest to the town’s distinctive role as a university centre. This is an important book, and the scale of the investigations and the richness of the archaeology make it a major contribution to studies of British town suburbs and boundaries in particular and urban archaeology more generally. The ground-breaking commitment to the archaeology of the eighteenth–twentieth-centuries is particularly important, as Cambridge was one of the key intellectual hubs of the foremost global power for much of the period.

Published by the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, ISBNISBN 978-1-902937-95-3978-1-902937-95-3 University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK.

Cover design by Dora Kemp, Ben Plumridge and Andrew Hall.

ISBN: 978-1-902937-95-3 9 781902 937953

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT