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Altitude- and Sex-Specific Variation in Roosting Ecology and Thermoregulation of Myotis Lucifugus in Yellowstone National Park

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Altitude- and Sex-Specific Variation in Roosting Ecology and Thermoregulation of Myotis Lucifugus in Yellowstone National Park University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources Forestry and Natural Resources 2017 Altitude- and Sex-Specific ariationV in Roosting Ecology and Thermoregulation of Myotis lucifugus in Yellowstone National Park Alexandra C. Slusher University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.114 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Slusher, Alexandra C., "Altitude- and Sex-Specific ariationV in Roosting Ecology and Thermoregulation of Myotis lucifugus in Yellowstone National Park" (2017). Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources. 34. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/34 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Forestry and Natural Resources at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Alexandra C. Slusher, Student Dr. Michael J. Lacki, Major Professor Dr. Steven Price, Director of Graduate Studies ALTITUDE- AND SEX-SPECIFIC VARIATION IN ROOSTING ECOLOGY AND THERMOREGULATION OF MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK _________________________________________ THESIS _________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Alexandra Christina Slusher Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Michael J. Lacki, Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Management Lexington, Kentucky 2017 Copyright © Alexandra Christina Slusher 2017 ABSTRACT OF THESIS ALTITUDE- AND SEX-SPECIFIC VARIATION IN ROOSTING ECOLOGY AND THERMOREGULATION OF MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK Fifty-nine female and six male little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) were radio- tagged during the summers of 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 in Yellowstone National Park. The grand models for daily maximum skin temperature (F98,154 = 1.55, P = 0.007), daily minimum skin temperature (F98,154 = 1.33, P = 0.05), and daily variation in skin temperature (F98,154 = 1.56, P = 0.006) were significant across roost type and reproductive condition class for adult females. Roosts were classified into Types A (warmest roosts), B (roosts with largest daily temperature variance), and C (stable and cool roosts) depending on differences in mean maximum, minimum, and variance in temperatures per day (P < 0.001). A total of 347 torpor bouts were recorded from 38 females across the 2012 to 2015 summer seasons. Bats across different reproductive classes and roost types used torpor at different hours of the day. My research suggests that adult female little brown myotis at high elevations in the Park extensively use and rely on building structures for roosting sites during the reproductive season, whereas males used primarily natural roosts. KEYWORDS: building roosts, little brown myotis, reproductive females, skin temperatures, torpor, Yellowstone National Park ___Alexandra C. Slusher____ ____4/19/2017____________ ALTITUDE- AND SEX SPECIFIC VARIATION IN ROOSTING ECOLOGY AND THERMOREGULATION OF MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK By Alexandra Christina Slusher _______Dr. Michael J. Lacki________ Director of Thesis _______Dr. Steven Price____________ Director of Graduate Studies __________4/19/2017______________ Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the Yellowstone Park Foundation, the National Park Service, and the University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, for the funding and opportunity to collect research data on bats in Yellowstone National Park. I like to thank all assisting personnel that made this research possible. Dr. John Treanor and Dr. Joe Johnson provided guidance and assistance during the planning and implementation of the project, along with extra field assistance from Eli Lee and Austin Waag. Dr. Johnson also contributed previous years of bat temperature data, and was always available for questions and discussions regarding thermoregulation and roosting behavior. Secondly, I would like to thank my thesis advisor and mentor, Dr. Michael Lacki. Dr. Lacki has provided me with the necessary support for conducting and completing this project. I have learned a lot throughout these past few years, and I thank Dr. Lacki for his patience and understanding during times of learning. Thanks to his guidance, I am now ready to continue on in the world of scientific research. Many thanks also to my graduate committee, Dr. Cox and Dr. Price, for providing their expertise and time. Many people were involved in the collection of data. I am thankful for the Wildlife Health Employees: Eli Lee, Austin Waag, Jess Richards, and Dylan Schneider for their assistance, patience, and sharing of knowledge. I am also thankful for Kseniya Verenich and Pat Strong who served as field technicians during the 2015 season. In closing, I would like to thank my fellow lab mates, Marissa Thalken and Phillip Arant for providing emotional assistance and random lab discussions; and my parents for their enduring love and support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments………………………………………………………….…...…..…..iii List of Tables………………………………………………………………….….……..vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………...….…..vii Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………….….…...1 Chapter Two: Species Account Section One: Taxonomic Classification…………………………….…..…….…….3 Section Two: Distribution……………………………………………….....….……3 Section Three: Morphological Characteristics………………..……………….……4 Section Four: Survival Rate…………………..……………………………….……6 Chapter Three: Overview and Significance of White-Nose Syndrome Section One: Introduction………………………………..…………….…….……..8 Section Two: Distribution…………………………...…………….….......…….…..8 Section Three: Affected Species and Clinical Signs……….……………...……….9 Section Four: Historical Account……………………….……………………...…11 Section Five: Behavioral Impacts and WNS……………………………….…..…12 Chapter Four: Foraging Behavior, Roosting Ecology, and Torpor Section One: Foraging Behavior………………………………………….…….…15 Section Two: Roosting Ecology…………………………………………….…..…17 Section Three: Torpor……………………………………………………….….….21 Chapter Five: Objectives and Hypotheses…………………………………...……...….25 Chapter Six: Study Area, Capture Sites, and Roost Descriptions Section One: Historical and Present Review of Study Area….…….…………......26 Section Two: Capture Sites……………………………………….......……..….….31 Section Three: Remaining Building Roosts………………………...…………..….39 Section Four: Natural Rock Roosts……………………………...……………...….44 Chapter Seven: Methodology and Analysis Section One: Introduction………………………………………………....….……60 Section Two: Capture and Tagging Methods……………………………….……..60 iv Section Three: Tracking and Telemetry……………………….….…….....……...58 Section Four: Data Recording and Processing……….……………….…………..64 Section Five: Exit Counts…………………………………….…………..………65 Section Six: Data Analysis………………………….……………….……..……..66 Chapter Eight: Roosting Classifications Based on Microclimate Patterns Section One: Introduction………………………….………………………...…...69 Section Two: Type A Roosts………………………………….……………...…..70 Section Three: Type B Roosts…………….…………………………………..….71 Section Four: Type C Roosts……………………….…………………….…..…..72 Chapter Nine: Female Torpor by Reproductive Class and Roost Classification Section One: Daily Maximum Skin Temperatures across Class and Roost.......…79 Section Two: Daily Minimum Skin Temperatures across Class and Roost…...…80 Section Three: Daily Skin Temperature Variations across Class and Roost…......81 Section Four: Torpor Use across Reproductive Class and Roost Type…..……....83 Chapter Ten: Roost Switching Behavior…………………………..…….……..…….100 Chapter Eleven: Use of Torpor by Male Bats Section One: Introduction…………………………….………….……….…..….104 Section Two: Results and Discussion…………………………….………………104 Chapter Twelve: Discussion and Recommendations
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