Abstinence Importance of Early Intervention 247 Treatment to Attain
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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89882-9 - Ghodse’s Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment, Fourth Edition Hamid Ghodse Index More information Index abstinence AIDS see HIV and AIDS DSM-IV system 155–57 importance of early intervention alcohol 106 ICD-10 system 148–53 247 adverse effects of misuse 111 drug history 131–32 treatment to attain 252 alcohol use disorder (AUD) drug screening programmes 146–47 versus controlled drinking 116 diagnosis and screening 110–11 family assessments 135–36 versus maintenance on opiates extent and nature of problem laboratory investigations 191–92 107–09 interpretation of results 145–46 abstinence syndromes management of 113–15 methods 144–45 neonatal 225–26 policies controlling 117–19 tests 140–44 opiates 77–78, 180–81, 236 relapse prevention 115–17 life history 132–33 sedative hypnotics 84, 218 combined with drugs 103–05 mental state examination 139–40 see also detoxification; withdrawal definitions 106–07 physical examination 136–38 syndromes/states dependence syndrome 107 psychological 140 acamprosate, alcohol dependence genetics of use and dependence 109 social work 133–35 116–17 metabolism of 109–10 time scale for outcome assessment accelerated detoxification, opiates Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 174–75 245 184–85 alternative medicine 186 workplace drug testing 147 accident and emergency (A & E) the Americas AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders departments drug policy, United States 73–74 Identification Test) 110–11 management of drug-dependent drug problems audits patients 235–37 Central America 33–34 international drug activity 20–21 source of epidemiological data North America 37–39 of prescriptions 48–50 58–59, 237–38 South America 39–41 Australia acupuncture treatment 185–86 amnesic syndrome, ICD-10 criteria drugs policy 74 acute intoxication 152–53 dual diagnosis, prevalence study 232 ICD-10 diagnostic criteria 149–50 amotivational syndrome, cannabis aversion therapy 170 treatment of 113 use 98 acutely disturbed patients amphetamines 86–87 barbiturates 85 compulsory treatment 218–19 effects of 87, 88 cross-tolerance 86 dealing with 214–16 historical use of 63–64 dangers of injecting 137 adolescents increasing use of in Europe 36–37 phenobarbitone for stabilization causes of drug abuse in 14–15 physical and psychological 199 life skills training 261 dependence 87 behavioural couples therapy (BCT) tobacco use 125–26 psychiatric complications 216–17 164 young people in custody 241 tolerance and ‘reverse tolerance’ 87 behavioural therapies 166 Advisory Council on Misuse of Drugs see also stimulant drugs contingency management 167–70 281–82 amphetamine-type stimulants 88 other behavioural approaches 170 aetiology of drug addiction 10–11 methamphetamine 88 aversive conditioning 170 comorbidity models 232–33 methylphenidate 88–89 cue exposure 170 dopamine and the reward pemoline 89 see also cognitive and behavioural pathway 12 anabolic steroids 102–03 techniques drug availability and form 11 analgesic abuse and dependence 9–10 behaviourally disturbed patients, genetic contribution 16 antiretroviral drugs, HIV/AIDS dealing with 214–16 personality theories 13–16 treatment 208–09 benzodiazepines 85–86 properties of psychoactive drugs arrest referral schemes, UK 70–71, 241 for alcohol detoxification 114 11–12 Asia, drug problems and cross-tolerance 86 psychological dependence 12–13 East and Southeast Asia 34 diazepam for stabilization 198–99 society 16–18 South Asia 41–42 overdose management 221 Afghanistan, opium production 42 West Asia 42–44 b-blockers, opiate withdrawal Africa, drug problems 32–33 assessment 131, 147–48 treatment 183 aggressive behaviour, inpatients diagnostic classification biological markers of alcohol use 373 178–79 DSM-III-R system 154–55 disorder 111 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89882-9 - Ghodse’s Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment, Fourth Edition Hamid Ghodse Index More information Index blood tests 140, 210, 211 cognitive and behavioural techniques mortality studies 52–55, 247–49 ‘body swallowers’ and ‘body packers’ 166 delirium tremens 114–15, 152 241 behavioural therapies 166 delta virus/hepatitis D virus 211–12 Brain Committee 61–62 CBT and relapse prevention 167 demand for drugs, reducing 260–62 breast-feeding 209, 226 contingency management 167–70 community involvement 262 ‘British system’ of dealing with drug cognitive therapy 166–67 media role 263 dependence 61–62 other behavioural approaches 170 dependence syndrome buprenorphine 36, 81–82, 194–95 aversive conditioning 170 alcohol dependence syndrome 107 bupropion 128 cue exposure 170 ICD-10 criteria 150–51 butorphanol 82 Commission on Narcotic Drugs see also drug dependence (CND) 274–75 designer drugs 100–01 cannabis 95 Community Drug Teams (CDTs), UK detoxification absorption of THC 96 65, 69 alcohol 114–15 effects of 96–97 community involvement in reducing opiates European abuse of 34–35 demand for drugs 262 non-opiate treatment 182–86 flashbacks and amotivational comorbidity 231 opiate antagonists 195–96 syndrome 98 categories of 231 using opiates 186–95 preparations 95–96 management of 233 sedative hypnotics 198–200 psychosis 97–98, 216 admission to hospital 233–34 dextromoramide 80 tolerance and dependence 97 models of causation 232–33 dextropropoxyphene 80 USA, abuse of 37 prevalence of 231–32 diamorphine see heroin carbohydrate-deficient transferrin complications of drug dependence 203 dihydrocodeine 188 (CDT) 111 infective complications 203–14 diphenoxylate 183 Caribbean, drug problems 33–34 psychiatric complications 214–22 dipipanone 80 cellulitis 203–04 compulsory treatment 177 prescribing to addicts 280 Central America, drug problems Mental Health Act (2007) sections disulfiram 116 33–34 218–19 doctors chest radiography tests 142 concept houses 172 abusing drugs 229–31 children contingency management 167–70 forensic physicians 239–41 at risk from drug-abusing parents fixed-term opiate-treatment GPs dealing with drug-dependent 226–29 contract 190–91 patients 67–68, 238–39 use of tobacco by 125–26 controlled drinking vs. abstinence 116 medical education 258–59 see also neonates controlled drugs 279 public education role 261 chromatography 144–45 obligation to notify 280–81 dopamine classification of substance-use prescribing to addicts 280 and cocaine dependence 16, 91, 201 disorders 148 convulsions see seizures genetic research 16 DSM-III-R 154–55 counselling 164–66 and methamphetamine 88 DSM-IV 155–57 ‘crack cocaine’ 89–90 and nicotine addiction 122, 123, ICD-10 148–53 craving 7 128 clonidine 183, 184 and cue exposure 170 and the reward pathway 12 cocaine 89 naltrexone reducing 195–96 dose reduction regimes abuse of in the USA 37 relapse prevention methods 167 opiates 190 cultivation of in South America role of dopamine 12 sedative hypnotics 199 39–40 see also psychological dependence driving dependence, treatment for 200–02 crime and substance misuse 47–48 drink-driving policies 117–18 effects and tolerance 90 arrest referral schemes 70–71, 241 licensing regulations 242–43 increasing abuse of in Europe 36 drug-abusing doctors 229–31 Drug Abuse Reporting Programme mechanism of action 91 see also drug policy; offences/ (DARP) 250–51 physical and psychological offenders; prisons drug counselling 164–66 dependence 90–91 crisis intervention 176–77 drug, definitions of term 5 prescribing to addicts 280 cue exposure 170 drug dependence 6–7 psychiatric complications cultivation of illicit drugs 28–30 causes of 10–11 216–17 see also global drug problem features of the drug 11–13 routes of administration 89–90 personality of user 13–16 toxicity/psychosis 91–92 Dangerous Drugs Act (1967) 62–63 society 16–18 codeine 80–81, 188 death of drug abusers DSM-III-R criteria 154–55 374 coerced treatment 177 causes of 249–50 DSM-IV criteria 156 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89882-9 - Ghodse’s Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment, Fourth Edition Hamid Ghodse Index More information Index ICD-10 criteria 150–51 drug seizures 45–46 glue sniffing see volatile solvents in the United Kingdom 60–67 General Mortality Registers 54 group psychotherapy 162–63 types of 9–10 Home Office Index 54 see also natural history of drug mortality studies 52–54 hair analysis 143–44 dependence National Programme for Substance hallucinations 140 Drug Dependence Treatment Units Abuse Deaths 55 hallucinogens (DDTUs) 68–69 other potential sources of ketamine 95 drug history of patient, assessment information 59–60 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) process 131–32 prescription audit 48–50 93–94 Drug Interventions Programme (DIP), surveys 55–58 other hallucinogenic drugs 94 UK 71–72 treatment demand 50–52 phencyclidine (PCP) 94–95 drug misuse, definition of 5–6 volatile solvents misuse database 54 Salvinorin A 82–83 drug offenders in the UK, prevalence Europe ‘harmful use’ data 47 alcohol consumption 107–09 ICD-10 diagnostic criteria 150 drug policy drug policies 72–73, 74 WHO definition 6 international 72–73, 74–75 drug problems 34–37 harm reduction 264, 267 current controls 272–74 European Monitoring Centre on and fear of AIDS epidemic 65 European countries 73, 74 Drugs and Drug Addiction needle exchange schemes 264–66 history of 270–72 (EMCDDA) 20–21 outreach services 266–67 role of United Nations 274–78 and protection from HIV/AIDS USA 73–74, 101 false confessions, risk of 241 253 United Kingdom Families Anonymous (FA) 175 substitute prescribing 266 current