McDONALD INSTITUTE MONOGRAPHS

Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge Archaeological investigations of an eleventh- to twentieth-century suburb and town ditch

Craig Cessford and Alison Dickens

Cambridge Archaeological Unit Urban Archaeology Series The Archaeology of Cambridge Volume 1 Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge

McDONALD INSTITUTE MONOGRAPHS

Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge Archaeological investigations of an eleventh- to twentieth-century suburb and town ditch

By Craig Cessford and Alison Dickens

With contributions by Martin Allen, Steve Allen, Tony Baggs†, Rachel Ballantyne, Steve Boreham, Richard Darrah†, Andrew Hall, David Hall, Jen Harland, Kevin Hayward, Vicki Herring, Lorrain Higbee, Rosemary Horrox, Philip Mills, Quita Mould, Richard Newman, Mark Samuel, David Smith, Simon Timberlake, Ian Tyers, Anne de Vareilles and Alan Vince†

With a foreword by Martin Biddle

Graphics by Vicki Herring with Andrew Hall

Principal photography by Craig Cessford and Dave Webb

Cambridge Archaeological Unit Urban Archaeology Series The Archaeology of Cambridge Volume 1 Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019

© 2019 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

ISBN: 978-1-902937-95-3

Cover design by Dora Kemp, Andrew Hall and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge.

On the cover: Aerial view of Grand Arcade, facing northwest, with outlines of areas of investigation and various features shown. Compare to fig. 1.11E (photograph courtesy of Bovis Lend Lease Ltd.).On the back cover: View of the excavation of the main area at Grand Arcade, facing west.

Edited for the Institute by James Barrett (Series Editor). Contents

Contributors ix Figures xi Tables xv Dedication and acknowledgements xvii Foreword xix Summary xxi

Chapter 1 Introduction (C. Cessford and A. Dickens) 1 Circumstances and background 4 Previous archaeological investigations 5 Grand Arcade and related developments 7 Structure and organization 10 Inset: Some doorways and windows to the past 16 Site sequence 21 Starting at the end 28

Chapter 2 Preludes: prehistoric to early twelfth century (C. Cessford) 35 Space not place 35 Prehistoric–mid-eleventh century 35 Mid/late eleventh century 36 Early twelfth century 39 Discussion 42

Chapter 3 The Kings Ditch: from Anarchy to alleyway (C. Cessford) 45 Previous investigations 45 Circumambulating the King’s Ditch 48 The King’s Ditch sequence 50 Early/mid-twelfth century 50 Late twelfth–mid-fifteenth century 58 Inset: Bridging the divide 67 Late fifteenth–late seventeenth century 69 Late eighteenth–early twenty-first century 79 Discussion 83

Chapter 4 The early suburb: mid-twelfth to sixteenth century (C. Cessford) 93 Mid–late twelfth century 94 Archaeological remains 94 Wells 99 Case study 1: Well 5 100 Cesspits 102 Buildings 102 Gullies 102 Pits 103 Case study 2: Pit 5 104 Garden soil 106 Thirteenth–fourteenth centuries 106 The documented plots (R. Horrox with C. Cessford) 107 Archaeological remains 107 Wells 110 Case study 3: Well 32 111 Cesspits 117 Buildings 117 Gullies 117 Water-filled features 117 Case study 4: Water filled features 3–5 118 Ovens 122 Animal disposal pits 122 v Specialized pits 122 Surfaces 122 Pits 123 Fifteenth–sixteenth centuries 128 The documented plots (R. Horrox with C. Cessford) 129 Archaeological remains 129 Wells 132 Case study 5: Well 38 139 Cesspits 143 Buildings 144 Water-filled features 147 Case Study 6: Water-filled feature 11 148 Ovens 151 Animal disposal pits 151 Specialised pits 151 Surfaces 151 Pits 151 Material culture 154 Jettons (M. Allen) 156 Metalwork and metalworking (C. Cessford, A. Hall and S. Timberlake) 156 Worked stone (S. Timberlake and C. Cessford) 159 Pottery (D. Hall and C. Cessford) 159 Ceramic building material (P. Mills, incorporating specialist information from A. Vince) 169 Worked bone (C. Cessford and L. Higbee) 170 Stone mouldings (M. Samuel, incorporating specialist information from K. Hayward) 171 Wood and timber (R. Darrah, incorporating specialist information from S. Allen and I. Tyers) 175 Leatherwork (Q. Mould) 180 Miscellaneous materials (C. Cessford) 181 Economic and environmental data 181 Mammal and bird bone (L. Higbee) 181 Fish bone (J. Harland) 197 Plant macrofossils (R. Ballantyne and A. de Vareilles) 199 Insects (D. Smith) 205 Pollen (S. Boreham) 206 Discussion 206 Mid–late twelfth century 206 Thirteenth–fourteenth centuries 208 Fifteenth–sixteenth centuries 209

Chapter 5 From suburb to shopping centre: seventeenth to twenty-first century (C. Cessford and A. Dickens) 213 Seventeenth century 216 Plot IX 216 Plot X/Plot XI 216 Case study 7: Cesspit 16 219 Plot XII 222 Plot XIII 222 Plots XIV–XIX 223 Case study 8: Well 42 226 Plot XXII 228 Eighteenth century 232 Plots I–VII 235 Plot VIII 235 Plot IX 235 Plot X (incorporating Plot XI) 235 Plot XII 238 Plot XIII 240 Plot XIV 244 Case study 9: Pit 57 244 Plot XV 247 vi Plot XVI 247 Plot XVII 247 Plot XVIII 247 Plots XIX–XXI 247 Case study 10: Well 46 248 Plot XXII 249 Nineteenth century 256 Plots I–VII 257 Plot VIII 257 Plot IX 257 Plot X 257 Plot XII 267 Plot XIII 267 Case study 11: Well 52 271 Plot XIV 273 Plot XV 278 Case study 12: The backfilling of Soakaway 3 279 Plot XVI 283 Plot XVII 283 Plot XVIII 286 Plot XIX 291 Plot XX 291 Plot XXII 291 Twentieth century 303 Plot X 303 Plot XIII 304 Plot XIV 307 Plot XX 307 The Robert Sayle department store 309 Nineteenth century 309 Twentieth century 322 Inset: Living above the shop and other stories 327 Discussion 330 Material culture 331 Coins and jettons (M. Allen) 332 Metalwork (C. Cessford and A. Hall) 333 Worked stone (S. Timberlake and C. Cessford) 333 Vessel glass (V. Herring) 334 Pottery (C. Cessford, A. Hall and D. Hall) 337 Clay tobacco pipes (C. Cessford, incorporating specialist information from A. Vince) 341 Ceramic building material (P. Mills, incorporating specialist information from A. Vince) 344 Wood and timber (R. Darrah, incorporating specialist information from I. Tyers and S. Allen) 348 Leatherwork (Q. Mould) 349 Economic and environmental data 349 Mammal and bird bone (L. Higbee) 349 Fish bone (J. Harland) 350 Discussion 350 Seventeenth century 350 Eighteenth century 352 Nineteenth century 353 Twentieth century 355

Chapter 6 Wider environs (R. Newman) 357 The Barnwell Gate suburb 357 St Andrew the Great 359 South of Downing Street 363 Christ’s College 363 The Christ’s Lane development 364 Emmanuel College 391

vii Inset: Reading names and signs at No. 21 (C. Cessford) 393 Discussion 395 The agricultural hinterland 395 One suburb among many 398 Discussion 404

Chapter 7 Coda (C. Cessford) 405 Temporality and biography 410 Suburban archaeology 410 Inset: Peripheral biographies 411 Property tail archaeology 420 A millennium of change 421 Age, gender and more esoteric agencies 431 The archaeology of modernity 432 The local and the global 436 Town versus gown 441 Odd deposits and average practice 443 Conclusion 443

Bibliography 445 Index 469

Supplementary Material

Chapter 1 Introduction (C. Cessford and A. Dickens) S1

Chapter 2 Preludes: prehistoric to early twelfth century (C. Cessford) S5

Chapter 3 The Kings Ditch: from Anarchy to alleyway (C. Cessford) S17

Chapter 4 The early suburb: mid-twelfth to sixteenth century (C. Cessford) S27

Chapter 5 From suburb to shopping centre: seventeenth to twenty-first century (C. Cessford and A. Dickens) S147

Chapter 6 Wider environs (R. Newman) S535

Bibliography S545

viii Contributors

Martin Allen Jennifer Harland Senior Assistant Keeper, Department of Coins and Archaeology Institute, University of the Highland Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, Trumpington Street, and Islands, East Road, Kirkwall, Orkney Cambridge CB2 1RB (coins and jettons) KW15 1LX (fish bone) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Steve Allen Kevin Hayward Wood Technologist, Conservation Department, York Building Material Specialist, Pre-Construct Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX Archaeology, Unit 54 Brockley Cross Business (wood species) Centre, 96 Endwell Road, Brockley, London Email: [email protected] SE4 2PD Email: [email protected] Tony Baggs† Freelance specialist (standing buildings) Lorraine Higbee Senior Zooarchaeologist, Wessex Archaeology, Rachel Ballantyne Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury SP4 6EB Research Associate, McDonald Institute for (animal and bird bone) Archaeological Research, Downing Street, Email: [email protected] Cambridge CB2 3ER (environmental remains) Email: [email protected] Rosemary Horrox Fellow & Director of Studies in History, Steve Boreham Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge, Senior Technical Officer, Department of Geography, Storey’s Way, Cambridge CB3 0DG (documentary University of Cambridge, Downing Place, sources) Cambridge CB2 3EN (pollen) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Vicki Herring Craig Cessford CAU (illustrator, modern glass) CAU (principal author, plus modern pottery, clay Email: [email protected] tobacco pipes, metalwork, stone objects, worked bone and miscellaneous items) Philip Mills Email: [email protected] Freelance specialist, Hon. Research Fellow, University of Leicester, 21, Dalby Road, Anstey, Richard Darrah† Leicester LE7 7DL (ceramic building material) Freelance specialist (wood and timber) Email: [email protected]

Alison Dickens Richard Newman Director Granta Heritage, formerly CAU (principal CAU (Christ’s Lane excavations, East Fields) author and standing buildings) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Quita Mould Andrew Hall Barbican Research Associates, 51 Whin Common CAU (modern pottery, metalwork) Road, Denver, Downham Market, Norfolk Email: [email protected] PE38 0DX (leather) Email: [email protected] David Hall Freelance specialist, Pinfold, Hargrave, Northamptonshire NN9 6BW (Middle Saxon to Early Post-Medieval pottery and field systems) Email: [email protected]

ix Mark Samuel Ian Tyers Architectural Historian, Architectural Archaeology, Freelance specialist, Dendrochronological 15 Grove Road, Ramsgate CT11 9SH (stone Consultancy Ltd, Lowfield House, Smeath mouldings) Lane, Clarborough, Retford DN22 9JN Email: [email protected] (dendrochronology) Email: [email protected] David Smith Senior Lecturer in Environmental Archaeology, Anne de Vareilles Department of Classics, Ancient History & Freelance specialist, formerly CAU (environmental Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology and remains) Antiquity, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Email: [email protected] Birmingham B15 2TT (insects) Email: [email protected] Alan Vince† Freelance specialist (thin section and ICPAES Simon Timberlake analysis). Freelance specialist and Affiliate Scholar McDonald Institute, formerly CAU, 19 High Street, Fen Ditton, Dave Webb Cambridge CB5 8ST (worked stone objects and slag CAU (photographer) and metalworking remains) Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

x Figures

0.1 13th-century ‘ditch’ at Corn Exchange Street. xx 1.1 Location map. 2 1.2 Location plans. 3 1.3 Composite sections from Grand Arcade. 6 1.4 Aerial view of Grand Arcade. 8 1.5 Investigating the ‘garden soil’. 9 1.6 Plan of all excavated discrete features at Grand Arcade. 11 1.7 Plots phasing in the Grand Arcade street block. 12 1.8 The initial clearance of part of the main Grand Arcade area. 14 1.9 Excavations ongoing within part of the main Grand Arcade area. 15 1.10 Past, present and future frontages of Plot XIII. 18 1.11 Schematic plans of Grand Arcade over time. 22–7 1.12 Eighteenth–twentieth-century standing buildings at Grand Arcade. 29 1.13 Digital model of the standing buildings. 30 1.14 Digital model of the standing buildings. 32 1.15 1938 plan of the Robert Sayle department store and frontage. 33 2.1 Middle Iron Age Gully 1. 36 2.2 Plan of mid/late eleventh-century dispersed occupation. 37 2.3 Mid/late eleventh-century Area 1, plus early twelfth-century material. 38 2.4 Late eleventh–early twelfth century gravel quarry Pit 2. 39 2.5 Plan of the early twelfth-century planned layout. 40 2.6 Early twelfth-century Ditch 1. 41 3.1 Plan of 2005–6 King’s Ditch investigations. 46 3.2 The course of the King’s Ditch. 49 3.3 Plan and phased section of main southern area the King’s Ditch. 51 3.4 Sections of the King’s Ditch. 52 3.5 Section and photograph of the King’s Ditch. 53 3.6 Section and photograph of the King’s Ditch. 54 3.7 Plan of main northern area of excavation of the King’s Ditch. 55 3.8 Section of the King’s Ditch and evidence for its initial phase. 56 3.9 The King’s Ditch excavations. 60 3.10 Excavations inside the standing Lion Yard car park. 61 3.11 Analysed samples from the King’s Ditch. 62 3.12 Thirteenth–fourteenth-century artefacts from the King’s Ditch. 63 3.13 Fourteenth-century pottery from the King’s Ditch. 64 3.14 Fourteenth-century animal bone from the King’s Ditch. 65 3.15 Fourteenth-century bridge across the King’s Ditch. 68 3.16 Artefacts from late fifteenth–early sixteenth-century King’s Ditch. 70 3.17 Artefacts from early/mid-sixteenth-century King’s Ditch. 71 3.18 Early/mid-sixteenth-century woven basket from the King’s Ditch. 72 3.19 Leatherwork from early/mid-sixteenth-century King’s Ditch. 73 3.20 Early/mid-sixteenth-century leather panel of the King’s Ditch. 74 3.21 Material from mid-sixteenth-century King’s Ditch. 75 3.22 The seventeenth-century King’s Ditch. 77 3.23 1629 survey of the King’s Ditch. 78 3.24 Eighteenth–nineteenth-century features fronting onto Tibb’s Row. 80 3.25 Sawpit 1, created 1858–74, plus material of c. 1874–81. 81 3.26 Leatherwork from Cellar 10, c. 1929–31. 82 3.27 The King’s Ditch and medieval Cambridge. 85 3.28 The changing profile of the King’s Ditch over time. 88 3.29 Comparative widths and depths of medieval town ditches. 91 4.1 Plan of mid–late twelfth-century features. 95 xi 4.2 Layout of putative mid/late twelfth-century property boundaries and wells. 96 4.3 Plan of twelfth-century archaeological features in the northeastern area. 97 4.4 Plan of twelfth-century archaeological features in the southeastern area. 98 4.5 Twelfth-century Well 18 and material. 99 4.6 Twelfth-century Wells 5 and 6. 101 4.7 Distribution of eleventh–sixteenth-century gravel quarry pits. 103 4.8 Twelfth-century gravel quarry Pit 5 plus material. 104 4.9 Material from twelfth-century Pit 6. 105 4.10 Plan of thirteenth–fourteenth-century archaeological features. 108 4.11 Putative thirteenth–fourteenth-century property boundaries and wells. 109 4.12 Plan of thirteenth–fourteenth-century archaeological features in the southeastern area. 110 4.13 Mid-fourteenth-century Well 22. 111 4.14 Mid-thirteenth-century Well 32, plus mid-fourteenth-century material. 112 4.15 Mid/late fourteenth-century pottery from Well 33. 114 4.16 Well 33 and mid/late fourteenth-century material. 115 4.17 Mid-thirteenth-century Wells 23 and 25 and reused wooden items. 116 4.18 Fourteenth-century WFF 7. 117 4.19 Mid-fourteenth-century WFF 3, plus late fourteenth-century pottery. 118 4.20 Mid-fourteenth-century WFF 4, plus reused wood. 119 4.21 Late fourteenth century eel grig from WFF 5. 120 4.22 Early/mid-fourteenth-century WFF 2. 122 4.23 Mid–late fourteenth-century Ovens 4–5. 123 4.24 Mid–late fourteenth-century Ovens 4–5 and jug in Well 36. 124 4.25 Mid/late fourteenth-century SP 1. 125 4.26 Material from fourteenth-century Pits 20 and 29. 126 4.27 Fourteenth-century gravel quarry Pit 23 and associated material. 127 4.28 Mid/late fourteenth-century clay quarry Pit 16 and associated wood. 128 4.29 Late sixteenth-century plans. 130 4.30 Plan of fifteenth–sixteenth-century archaeological features. 131 4.31 Fifteenth–sixteenth-century property boundaries and wells. 132 4.32 Plan of fifteenth–sixteenth-century archaeological features in the southeastern area. 133 4.33 Mid-fifteenth-century pottery from Well 22. 133 4.34 Mid-fifteenth-century Well 36 and reused stone. 134 4.35 Mid-fifteenth-century Well 39. 135 4.36 Fourteenth–fifteenth century jugs. 136 4.37 Wood and leather items. 137 4.38 Plan of fifteenth–sixteenth archaeological features in one plot, plus late sixteenth-century Well 37. 138 4.39 Late sixteenth-century Well 38. 139 4.40 Late sixteenth-century Well 38. 140 4.41 Fifteenth-century Cesspit 14 and associated wood. 142 4.42 Fifteenth-century Cesspit 14 and associated wood. 143 4.43 Sixteenth-century Cesspits 15 and 16. 144 4.44 Mid-fifteenth–mid-sixteenth-century possible malting kiln Building 20. 145 4.45 Mid/late fifteenth-century WFF 13. 146 4.46 Mid/late fifteenth-century WFF 14, plus ladder. 147 4.47 Mid/late fifteenth-century WFF 11, plus late fifteenth–early sixteenth-century pottery. 149 4.48 Mid-sixteenth-century ladder from WFF 15. 150 4.49 Mid-fifteenth-century WFF 16. 151 4.50 Mid-sixteenth-century gravel quarry Pit 46 plus material. 152 4.51 Fifteenth-century Pit 49, plus associated material. 153 4.52 Early/mid-fifteenth-century material from clay quarry Pit 36. 154 4.53 Wooden items from early/mid-fifteenth-century clay quarry Pits 36–7. 155 4.54 Thirteenth–sixteenth-century metalwork. 157 4.55 Timeline of the Ely pottery industry. 160 xii 4.56 Sources of tenth–seventeenth century ceramics. 162 4.57 Twelfth-century pottery. 163 4.58 Thirteenth–fourteenth-century pottery. 164 4.59 Fifteenth–sixteenth-century pottery. 166 4.60 Miscellaneous twelfth–sixteenth-century items. 170 4.61 Distribution of significant assemblages of stone mouldings. 171 4.62 Cumulative date ranges of stone mouldings and types of stone. 172 4.63 Stone from a dogtooth triforium blind arcading of c. 1250 173 4.64 Stones from a parapet crenellation junction of c. 1350 174 4.65 Coppiced roundwood in twelfth–fifteenth-century well linings. 178 4.66 Relative frequency of eleventh–thirteenth-century livestock species. 184 4.67 Relative frequency of fourteenth–seventeenth-century livestock species. 185 4.68 Relative frequency of eleventh–nineteenth-century livestock species. 186 4.69 Assemblages of horn-working, bone-working and leatherdressing waste. 188 4.70 Thirteenth–nineteenth-century animal skeletons. 192 5.1 David Loggan’s map of 1688. 214 5.2 Seventeenth-century and later plots. 215 5.3 Plan of seventeenth-century features. 217 5.4 Well 41 constructed c. 1625–42. 218 5.5 Wooden objects from Cesspit 16, c. 1616–37. 220 5.6 Leatherwork from Cesspit 16, c. 1616–37. 221 5.7 Early/mid-seventeenth-century horse skulls in Pit 56. 223 5.8 Building 25 constructed in the 1680s. 224 5.9 Building 25 constructed in the 1680s. 225 5.10 Well 42, constructed in the 1620s, plus winding block. 226 5.11 Rear arches from Lancet windows of c. 1250. 227 5.12 Well 43, constructed in the 1680s. 229 5.13 Cattle ADPs 10–12,c . 1680–1720. 230 5.14 Cattle ADPs 10–12,c . 1680–1720. 231 5.15 William Custance’s map, 1798. 232 5.16 Plan of all eighteenth-century features. 233 5.17 Plan of southeastern area in the eighteenth-century. 234 5.18 PBs 7–8, created c. 1770–90 and abandoned c. 1800–20. 235 5.19 Standing Buildings 42 and 65, plus Building 22. 236 5.20 Standing Buildings 42 and 65, plus Building 22. 238 5.21 Material from Well 38 c. 1760–80. 239 5.22 Eighteenth-century material from Plot XII. 239 5.23 Material from PB 9, dug c. 1760–80. 240 5.24 Well 45, constructed c. 1723. 241 5.25 Baseplate of Well 45, constructed c. 1723. 242 5.26 Stone from windows reused in Well 45, constructed c. 1723. 243 5.27 Material from Pit 57, c. 1760–80. 245 5.28 PB 11 dug c. 1770–90, plus material. 246 5.29 Well 46, constructed c. 1761. 248 5.30 Early eighteenth-century Standing Buildings 22–4. 250 5.31 Timber-framing of Standing Building 23. 251 5.32 Mid-eighteenth-century Soakaways 3–4, plus material of c. 1780–90. 252 5.33 Material from the Cellar 6, c. 1780–90. 253 5.34 Miscellaneous eighteenth-century material. 253 5.35 Wall 10 constructed c. 1720–50. 254 5.36 Stone from footings of Wall 10, constructed c. 1720–50. 255 5.37 Mid-eighteenth-century Cellar 4. 256 5.38 Plan of all nineteenth-century features. 258 5.39 Plan of eastern area of main excavation in the nineteenth-century. 259 xiii 5.40 Nineteenth-century maps. 260 5.41 Standing Building 18/19, constructed c. 1866–9. 261 5.42 Plan of Plot X in the nineteenth century, plus pottery from Well 37c . 1855–8. 262 5.43 Material from Well 37 c. 1855–8. 263 5.44 Standing Building 20, constructed c. 1867–9. 265 5.45 Standing Building 72, constructed c. 1867–9. 266 5.46 Mid-eighteenth-century Soakaway 2, and material of c. 1813–23. 267 5.47 Standing Building 70, constructed in 1845. 268 5.48 Standing Building 70, constructed in 1845. 270 5.49 Well 52, constructed in 1845. 271 5.50 Carved initials from Standing Building 70, constructed in 1845. 272 5.51 Sarah Dobson and her mid-nineteenth-century school. 274 5.52 Ceramics from PH 3, c. 1822–40. 275 5.53 Further ceramics from PH 3, c. 1822–40. 276 5.54 Garden features of c. 1820–40 and associated material. 277 5.55 The early–mid-nineteenth century College cook Thomas Wicks. 278 5.56 Ceramics from Soakaway 3, c. 1800–25. 280 5.57 Material from Soakaway 3, c. 1800–25. 281 5.58 Mid/late nineteenth-century Building 50. 284 5.59 The Barrett family ceramics and glass business. 285 5.60 Emmanuel College sealed bottles. 286 5.61 Ceramics from Cellar 12, c. 1882–5. 287 5.62 Selected nineteenth–twentieth century ceramics. 288 5.63 Standing Buildings 94–6, constructed c. 1882–5. 289 5.64 Mid–late eighteenth-century Cellar 7, plus nineteenth century material 290 5.65 College-associated material from Cellar 4, c. 1830–45. 292 5.66 Pottery of Richard Hopkins from Cellar 4,c . 1830–45. 293 5.67 Tea and coffee related material from Cellar 4,c . 1830–45. 294 5.68 ‘Personal’ material from Cellar 4, c. 1830–45. 295 5.69 Origins and temporality of material in Cellar 4. 297 5.70 Corn Exchange Court, created c. 1844–5. 298 5.71 Early–mid-nineteenth-century Building 49 plus pottery of c. 1879–82. 299 5.72 Ceramics from Building 49 c. 1879–82. 300 5.73 Bottles from ‘H’-shaped brick Foundation 3,c . 1884–90. 301 5.74 Ceramics from Pit 67, c. 1881–1900. 302 5.75 Plan of twentieth-century archaeological remains. 304 5.76 Bone typewriter brush from Building 47, c. 1920–40. 305 5.77 Twentieth-century buildings in Plot XIII. 306 5.78 The Norwich Union building. 308 5.79 Nineteenth-century plans of the Robert Sayle department store. 310 5.80 The aftermath of Robert Sayle department store (I). 312 5.81 The aftermath of Robert Sayle department store (II). 313 5.82 The Robert Sayle department store frontage, constructed c. 1876–1906. 314 5.83 The Robert Sayle department store frontage. 315 5.84 Snapshots of Robert Sayle premises. 316 5.85 Standing Building 48, constructed c. 1877–85. 317 5.86 Cellar 13, constructed c. 1877–85. 318 5.87 Well 49, constructed c. 1862–70. 319 5.88 Building 43 and Well 50, constructed c. 1862–77. 320 5.89 Building 43 and Well 50, constructed c. 1862–77. 321 5.90 Material from Cellar 13, c. 1913–21. 324 5.91 Ceramics from Cellar 13, c. 1913–21. 325 5.92 Glass from Cellar 13 c. 1913–21. 326 5.93 Public engagement. 327 xiv 5.94 Assemblages of c. 1760–1940. 332 5.95 Barker & Sons bottle. 337 5.96 Sources of eighteenth–twentieth century ceramics. 339 5.97 Clay tobacco pipe timeline. 342 5.98 Developments in drain-types. 346 5.99 Relative frequency of eighteenth–nineteenth-century livestock species. 350 6.1 Archaeological investigations in the suburbs and fields of Cambridge. 358 6.2 The Barnwell Gate suburb. 359 6.3 The church of St Andrew the Great. 360 6.4 The church of St Andrew the Great. 361 6.5 Christ’s College. 363 6.6 Plan of archaeological investigations at Christ’s Lane. 365 6.7 Images of the 2005–6 Christ’s Lane excavations. 366 6.8 Sections of well-stratified sequences at Christ’s Lane. 367 6.9 Mid-fourteenth–late sixteenth-century Building 4 at Christ’s Lane. 370 6.10 Sixteenth-century cask-lined wells. 372 6.11 Material from Christ’s Lane. 373 6.12 The developmental sequence of Buildings 8, 9 and 10, at Christ’s Lane. 375 6.13 Seventeenth-century plans of The Vine Estate. 377 6.14 Late nineteenth-century views of Bradwell’s Yard. 379 6.15 Weldon Stone respond capital of c. 1320–50, reused in Well F.312 in the 1830s. 380 6.16 Late nineteenth-century material from the cellar of Building 2. 381 6.17 The late nineteenth-century cellar of Building 14. 382 6.18 Comparative stratigraphic sequences. 385 6.19 Agricultural holdings of The Vine Estate. 389 6.20 Nineteenth-century suburban expansion. 390 6.21 Material from the Dominican Friary. 392 6.22 Emmanuel College linkages. 393 6.23 Quarrying in the East Fields. 397 6.24 Cambridge suburbs and common dunghills. 399 6.25 Comparative density and layout of thirteenth–sixteenth-century features. 402 7.1 Archaeology in the Downing Site courtyard. 407 7.2 Microscopic scale analysis. 408 7.3 The biography of collegiate ceramics deposited at the Cock Inn c. 1843–5. 412 7.4 Morphological differences between suburban, urban and rural plot-types. 416 7.5 Quantities of ceramics and animal bone over time. 422 7.6 Changes in jugs over time. 423 7.7 Feature types through time. 427 7.8 Types of well through time. 428 7.9 Water supply through time. 429 7.10 Water supply to Plot XIII over time. 430 7.11 International linkages over time. 437 7.12 The mid-fourteenth-century Chesterton Lane Corner coin hoard. 438 7.13 The Cook family monument. 439 7.14 Origins of people. 440 7.15 Collegiate ceramics. 442

Tables

1.1 Archaeologically investigated plots within the Grand Arcade street block. 13 1.2 Abbreviations used. 20 3.1 King’s Ditch radiocarbon determinations. 57 3.2 Pottery from the King’s Ditch. 57 3.3 Meat represented in King’s Ditch recut F.5085/F.5198. 59 xv 3.4 Meat represented in King’s Ditch recut F.1073. 72 3.5 Dimensions of medieval town ditches. 90 4.1 Criteria for the archaeological identification of property boundaries. 97 4.2 Gravel quarry pits and pits of unknown function by period. 106 4.3 Meat represented in Well 32. 113 4.4 Overall pottery assemblage. 159 4.5 Saxo-Norman pottery. 161 4.6 Thirteenth–fifteenth-century pottery by broad ware types. 161 4.7 Thirteenth–fifteenth-century intermediate pottery. 165 4.8 Thirteenth–fifteenth-century fineware pottery. 167 4.9 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century pottery by broad ware types. 168 4.10 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century Ely-type products. 168 4.11 Sixteenth–seventeenth-century German stoneware. 168 4.12 Burning of ceramic building material by date. 169 4.13 Species and felling season of roundwood from wells. 177 4.14 Casks. 179 4.15 Animal bone identified to species by period. 182 4.16 Estimated meat weights for livestock species by period. 187 4.17 Deposits of horn-working waste by period. 187 4.18 Deposits of bone-working waste by period. 189 4.19 Deposits of leatherdressers’ waste by period. 189 4.20 Industrial deposits of animal bone by period. 189 4.21 Animal skeletons and unusual deposits. 190 4.22 Animal skeletons by period. 193 4.23 Innovations in the use of animals by period. 196 4.24 Changes in the age, size and shape of animals by period. 197 4.25 Sieved fish. 198 4.26 Hand collected fish. 198 4.27 Environmental samples. 199 4.28 Economic plant species. 203 4.29 Ecological grouping of Coleoptera. 205 4.30 Synanthropic groupings of Coleoptera. 206 5.1 Meat represented in Soakaway 3. 282 5.2 Studied mid/late eighteenth-century assemblages. 333 5.3 Mid/late eighteenth-century assemblages by function. 333 5.4 1800–50 assemblages by material type. 334 5.5 1800–50 assemblages by function. 334 5.6 1850–1900 assemblages by material type. 335 5.7 1850–1900 assemblages by function. 335 5.8 Twentieth-century assemblages. 336 5.9 Twentieth-century assemblages by function. 336 5.10 Eighteenth–twentieth-century pottery. 338 5.11 Ceramic building material by date. 344 6.1 Comparative ceramic densities. 385 6.2 Twelfth–seventeenth century buildings at Christ’s Lane. 386 6.3 Lands associated with The Vine Estate in 1769. 388 6.4 Archaeological investigations in the East Fields. 396 6.5 Quantities and densities of selected materials and feature-types. 403 7.1 Indicators of rural, suburban and/or urban characteristics. 415 7.2 Feature types through time. 426 7.3 Water supply to Plot XIII over time. 430

xvi Dedication and acknowledgements

This work is dedicated to the memory of two distin- in the field also benefited greatly from the work of guished archaeologists with long standing Cambridge Rosemary Horrox on documentary sources and the connections who influenced it in very different ways. prompt spot-dating of the pottery by David Hall. The Tony (Anthony) Paget Baggs (1934–2006) had a long main authorship of the volume broadly corresponds career in architectural recording at the Royal Com- to the two principal author’s responsibility, with Cess- mission on Historical Monuments for England and ford dealing mainly with the below ground excavated the Victoria County History. Following his retirement remains and Dickens with the above ground standing in 1997 he continued working in a freelance capacity buildings although a great deal of cross-over has and undertook many projects for the Cambridge occurred. The structure of the volume has benefited Archaeological Unit, including the work at Grand from input by Chris Evans and Sam Lucy, the latter of Arcade which he unfortunately did not live to com- whom proof-read the volume, and we are also grateful plete. Tony was always generous with his time and for the comments of the two anonymous reviewers. immense knowledge, his presence was one of the most The graphics are primarily the work of Vicki enjoyable aspects of the fieldwork at Grand Arcade. Herring with oversight and input from Andrew Hall. This book owes much to him and is undoubtedly the Photographs are principally by Dave Webb, Craig poorer through his demise. John Amyas Alexander Cessford and member of the excavation team. The (1922–2010) conducted numerous excavations in timber drawings are largely based upon original Britain, Africa and elsewhere. The investigations of drawings by Nigel Randall, with the exception of a the King’s Ditch that he directed in 1969–71 only rank number of illustrations supplied by Richard Darrah amongst his more minor achievements, but it was a (Figs. 4.8C, 4.41C, 4.42C, 4.45D, 4.47D, 5.87D). Draw- great pleasure to be able to show him around our ings of stone mouldings are based upon illustrations by subsequent excavations over three decades later (see Mark Samuel (Figs. 4.34A–H, 4.63C–G, 4.64, 5.11A–D, Fig. 5.93B). We must also mention two other contrib- 5.11G, 5.26, 5.36, 6.15), whilst the leather drawings utors to this volume who are sadly no longer with us, were informed by sketches by Quita Mould. Images Richard Darrah and Alan Vince. Richard possessed from the digital model of the standing buildings owe an unparalleled understanding of woodworking that much to the work of Marcus Abbott. A number of has greatly enhanced this volume and will be greatly images are courtesy of the Cambridgeshire Collection, missed. Similarly Alan Vince provided unique spe- Cambridge Central Library (Figs. 1.10 lower image, cialist knowledge. 3.24, 5.59, 5.77C–D, 5.78A–B, 5.83, 6.3B, 6.14, 6.17D), First and foremost this work is based upon the and are reproduced thanks to the assistance of Chris dedication, skill and commitment of the Grand Arcade Jakes. Aerial photographs of the Grand Arcade site and Christ’s Lane excavation teams, although they (front cover and Fig. 1.4) are courtesy of Bovis Lend are too numerous to list particular appreciation goes Lease Ltd. and the Cambridge University Collection to Richard Newman and Letty ten Harkel. Alison of Aerial Photographs (Fig.1.14). The leather jug (Fig. Dickens managed both projects for the CAU and finds 5.6B) is copyright MOLA, Faith Vardy. Some animal processing was overseen by Norma Challands and bone photographs are by Lorrain Higbee (Fig. 3.12C, later Gladwys Monteil. Both projects were monitored 3.14A–D, 3.25D–E, 4.14E, 4.26B, 4.50B, 4.69) and the by Andy Thomas, Principal Archaeologist, Land Use fish bone photo (Fig. 4.27B) is by Jen Harland. The Planning, of the County Archaeology Office. The work portrait of Barnett Leach III on a box lid (Fig. 7.3) is xvii courtesy of Ric Leach. The pottery from the Fitzwil- Dating Laboratory with the assistance of Fiona liam Museum (Fig. 5.34A) although photographed Petchey and Alan Hogg. Access to documents and by Craig Cessford is reproduced by permission of the material was assisted by the staff of the Cambridge Syndics of The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and Records Office, the Cambridgeshire Collection and the pottery from his personal collection (Fig. 7.15) was the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology photographed by Peter Stoivin. The images in Fig. 7.2 and Anthropology, particularly Anne Taylor, while are courtesy of Charles French (A–D), Kevin Hayward Quinton Carrol arranged for access to archives and (E–K) and Alan Vince (L–S). Emmanuel College bottles material held at the Cambridgeshire Archaeological (Fig. 5.60A–B, 5.60E) are courtesy of Emmanuel College Store and Julia Poole arranged for access to material although drawn by Vicki Herring and access to College held by the Fitzwilliam Museum. Mark Ashton kindly material was obtained with the assistance of Sarah arranged access to St Andrew the Great. Additionally Bendall, the curator of the Emmanuel College Douglas a number of individuals supplied helpful information Finlay Museum of College Life. The 1629 survey of the and insight on a range of topics. These include Peter King’s Ditch is courtesy of the Cambridge Antiquarian Addyman (the 1959 investigations), John Alexander Society publication, but we have unfortunately been (the 1969–71 investigations), Alasdair Brooks (Modern unable to trace the current owner of the plan (Fig. 3.23). ceramics), Peter Carter (the Eel grig), Joanne Cooper Plans from college archives are reproduced by kind of the Natural History Museum, Tring, (bird bone permission of the Master and Fellows of Christ’s Col- identification), Peter Kuniholm and Tomasz Wazny lege Cambridge (Fig. 6.17B), the Master and Fellows from the Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory of Emmanuel College Cambridge (Figs. 5.58, 5.63B, for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, 5.70C, 6.13A) and the Master and Fellows of Jesus Cornell University (the Ottoman barrel), Gavin Lucas College Cambridge (Figs. 5.19B–C, 5.79). The plan in (Modern ceramics), Tim Murray (Modern material), Fig. 1.15 is based upon an original in the John Lewis Harvey Sheldon (the 1971 investigations). Peter Stovin Partnership Archive Collection and Fig. 5.84 (middle) (college ceramics), Chris Swaysland (the cattle buri- and Fig. 5.88B derive from the same source.. The x-rays als), Robin Wood (the European Maple jug), Rachel that are reproduced were undertaken by York Archae- Wroth (college servants). Conservation of various ological Trust particularly Ian Panter, Jo Dillon of the materials was undertaken by the Museum of London, Fitzwilliam Museum and English Heritage. Graphs English Heritage and the York Archaeological Trust. and charts are largely based upon versions supplied The work at Grand Arcade would have been by the relevant specialists. For the eBook version of the impossible without the generous support of John monograph, figures that incorporate Ordnance Survey Chesters of Grosvenor Plc on behalf of the Grand data have been altered so they only incorporate Ord- Arcade Partnership and Doug Dawes from the prin- nance Survey OpenData products that are permitted cipal contractor Bovis Lend Lease Ltd, who acted as under the Open Government Licence. The affected archaeological liaison. The Grand Arcade excavations illustrations are Figs. 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.27, 4.55, 4.61, 4.69, were funded by the Universities Superannuation 4.70, 5.69, 6.1, 6.6, 6.19 and 6.20. Scheme and Grosvenor Developments Ltd. as joint A number of college archivists responded help- funders under the auspices of the Grand Arcade Part- fully to queries concerning documents, maps and nership. The Christ’s Lane excavations were funded other material: Geoffrey T Martin (Christ’s College), by Land Securities Properties Ltd. (now Landsec Amanda Goode (Emmanuel College), Madeleine Pat- Securities Group), and undertaken with the assistance ston (Gonville & Caius College), Frances H. Willmoth of their agents SDC Construction. This publication (Jesus College), Malcolm Underwood (St John’s Col- has been principally funded by the Grand Arcade lege) and John Pollard (Trinity Hall). The radiocarbon Partnership, with Land Securities Properties Ltd. dating was undertaken by the Waikato Radiocarbon funding the Christ’s Lane element.

xviii Foreword

Martin Biddle

From 1956 to 1988 four hundred volunteers and a picture of the development and topogra- small band of professionals worked together to save phy of early medieval Cambridge is to be evidence of the original nucleus of prehistoric and achieved. In very few English towns has Romano-British Cambridge on Castle Hill before it this need been met, but the recording of was destroyed by modern development. This was medieval Oxford provides an example a pioneering and remarkable effort, but with one which Cambridge should follow. single exception it was to be some time before any attempt was made to mount a similar programme on The archaeology of Lion Yard was almost entirely the main site of the medieval town on the opposite lost and little else was done for the next quarter of bank of the Cam. a century. Medieval Cambridge was far from the The single exception was the work of Profes- interests of academic archaeology in Cambridge sor T. McKenny Hughes who between 1873 and then or for decades to come and it was only with the 1915 recorded the remains of medieval Cambridge coming into force of Planning Policy Guidance 16 in revealed by building operations. No attempt was 1990 that things began rapidly to change. Much of made to follow his example in the hey-day of Victo- this welcome new work was, however, done in cen- rian and Edwardian rebuilding or indeed down to tral Cambridge, within the line of the King’s Ditch. the late 1950s, when it appeared that another period The singular and wholly exceptional achieve- of reconstruction was about to begin and that ‘the ment of the present volume is that it represents what progress of modern development will destroy more is probably the largest area of suburban development and more of the archaeology of the town’ Addyman ever investigated in an English or to my knowledge & Biddle 1965, 76). European city: Some forty years later Peter Addyman and I did what we could mostly in term time 1958–61 on a – throughout time, from the beginnings of settle- few sites – Bradwell’s Court, Corn Exchange Street, ment to the present day, and Post Office Terrace, for example – and warned – covering every kind of documentary, artefactual of coming problems (Addyman & Biddle 1965, espe- and environmental evidence, cially p. 76): – without social bias, from the most simple to the most elevated, In a few years the redevelopment of the – and closely related in visual and recording to largest single site ever to be rebuilt in the the actual patterns created and, most important, to town in modern times – the Lion Yard – the elements that will now survive into the future. will destroy the archaeology of a large area within the King’s Ditch. Its prior excava- The innovative element is the way the archaeologi- tion on an adequate scale is imperative. cal evidence (excavation and standing buildings) is The progress of modern development in presented together with the evidence of the written Cambridge will destroy more and more of sources and with historic images of every kind. And the archaeology of the town. The constant this is not done in the ‘traditional ‘ way of separate, observation and systematic recording of usually sequential, sections devoted to each kind of this work is necessary if any adequate evidence, but rather by the way in which the sources xix Figure 0.1. In the summer of 1959 the earliest feature excavated at Corn Exchange Street was a 13th-century ‘ditch’, the waterlogged fills of which contained wooden planks, posts, wicker-work, laths and two large circular blocks (Addyman and Biddle 1965, 77–8, 124). 46 years later in 2005 the feature was re-excavated, with the fill of ‘clean blue clay’ (Addyman and Biddle 1965, 77) and the trench excavated into it in 1959 clearly visible. While the larger exposure meant the feature could now be identified as a substantial pit, unfortunately the fills had almost entirely dried out and c. 2.0m of later sequence had been removed. For all the richness of the archaeology presented in this volume, an elegiac note for what was lost in the ‘disastrous failure’ of the Lion Yard development (Heighway 1972, 51) is ever present. are assembled so that the relevant parts of the evi- Hadstock Way and shows how the line of an exca- dence are woven together, phase by phase. vated early 12th-century boundary ditch coincides For the present writer, the whole approach of precisely with a property division still in use today. this remarkable volume is demonstrated by a single exciting photograph (Fig. 2.6). This looks across Martin Biddle the excavation towards the standing buildings on 5 December 2018

xx Summary

Large-scale excavations undertaken by the Cam- tal sampling, including pollen and insect analysis. As bridge Archaeological Unit in 2005–6 at the Grand well as the scale of the assemblages there were a range Arcade and Christ’s Lane sites in Cambridge allowed of individually significant items including leather and extensive and intensive investigation of both the wooden jugs and an imported Ottoman barrel from town ditch and two street blocks of a suburb lying Greece. A considerable number of distinctive college outside it. The town ditch, known as the King’s Ditch, related ceramic and glass items were also found. was created in the eleventh or twelfth centuries and The main feature types were pits, wells, post- was then recut on a number of occasions with a sur- holes, beamslots, gullies, animal burials, ovens and viving sequence extending until the mid-sixteenth ditches. From the eighteenth century onwards there century including a timber bridge, plus some later were increased levels of building activity, during the features. In the suburb dispersed occupation began early nineteenth century in particular the area became in the mid-eleventh century with a planned layout much more heavily built up and became urban rather following in the early twelfth century. Significant than suburban in character. The features of this phase proportions of the backyard areas of 14 plots founded were largely brick built and consisted of walls, floors, at this time were investigated and their development wells, cellars and soakaways. Of particular note is the traced up to the present day, including a detailed pro- fact that the depth of the development meant that the gramme of standing building recording plus intensive bases of all but the deepest features were investigated, documentary and cartographic analysis. Substantial uncovering the lower portions of features such as assemblages of a wide range of artefact types were wells that are often left in situ by developer funded recovered, including large quantities leather and excavations. timber preserved in waterlogged conditions. Major Overall the work presents a detailed picture of assemblages of pottery, animal bone and stone the medieval town ditch on a scale that is previously mouldings were analysed. The material includes a unparalleled in Britain, one of the most comprehen- large number of substantial mid-eighteenth to early sive archaeological pictures of the development of twentieth-century assemblages of pottery, glass, clay the plots of a medieval and later suburb and treats tobacco pipe and other materials that have been ana- eighteenth–twentieth-century material culture in a lysed in detail. There was also extensive environmen- manner unparalleled in a British context.

xxi

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467 Index

Page numbers in italics denote eel grig 120, 121 16 138, 185, 191; Building 20 133, illustrations, those in bold, tables. bathhouse 283, 284 144, 145, 146; Building 22 216, 217, Finds are listed by material type, Birdbolt Inn 7, 169, 249, 253, 291, 307 234, 235, 237–8; Building 23 217, 218; i.e. basketry, bone, glass, etc. bone objects 170–1 Building 24 217, 224, 234, 247, 252; bird bone: see mammal and bird Building 25 189, 217, 224–5, 224–5, A bone 228, 234, 247, 253, 349; Building corer/scoop 219 26 217, 228, 234, 247, 259, 283, 285; abbreviations and acronyms 20, 20 decorative object 145 Building 27 234, 238; Building 28 ADC Theatre, Park Street 47, 203–4 dominoes 263, 264 234, 235, 238, 257, 259; Building 29 agricultural hinterland 358, 395–8, flute 170 234, 235, 257, 259, 262; Building 30 396, 397 implements 99 234, 235; Buildings 31–33 234, 244; Alexander, John 5, 47, 327 knife handles 71, 71, 170, 171 Building 34 234, 247; Building 35 Anarchy, The 86–7 musical toy? 282 234, 247, 252, 259, 278, 278; Buildings animal disposal pits 110, 122, 133, parchment prickers/styli 170 36 & 37 234, 247; Building 38 234, 151, 417 square-sectioned object 37, 39 249; Building 41 80, 81–2; Building 43 animal disposal pits (numbered) stylus?/point 170 259, 320–1, 322, 330; Building 44 259, ADP 1 108, 191; ADP 2 108, 151, toothbrush handle 262, 264 317, 330; Building 47 262, 264, 304, 191; ADP 4 110, 191; ADPs 5 & 6 typewriter brush 304, 305 304, 305; Building 48 259; Building 49 131, 191; ADP 8 131, 151, 189, 191; bone-working 64, 68, 171, 187, 188, 296, 298–300, 335; Building 50 259, ADP 9 133, 151, 191, 192, 193; ADPs 189, 189, 418 283, 284, 285; Building 51 259, 286, 10–12 190, 193, 228, 230–1, 234, 249, Bones family 283, 291, 360 335; Building 52 259, 283; Building 349, 420; ADP 13 191, 259, 267; ADP Bradwell’s Court 364, 365 53 259, 291; Building 54 304, 305; 14 191, 259, 296 Bradwell’s Yard 382, 383 Building 55 296, 298, 435 animals and humans 432 brick, inscribed 272, 272, 393, 394 burgage plots 98 antiquarian investigations 4–5 brick kilns 348 butchery 59, 59, 72, 72, 79, 81, 113, artificial water channels 89 bricks 81, 81, 169–70, 213, 344–5 113, 152, 195–6, 282, 282, 296, 349 assemblages 333–6, 410–13, 412, 433–5 brickwork 169, 347–8, 352 buildings – Christ’s Lane 386–7, C B 386; Buildings 1–3 371; Building 2 371, 379–80; Building 4 371, 372, Cambridge Engraving Company 322 barns 371, 372, 373 373; Buildings 5–7 373–4; Buildings Cambridge Scientific Instrument Barnwell Gate 48 8–10 374, 375, 376; Building 11 376, Company 309, 322 Barnwell Gate suburb 4–5, 357–9, 378, 383; Building 12 378; Building Carrier’s Arms 79, 81, 82 358–9, 403, 404 13 380, 382; Building 14 381, 382; castle 86, 87, 400 see also Christ’s College; Christ’s Building 17 383 Castle Hill suburb 398, 399, 400 Lane development; Emmanuel buildings (numbered) cellars (numbered) College; South of Downing Building 1 36, 37–8; Building 2 37, Cellar 4 234, 249, 256, 259, 288, 291– Street; St Andrew the Great 37; Building 3 97, 102, 163; Building 6 2, 292–5, 297, 334, 350; Cellar 5 190, Barnwell suburb 398, 399, 401, 403 98, 164, 167, 183, 190; Buildings 7 & 8 234, 247, 259, 278, 283, 335; Cellar 6 Barrett & Son Ltd. 283, 285–6,285 , 108, 117, 131; Buildings 9 & 10 108, 234, 247, 253, 333, 349; Cellar 7 190, 301, 306, 324, 431 169; Building 12 108, 151; Building 234, 247, 259, 283, 290, 334; Cellar basketry objects 12/14 138, 144; Building 14 131, 218; 10 80, 82; Cellar 11 258, 336; Cellar basket 71, 72 Building 15 138, 217, 218; Building 12 259, 283, 285, 287–8, 335; Cellar 468 Index

13 259, 288, 317, 318, 319, 323, 324–6, Cock Inn 249, 291–2, 412 eels 120, 121, 197–8, 198, 199 330, 336 college-associated material 285, 286, Ely 337, 340, 341, 345, 347 ceramic building material 169–70, 169, 292–3, 292–3, 295, 296, 297, 441, 442 Emmanuel College 344–5, 344, 346, 347–8, 392 college servants 354, 382, 441 bottles 285, 286 ceramic objects butlers 282, 283, 285 butlers of 283, 285 figurines 281, 282, 295, 295, 341 cooks 253, 272, 278, 278, 285, 292–3, Chalice Inn 16–17, 18, 222, 305, 306, gas mantles 325, 330, 341 295, 296, 380, 441 393, 393 pipes 79, 81 see also Wicks, Thomas Christ’s Lane 368 cesspits 102, 430 colleges, foundation of 107, 128–9 cooks of 292; see also Wicks, Thomas cesspits, Christ’s Lane 374 copper alloy objects 156, 158, 296 excavations at 3, 7, 391–2, 392, 394–5 cesspits (numbered) buckles 157, 158, 373 frontage 393, 393 Cesspit 1 17, 19, 36–7, 37–8; Cesspit chatelaine 157, 158 leatherdressers’ waste 187 2 37, 37; Cesspit 3 37, 37; Cesspits coins and jettons 156, 332–3 plant macrofossils 201, 203–4 6, 8–10 97–8, 102; Cesspit 13 163; furniture drop handle 277 Plot VIII 31, 32 Cesspit 14 142–3, 143, 176, 179, 420; horse pendant 145, 158 Plot XIII 244, 304–5, 307 Cesspit 15 138, 144, 217, 218, 420; knife shoulder bolster 157, 158 Robert Sayle department store 309, Cesspit 16 17, 133, 137, 144, 171, lace-tags 158 322, 323 176, 217, 219, 220–1, 222; Cesspit 17 suspension loop 157, 158 21 St Andrew’s Street 393–4, 393 234, 247, 259, 286; Cesspit AB1 117; triangular plate 247, 253 4 Tibb’s Row 79 Cesspit F.137 187, 189 Corfield Court 159, 165,203–4 , 384–5, warehouse, payment for 270 Chalice Inn 16–17, 18, 222, 305, 306, 385, 385 English Civil War 78, 351 393, 393 Corn Exchange Court 291, 296, 298, chandlers 192, 223 301, 303 F chemists 257, 261 Chequer Inn 218, 235 D faeces 66, 199–200, 201 Cherry Hinton 403–4 feathers, use of 316 Chesterton 42, 102, 143, 395, 403 dendrochronology female households 273 Chesterton Lane Corner 203–4, 358, oak 17, 37, 42, 121, 140, 140, 148, field boundaries 35, 36 400, 436, 438 219, 222, 227–8, 244, 248–9 fields 358, 395–8, 396, 397 children 431 pine 16, 240, 244, 322 Field’s Court 378 inscribed wooden blocks 272, 272 depositional practices 443 fish 127, 197–9, 198, 350 pottery 287, 295, 295, 300, 324, 330 diet and status 183, 202, 203–4, 204 Fitzbillies 200,203–4 shoes 72, 73 discussions Fitzwilliam Museum 358, 400–1 slate pencils 273, 277, 333–4 Christ’s Lane 384–91, 385–6, 385, flint 181, 281, 282 Christ’s College 363–4, 363, 382 388, 389–90 Former Marshall Garage site 358, 396, 1–7 Christ’s Lane 379 Emmanuel College 395 397 12 Christ’s Lane 381, 382 Grand Arcade 42–3, 206–11, 350–5 foundation deposits 223 Christ’s Lane development King’s Ditch 83–4, 85, 86–7, 88, 89, foundations (numbered) excavations at 2–3, 364, 365–7, 366–8 90, 91–2, 91 Foundation 1 259, 273, 335; 11th-17th C. 368–71, 370, 372–3, suburbs 404 Foundation 2 259, 273, 337; 373–4, 375, 376 Ditch 1 17, 40, 40–1, 42, 95, 98, 102, Foundation 3 298, 301, 302, 335; 18th-20th C. 378–80, 379–82, 382–3 108, 163 Foundation 4 307, 336 discussion 384–9, 385–6, 385, 388, ditches: see King’s Ditch; town ditches 389–90, 391 Dobson, Sarah 273, 274, 278, 431, 439 G material culture 383–4 doorways 264, 265 Vine Estate 376, 377, 378, 388, 388, Down Room 316–17, 317 garages 304, 305, 330 389 drains (numbered) garden soils 93, 106, 201–2, 213 churches 362 Drain 1 235; Drains 2 & 3 234, 244; geology of the site 35 see also St Andrew the Great Drain 7 122, 259, 317; Drains 8 & 9 glass objects Cistern 1 234, 244 259, 272; Drain 10 259, 273; Drains beer bottles 326 see also WFF 11 11 & 12 278, 283 Codd bottles 326 , 330 clay spindle whorl 181 drains, urban 435 drinking glasses 282, 286, 290, 336 clay tobacco pipes 341, 342, 343–4 drapers 309 King’s Ditch vessels 79, 83 clay tobacco pipe kiln 76 drinking 273 lime juice bottle 326 late 16th–17th C. 170, 181 perfume bottle 380, 380 18th C. 238, 239–40, 240, 245, 281, E pharmaceutical bottles 267,268 , 336 282, 295 phials 240, 281, 282, 295 19th C. 273 East Fields 358, 395–8, 396, 397 sauce bottle 380,380 from King’s Ditch 79 Eastern Gate Hotel 358, 401, 402, 403, seals 240, 240, 279, 281, 282, 285, coal trade 158, 159 403 286, 336–7 469 Index

soda water bottles 301, 302–3, 336, Grand Arcade 105–6, 205–6, 205–6, 59, 63–5, 64, 66, 69; late 15th–late 380, 380 418 17th C. 69–72, 70–5, 72, 74–9, 77–8; spirits bottle 324 King’s Ditch 55, 62, 64, 66, 74, 76, 205 late 18th–early 21st C. 79, 80–2, utility bottles 240, 240, 247, 252–3, iron building frames 311 81–2 273, 279, 281, 286, 295, 336–7, 337 iron objects 156, 158 tour of 48–50, 49 vessel glass 334, 336–7 buckles 71, 71, 75, 75, 158 Kuquit, James 238, 239, 343 window glass 283, 392, 392 coffin fittings 361, 362 global links 436, 437–40, 438–41 fire steel 152, 158 L Gormley, Anthony, Earthbound: Plant hammer head 157, 158 405–6, 407 horseshoes 152, 158, 333 lamps 154, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166 graffiti 71, 71, 139, 140, 141, 142, 164, keys 157, 158 Leach family 292, 293, 411, 412 165 kitchen range 381, 382 lead/lead-alloy objects 156, 158 Grand Arcade knives 37, 39, 69, 70, 71, 71, 75, 75, pipes 271, 271 abbreviations and acronyms 20, 20 152, 156, 158, 170, 176, 235, 239 planting labels 236, 239, 240, 333 methodology 6, 7–8, 8–9, 10, 11, latch rest 157, 158 leather objects 180–1, 349 14–15 loops/?hasps 152 book cover 76 phasing 12, 13, 21, 22–7, 28 scythe 105, 105, 156 boots and shoes 180–1; ankle plots 13–14, 13 shears 157, 158 boots 69, 70, 71, 73; boots 70, 70; previous work 3, 5, 7 spurs 158 riveted shoes 82–3, 82; straps 76; standing buildings 28–9, 29–30, staples 152, 158, 319 turnshoes 55, 56, 58, 59, 63, 64, 31–2, 32–3, 34 stylus 126, 158 153; welted shoes 71–2, 73, 75, 76, great fen sedge 200–1 unidentified 63, 64 82, 82, 83, 219, 221 Great Rebuilding 350–1 iron smithing 59, 219 brush, horse grooming 82, 83 grocers 273, 353, 379–80 container 180 gullies 102–3, 110, 117 J decorated panel 72, 74, 181 gullies (numbered) disc 75, 76, 181 Gully 1 35, 36; Gully 2 37, 37; Gully Jay family 270, 272, 273 drinking vessel 137, 219, 221, 222 3 40–1, 40, 108; Gully 4 40, 40, 41, Jesus College harness straps 82, 83, 181 96, 99, 110; Gullies 5 & 6 40, 42, 95, brickwork at 169, 347 knife sheath 170, 181 102; Gullies 8 & 9 95, 102; Gully 11 and Robert Sayle department store patten latchets and strap 72, 73 97, 102; Gully 14 95, 102, 108, 110; 309, 310 sheet fragment 137, 142, 235, 239 Gully 17 98, 102; Gully 27 217, 222, Vine Estate 376, 377, 378, 388, 388, strap 75, 181 234, 238, 239; Gully AB 1 40, 41 389 sword scabbard 181 Jesus Lane 403 leatherdressing 68, 69, 187, 188, 189– H Judge Business School 358, 400 90, 189, 264, 349, 352, 354 Leighton House, Trumpington Road Hadstock Way 36 K 309, 390 Hamel, Oxford 414–15 Lion Yard shopping centre 3, 7, 47, 50, Headley family 16, 19, 244, 244–5, 245, kilns 76, 145, 146, 348 61 267, 268, 352 King’s Ditch 45–92 lodes 89 Heigham, Norwich 414 animal remains 58–9, 59, 63, 64, 65, London 42, 102, 117, 143 Homan & Rodgers 311 69, 72, 72, 79, 81, 187, 189, 190–1 Aldersgate 90, 91 Hopkins family 293, 293, 295, 296, 412 bridges 67–9, 68, 77–8, 77 Southwark 419 horn-working 58–9, 65, 68, 187, 187, discussion 83–4, 85, 86–7, 88, 89, 90, 188, 189–90, 189, 418 91–2, 91 M horses 72, 151, 188, 192, 193, 195, 196, documentary references 66, 69, 78, 223, 223 78 malting kiln 145, 146 Hostel Yard, Corpus Christi 181, 199, environmental evidence: insects 55, mammal and bird bone 203–4 62, 64, 66, 74, 76, 205, 205–6; plant Grand Arcade 181, 182–3, 183–5, Howes 404 macrofossils 55, 62, 66, 74, 76, 201; 184–5, 349–50; biometry 194–5; Hughes, Thomas McKenny 5, 7, 47, pollen 55, 58, 59, 62, 66, 69, 70, 74, butchery 195–6; conclusions 345, 348 76, 206 196–7, 196–7, 418; industrial location 3, 11, 46 deposits 186–7, 187, 188, 189–90, I pottery: see pottery 189; mortality profiles 193–4; previous investigations 45, 46, 47–8 pathology 196; skeletons 190, inclosure, of fields 389, 390 profile 87, 88 190–1, 192, 193, 193; species inns: see Birdbolt Inn; Chalice Inn; radiocarbon dating 55, 57, 58, 59, 62 frequency 182–3, 185–6, 186, 350 Chequer Inn; Cock Inn sequence 21, 23–6, 50, 51–6, 60–1; King’s Ditch 58–9, 59, 63, 64, 65, 69, insects early/mid-12th C. 50, 55, 56, 57–8, 72, 72, 79, 81; industrial deposits Christ’s Lane 370 57; late 12th–mid-15th C. 57, 58–9, 187, 189; skeletons 190–1 470 Index

Christ’s Lane 374, 376, 384 pits plastic objects, drawer fittings 323, Mandeville, Geoffrey de 86 Christ’s Lane; Pit 24 205, 205–6; Pit 324 maps 129, 130, 138, 213, 214, 232, 234, 25 205, 205–6 plots 13–14, 13, 97, 98, 107, 109, 214, 257, 260 Grand Arcade 97–8, 103, 103, 106, 215, 233–4, 418–19 Masonic Hall 46, 47, 57, 76, 80 106, 110, 123, 126–7, 127–8, 133, plots (numbered) material culture 154–6, 331–2, 332, 138, 151–2, 154, 213 Plots I & II 129, 235, 257; Plots III– 417–18 King’s Ditch, Pit 59 80, 82 VI 235, 257; Plot VII 136, 235, 257; Matthew & Son Ltd. 307 see also animal disposal pits; quarry Plot VIII 136, 187, 235, 236, 257, McDonald Institute Courtyard pits; specialized pits 322–3; Plot IX 107, 119, 121, 129, Building 405 pits (numbered) 216, 217, 235, 237–8, 257, 311; Plot X messuages 107 Pit 1 37, 37; Pit 2 37, 37, 39, 170; Pit (Plot XI) 129, 216, 217, 218, 218, 222, metalworking 418 3 98, 106; Pit 5 104–6, 104, 205–6, 235, 239, 257, 261–3, 264, 265–6, 267, methodology 4, 6, 7–8, 8–9, 10, 14–15, 206; Pit 6 105, 105, 156; Pit 8 95, 303–4, 305, 311, 314, 333; Plot XII 28–9, 409 106; Pit 12 98, 180; Pit 13 98, 102; 222, 238, 239–40, 240, 267; Plot XIII micromorphological soil studies 406, Pit 14 110, 117; Pit 15 108, 122; Pit 219, 220–1, 222–3, 240, 241–3, 244–5, 407–8 16 108, 128, 128, 175; Pit 17 108, 245, 267, 268–72, 270–2, 273, 304–5, milk production 228, 230 128; Pit 18 108, 170, 181; Pit 19 108, 306, 307; Plot XIV 136, 223–4, 223, modernity, archaeology of 432–6 183, 190, 191; Pit 20 110, 126, 183; 244, 246, 247, 248–9, 248, 273, 274–7, Pit 21 108, 183, 190; Pit 22 17, 110, 278, 307, 333–4, 351; Plot XV 113, N 184; Pit 23 110, 127, 167, 197; Pit 136, 223, 224, 247, 250–2, 278–9, 278, 26 108, 167; Pit 27 108, 189, 191; Pit 280–1, 282–3, 282, 283; Plot XVI 136, National Telephone Company Ltd. 305 29 110, 126, 167; Pit 36 138, 154–5, 223, 224–8, 224–7, 247, 253, 283, 351; 34–38 Newnham Road 358, 401 176; Pit 37 138, 155, 176; Pit 38 131, Plot XVII 136, 223, 228, 247, 283, Newnham suburb 398, 399, 401 177, 205–6, 206; Pit 39 131, 181; Pit 284–9, 285–6; Plot XVIII 136, 223, Norwich Union 304, 307, 308 41 138, 205–6, 205–6; Pit 44 131, 228, 247, 286, 290, 291; Plot XIX 136, 157; Pit 46 131, 152, 191; Pit 49 133, 223, 228, 247, 249, 291; Plot XX 129, O 153; Pit 50 133, 170, 191; Pit 51 131, 228, 247, 249, 291, 307, 308, 309; Plot 157, 187, 189; Pit 52 138, 191; Pit 53 XXI 247; Plot XXII 228, 230, 230–1, origins of residents 439–40, 440 138, 189; Pit 54 133, 191; Pit 55 217, 249, 254–6, 291–3, 292–5, 295–6, Ottoman Empire 141 222; Pit 56 191, 193, 217, 223, 223, 297–302, 301–3, 351 ovens 349; Pit 57 19, 234, 244–5, 245, 333; pollen, King’s Ditch 55, 58, 59, 62, 66, Christ’s Lane 370, 376, 387 Pit 58 234, 249; Pit 60 257, 259, 262, 69, 70, 74, 76, 206 Grand Arcade 110, 110, 122, 123–4, 335; Pit 61 259, 273, 335; Pit 62 259, population estimates 28, 96–7, 129, 133, 151, 169, 202 290, 291, 335; Pit 63 259, 296, 334, 209, 216, 234, 257, 353 ovens (numbereed) 350; Pit 64 259, 296, 334; Pit 65 259, pottery 159,159 , 160, 161, 161, 162, Ovens 4–5 123, 124; Ovens 7 151; 303, 333, 335; Pit 66 259, 303; Pit 67 165, 165, 167–9, 167, 337–8, 338, 339, Oven 8 151, 169, 211 298, 302, 303, 335; Pit 68 257, 259, 340–1 335; Pit AB1 168; Pit F.3658 189 18th-century London-type P plant macrofossils stoneware 338, 340 Christ’s Lane 199, 200, 203–4, 384 Art pottery 288, 338, 341 painter’s materials 303 Grand Arcade 199–202, 199, 203–4, Babylon-type ware 168, 168 parish boundaries 84, 85 204–5, 222, 418 Biscuit 295, 325, 338, 341 Parkside Fire and Rescue Station 358, King’s Ditch 55, 62, 66, 74, 76, 201 Black Basalt 279, 280, 294, 338, 340, 396, 397, 398 planting beds 133, 235 341 patterns of change planting beds (numbered) Boarstall/Brill 127, 165, 167 feature types 426, 426, 427 Planting Bed 4 133, 189; Planting Bone china/hard paste porcelain human waste disposal 430 Beds 7 & 8 233, 235, 236, 257, 259, 276, 287, 338, 341 material culture 421–2, 423, 424–6 333, 333–4; Planting Bed 9 234, 238, bottles 276 wells and water supply 426–8, 240, 240, 333; Planting Bed 10 189, Bourne 167, 167 427–30, 429 234, 235, 259, 262, 264, 333, 349; Broad Street Gritty Red Pawson family 281, 282, 295, 296, 343 Planting Bed 11 234, 244, 246, 247, Earthenware 168, 168 Peck, G. & Son Ltd. 304 333, 349; Planting Beds 12–14 257, Broad Street Fineware 168, 168 Pembroke College 203–4, 358, 401 259, 262, 264; Planting Beds 15 & 16 Cambridge-type Sgraffitto 70, 167, petrological analyses 174 259, 267; Planting Bed 17 259, 273, 167 photographers 267 277, 334; Planting Bed 18 259, 273 Chinese export porcelain 236, 244, photographic studio 264, 266, 267 planting holes (numbered) 245, 276, 279, 292, 338, 340 Pink, Jonathon 249, 253 Planting Hole 1 259, 277, 334; Christ’s Lane 373, 374, 380, 380, 383, pipeclay objects Planting Hole 3 259, 273, 274–6, 385, 385 finial 253 332, 334, 350; Planting Holes 1-6 coarseware 133, 153, 161, 163, 164, wig curler 373 259, 273 166, 168, 168 471 Index

Creamware 244–5, 279, 291–3, 295, medieval Ely ware 115, 118, 121, pump setting 225 296, 338, 340; bowls 246, 293; cup 126–7, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167 Purchas family 249, 291 295; dish/plate 236, 292; jugs 245; Mocha/Industrial slipware 279, 338 lids 280; plates 245–6, 280, 292–3; Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire-type Q serving dish 268; serving dish/ stoneware 279, 280, 338, 340, 341 tureen stand 253; soup dish 268; patterns of change 421–2,423 , 424–5 quarry pits 397–8, 397, 417 tankards 280; tea/coffee pot lid Pearlware 279, 292, 294, 295, 338, clay 106, 127–8, 152, 154 236; watering can 295 340; bowls 280; jugs 280, 288; gravel 99, 103, 103, 106, 106, 151 Dry red bodied stoneware 288, 338, plates 268, 292; service 280; tea strip quarries 397, 398 340, 341 and coffee wares 280, 294 Dutch Glazed Red Earthenware Powdery fabric lead glazed R 168, 168 earthenware 324, 338, 341 early Ely ware 161, 163 Potterspury 167,167 railway, coming of 391 English soft paste porcelain 244, Refined buff earthenware/ refuse disposal 351 245, 294, 338, 340 yellowware 338, 341 religion in Cambridge 351 Essex redware 112, 113, 124, 154, Refined blue earthenware 338 religious institutions 107 167, 167; Colchester-type ware? Refined red earthenware 338 ritual deposits 223 133, 136, 164, 167; Hedingham Scarborough 165, 166, 167, 167 Robert Sayle department store 31–2, ware 101, 101, 115, 136, 164, 167 semi-porcelain whiteware 323, 324, 33, 34, 82, 312–13 Essex greyware 163, 167, 167 330, 341 19th century 309, 310, 311; frontage Frechen 338, 338, 340, 341 Siegburg 167, 167 area 311, 314–15, 316; interior General white earthenware St Neots-type ware 37, 37–9, 105, 316; rear area 316–17, 317–20, 322 (whiteware) 264, 279, 285, 286, 161, 161, 163 20th century; frontage area 322–3; 291, 303, 338, 340, 341; bowls Staffordshire scratch blue 247, 252, rear area 323, 324–6, 329–30 276–7, 287; chamber pots 276–7; 279, 338, 340 discussion 330–1, 418 cups 275–7, 300, 325; egg cups Staffordshire-type lead glazed living above the shop 327–9, 327 324; jars 302; jugs 287; lids 290; earthenware 295, 295, 338, 340, roofing thatch 205–6 marmalade jars 302; meat dish 341 roundwood 177–9, 177, 178 325; plates 262–3, 278, 287, 288, Staffordshire-type slipware 338, 299, 324–5, 330; sauceboat 287; 338, 340, 341 S service 275; serving dishes 287; Staffordshire white salt-glazed toilet bowl 302; vessels 299; wash stoneware 236, 240, 244–5, 245–6, Sawpit 1 79, 80–1, 335 basin 302 253, 338, 340 Sayle, Robert 31, 79, 257, 309, 390 German stoneware 168, 168 Stamford ware 161, 161, 163, 165 see also Robert Sayle department Glazed Red Earthenware 166, 168, Sunderland-type earthenware 300, store 168, 337 324, 338, 340, 341 school 273, 274–7, 278 Grimston ware 112, 113, 136, 164, Surrey Borders ware 153, 167, 167 seasonality 39, 64, 177, 178, 179 165, 165, 166, 167 Thetford-type ware 38, 161, 161, 163 Selfridges Provincial Stores 31, 33, 323 Hertfordshire fineware 148–9, 149, Tin-glazed earthenware 168, 168, sewerage 273 165 244, 249, 279, 338, 338, 340, 341; shells 64 Iron-glazed earthernware/blackware bowls 240; chamber pots 245; slag 156, 158–9, 219 279, 280, 337–8, 338, 340, 341 char dish 290; drug/ointment jars slave trade 17, 19, 222 King’s Ditch 57, 76; St Neots- 268, 280; plates 245, 253, 283 smoking 273 type ware 55; Thetford-type Toynton 167, 167 snails 183 ware 64; buff coarseware 58, Utilitarian English stoneware 276, soakaways (numbered) 64; grey coarseware 58, 64, 64, 287, 302, 303, 325, 338, 341 Soakaway 1 234, 235; Soakaway 2 163; Ely ware Grimston type 67; Westerwald 236, 245, 279, 338, 338, 16, 234, 244, 259, 267, 268, 334, 350; Sgraffito 69, 70; Surrey Borders 340 Soakaway 3 234, 247, 252, 278, 279, 64, 64; Broad Street Gritty Red White bodied stoneware 263, 299, 280–1, 282–3, 282, 334, 350; Soakaway Earthenware 75, 75; post- 301, 338 4 234, 247, 252, 333; Soakaway 5 80, medieval 79 prehistory of the site 35–6 82, 332–3; Soakaway 6 259, 267 Late Unglazed Earthenware 338, property boundaries 97, 417 South of Downing Street 363 340, 341; flowerpots 236, 263, 264, Christ’s Lane 369, 371, 374 specialized pits 340; saucer 263, 264, 340 Grand Arcade 94, 96, 96, 106, 109, Grand Arcade 108, 110, 122–3, 125, Late Glazed Red Earthenware 295, 129, 132, 222, 223 131, 151, 164, 167 338, 340, 341; bowls 246, 268; see also gullies King’s Ditch 78, 131 cover/baking cloche 262, 264; jars property tail archaeology 420 specialized pits (numbered) 246, 268 property widths 416, 416 SP 1 122, 125; SPs 4–6 167; SP 5 164 Lyveden/Stanion 165, 167, 167 public engagement 327 St Andrew the Great, church of 3, 42, Martaban-type jar 285, 288, 338, 341 pump house 320–1, 322, 330 46, 47, 351, 359, 360–1, 362–3 472 Index

St Andrew’s Court 291 gravestone 255 water-filled features (numbered) 21 St Andrew’s Street 3, 6, 16–20, 18, mouldings, various 249 WFF 2 108, 121, 122, 131, 175; WFF 393–4, 393 parapet crenellation 174, 175, 255 3 108, 118, 119, 121; WFF 4 108, 57–62 St Andrew’s Street 368 windows 16–17, 227, 228, 241, 243, 119, 119, 121; WFF 5 108, 119, 120, 63–64 St Andrew’s Street 368 244, 394 121, 122; WFF 6 17, 110; WFF 7 17, 65–68 St Andrew’s Street 383 stratigraphic resolution 93 110, 117, 121, 133; WFF 8 110, 121, 69 St Andrew’s Street 378 suburban archaeology 410, 413–20, 133; WFF 9 110, 121; WFF 10 110, 70 St Andrew’s Street 378–80 415, 416, 419 205, 205–6; WFF 11 131, 148–9, 149; St Andrew’s Street plots 31–2, 32, 215, suburbs 389, 390, 391, 398, 399, 400–1, WFF 12 131, 149; WFF 13 131, 146, 216 402, 403–4, 403 147, 179; WFF 14 17, 147, 147, 176–7; stable isotope analyses 199 surfaces 123, 133, 151, 217, 222 WFF 15 17, 147, 150, 176; WFF 16 stables 235 133, 151, 187, 189 standing buildings T water requirements 230 introduction to 28–9, 29–30, 31–2, water supply 19, 273, 417, 426–8, 32–3, 34, 214 tea drinking 353, 354, 424 427–30, 429 plans 29, 233–4, 258 telegraph pole 304, 305 see also Wells standing buildings (numbered) temporality and biography 410 wattle structures Standing Building 18/19 257, 261, tenements 107 fence or revetment 75, 75 303; Standing Building 20 235, 257, test pits 8, 9 revetment 67 264, 265, 267; Standing Building textile remains 181 wells 17, 18, 36–7, 37–8, 42, 99, 21 16, 18, 305, 306, 307; Standing Thoday and Clayton 79 100–1, 101, 111, 112, 114, 177–9, 177, Building 22 244, 250, 307; Standing 4 Tibb’s Row 79, 80–2, 81–3 178, 370 Buildings 23 & 24 234, 244, 247, Tibb’s Row 31, 34, 79, 80, 83, 258 Watts, Isaac 273,275 , 277 250–1; Standing Building 25 234, tile kilns 348 wells 37, 417, 426–8, 427–30, 430 247, 283; Standing Buildings 28 timber framing 251 mid–late 12th C. 96–8, 99–100, 102 & 29 235; Standing Building 42 timber supplies 175 13th–14th C. 109, 109–12, 110–11, 31, 234, 235, 237–8, 312–13, 323; toads 151, 193 113–14, 113, 114–16, 117 Standing Building 48 316, 317, 323, topography of Cambridge 84 15th–16th C. 132, 132–40, 136, 139– 330; Standing Building 56 319, town ditches 45, 83, 89, 90, 91, 91 43, 142 322; Standing Building 65 31, 234, see also King’s Ditch 17th C. 217–18, 218, 222, 226–8, 235, 237–8, 323; Standing Building town versus gown 441–3, 442 226–7, 229 70 269–70, 270, 272, 272, 305, 307; tree-ring data: see dendrochronology 18th C. 234, 235, 239, 240, 241–3, Standing Building 72 264, 265–6, Trumpington Gate suburb 398, 399, 244, 247–9, 248 267; Standing Building 78 304, 305; 400–1 19th C. 257, 259 Standing Building 79 307; Standing 15–19 Trumpington Street 358, 401 Christ’s Lane 370–1, 370, 378 Building 80 305; Standing Building Tunwell family 235, 240, 292, 292, wells (numbered) 94 31, 286, 289; Standing Building 412 Well 1 17, 18, 36–7, 37–8, 136; Well 95 171, 285–6, 289; Standing Building 2 37, 37, 42, 110; Well 3 40, 42, 95; 96 31, 285, 289; Standing Building V Well 4 97, 177; Well 5 97, 100–1, 101, 99 273; Standing Building 105 108, 164, 177, 179; Well 6 97, 100, 234, 244; Standing Building 106 Vine Estate 376, 377, 388, 388, 389 101, 108, 114, 157, 179; Well 7 & 8 97, 247; Standing Building 110 234, 100, 177; Well 9 97, 100; Well 10 97, 244 W 100, 108; Well 12 97, 163; Well 13 17, stone objects 159, 296, 333–4 18, 98, 100, 110, 177; Well 14 98, 100, chalk tablet 58, 63, 159 walls 217, 222–3, 234, 238, 247, 249 110; Well 15 98, 100, 110, 163; Well cresset? or heating tray 154, 159 walls (numbered) 18 98–9, 110, 170, 177; Well 20 108, gunflint 281, 282 Wall 1 222; Wall 2 222; Wall 3 222–3; 187, 188, 189; Well 21 108, 177; Well mortar 147, 159 Wall 4 223, 228, 249; Wall 5 223, 224; 22 108, 110, 114, 131–2, 133, 136, slate pencils 273, 277, 333–4 Wall 6 223, 228, 408; Wall 8 238; 136, 143, 171, 190–1; Well 23 108, whetstones 333 Wall 10 171, 174, 175, 228, 234, 249, 116, 177; Well 25 108, 114, 116, 175, stone, reused 171–2, 171–4, 174–5, 254–5, 259, 408; Wall 11 249; Wall 12 177; Well 26 108, 131, 177; Well 28 249, 392, 394 247, 408; Wall 13 247; Wall 14 247 136, 138, 420; Well 29 17, 18, 110, architectural fragments 114, 134 Ward, Mary 244 133, 166, 177; Well 30 110, 133, 191; ashlar blocks 143 Warehouse 269–70, 270, 272, 394 Well 31 110, 113, 133, 177; Well 32 beak 255 water channels 89 110, 111, 112, 113, 113, 136, 167, 177; blind arcading 173 Water Closet 1 259, 272, 304, 305 Well 33 110, 114, 115, 136, 167, 177; blocks 222, 228 Water Closets 2 & 3 296, 298 Well 34 110, 133, 166; Well 35 131, capital 378, 379 water closets 273, 430 136, 177; Well 36 124, 132, 134, 138, column base 255 water-filled features 110, 110, 117, 143, 171, 175; Well 37 138, 143, 216, cornice 255 121–2, 133, 147 217, 218, 234, 235, 262, 263, 264, 335; 473 Index

Well 38 132, 137, 138–40, 139–42, Wicks, Thomas 272, 278–9, 278, 283, casks 179, 179; Cesspit 14 142, 143, 179, 189, 191, 217, 218, 234, 235, 239, 295, 393, 394 176; Christ’s Lane 370–1, 370; Well 349, 420; Well 39 17, 18, 19, 133, 135, Wilkinson, Samuel 240, 244, 245, 343 6 100, 101; Well 38 132, 139–42, 179; Well 40 133, 179, 189, 202; Well wine trade 141, 307 139–40; Well 39 135; WFF13 146 41 189, 217, 218, 218, 222, 234, 235, women 431–2 chest 128, 128, 175–6 262, 264; Well 42 171, 173, 175, 217, wooden objects 175–7, 348–9 comb 177 224, 226–8, 226–7, 351; Well 43 189, baseplate & upright 125 frame 128, 128, 175 217, 225, 228, 229, 234, 259, 283; Well baseplate, cesspit 143, 176 jug 155, 176 44 217, 228, 234, 247; Well 45 16–17, baseplates, well 348–9; Well 41 218, knife handle 70, 176 18, 19, 171, 175, 234, 240, 241–3, 218, 222; Well 42 226, 226, 227; ladder rails 114, 116, 175 244, 259, 272, 273; Well 46 234, 244, Well 43 225, 229; Well 45 240, ladders 147, 147, 150, 176–7 248–9, 248; Well 47 234, 247, 278, 241–2, 244; Well 46 244, 248–9, lids 137, 142, 235, 239 278; Well 48 257, 259; Well 49 259, 248 panel 219, 220 319, 322; Well 50 259, 320–1, 322, battens 155, 176 pegs 176 330; Well 51 262, 264; Well 52 18, block, well plug 271, 271 posts 77, 77 19, 259, 271, 271, 272; Well 53 18, 19, blocks, inscribed 272, 272 rake head 104, 105 259, 272, 278, 304, 305; Well 54 296, boards 180, 218, 227 spoons 219, 220 298, 301; Well 55 291, 296, 298, 301; boards, furniture 219, 220 staff-like object 114, 116, 175 Well 56 259, 283; Well 57 259, 286; bowling ball 71, 71, 177, 419 stakes 119, 121 Well 58 258, 291; Well F.312 171, bowls 155, 176 tenon 219, 220 175; Well M1 18, 19, 258, 273 bridge 67–9, 68 trough 148, 149 wheel ruts 138, 210–11, 420 brush back 263 wheel felloe and spoke 142, 176 whitesmiths 382 cask head 71, 71 winding block 226, 228

474 Medieval to modern suburban material culture and sequence at Grand Arcade, Cambridge

This is the first volume describing the results of the CAUs excavations in Cambridge and it is also the first monograph ever published on the archaeology of the town. At 1.5 hectares the Grand Arcade investigations represent the largest archaeological excavation ever undertaken in Cambridge, significantly enhanced by detailed standing building recording and documentary research. It includes one of the most comprehensive studies of the suburb of a British town, with fourteen investigated plots of the mid/late eleventh to twentieth centuries, and the most detailed investigation of a British town ditch ever undertaken, spanning the early/mid-twelfth to eighteenth centuries. Major artefactual assemblages of many material types were recovered, with extensive waterlogged preservation of wood and leather plus environmental sampling, including pollen and insects. The volume treats the copious eighteenth–twentieth-century material culture in a manner unparalleled in a British context, including a considerable number of college related items that attest to the town’s distinctive role as a university centre. This is an important book, and the scale of the investigations and the richness of the archaeology make it a major contribution to studies of British town suburbs and boundaries in particular and urban archaeology more generally. The ground-breaking commitment to the archaeology of the eighteenth–twentieth-centuries is particularly important, as Cambridge was one of the key intellectual hubs of the foremost global power for much of the period.

Published by the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, ISBNISBN 978-1-902937-95-3978-1-902937-95-3 University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK.

Cover design by Dora Kemp, Ben Plumridge and Andrew Hall.

ISBN: 978-1-902937-95-3 9 781902 937953

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT